2 - Online Collaboration.
2 - Online Collaboration.
2 - Online Collaboration.
COLLABORATION
Syllabus 1.0
Learning Material
Provided by:
Nu-Vision High School
This courseware may be used to assist candidates to prepare for the ICDL Foundation Certification Programme as titled on the
courseware. ICDL Foundation does not warrant that the use of this courseware publication will ensure passing of the tests for that ICDL
Foundation Certification Programme.
The material contained in this courseware does not guarantee that candidates will pass the test for the ICDL Foundation Certification
Programme. Any and all assessment items and / or performance-based exercises contained in this courseware relate solely to this
publication and do not constitute or imply certification by ICDL Foundation in respect of the ICDL Foundation Certification Programme or
any other ICDL Foundation test. This material does not constitute certification and does not lead to certification through any other process
than official ICDL Foundation certification testing.
Candidates using this courseware must be registered with the National Operator before undertaking a test for an ICDL Foundati on
Certification Programme. Without a valid registration, the test(s) cannot be undertaken and no certificate, nor any other form of
recognition, can be given to a candidate. Registration should be undertaken at an Approved Test Centre.
Screen shots used with permission from Microsoft. Tool and application-specific details are correct as of May 2016. Online tools and
applications are subject to frequent update and change.
The ICDL Online Collaboration module is designed to give you the skills to set up and use
online collaborative tools, including file storage, productivity applications, social media, web
meetings and more. An increasing number of work-related meetings and projects are being
carried out online through collaborative methods, allowing people to work together without
having to be in the same room, or even country.
Understand the key concepts relating to online collaboration and cloud computing.
Set up accounts to prepare for online collaboration.
Use online storage and web-based productivity applications to collaborate.
Use online and mobile calendars to manage and plan activities.
Collaborate and interact using social networks, blogs, and wikis.
Schedule and host online meetings and use online learning environments.
Understand key mobile technology concepts and use features such as e-mail,
applications, and synchronisation.
Being capable of hosting and taking part in online work sessions and meetings is a core
skill for the modern professional. This module covers the key skills needed to understand
the main concepts relating to online collaboration and cloud computing. Once you have
developed the skills and knowledge set out in this book, you will be in a position to become
certified in an international standard in this area - ICDL Online Collaboration.
A range of different tools from different technology providers are covered in this book.
Because there are so many different collaborative tools – and because these tools change
so quickly – it is not possible to provide a comprehensive set of specific instructions relating
to all tools that you may use. Instead, examples of typical tools are provided. You can then
generalise the relevant skill from these examples to the tools that you actually use, if they
differ.
Online collaboration has risen to great prominence in recent years, especially with
the rise of social networking; “Web 2.0”, with its emphasis on user-generated
content; and virtual technologies. Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) can support and promote online collaboration.
The main types of services and tools supporting online collaboration include:
Services Tools
Cloud computing Productivity applications
Mobile technology Social media
Online calendars
Online meetings
Online learning environments
Multiple users
Multiple users can access, work and contribute on the same document or
projects.
Real time
Responses, editing and updates are shown immediately, thus saving time
for all involved.
Global reach
As long as there is Internet connection, almost all of the available online
collaboration tools can be accessed from any location. Dispersal of
information globally is also greatly enhanced.
Concurrent access
Concurrent multiple user access allows for faster editing and decision
making on tasks.
Ease of communication
Collaboration raises the communication level among the team members,
groups or organisations, thereby leading to a better understanding and
tolerance of others on a more personal and professional level. With
improved communications comes more reliable information, which can be
attributed to the variety of tools available.
Enhanced teamwork
When there is teamwork and collaboration there is an increase in
productivity, as members work together while having their individual
interests heard. When people work as a team to collaborate, they combine
their knowledge with their resources and skills in order to reach their
overall goal.
Global access
As long as there is an Internet connection, users can be working remotely
from anywhere in the world. This means that it is possible for a team to be
completely dispersed while still working in an organised way.
Malware threats
Malware is short for malicious software and is an umbrella term used to
refer to viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, adware, and other forms of
malicious code. It is designed to disrupt computer operation, gather
sensitive information, or gain unauthorised access to computer systems.
Data theft is the illegal access (reading, editing, or copying) of data without
the data owner’s authorisation.
Service interruptions
Internal and external network and server downtime can impact on the
availability of collaborative tools.
Technology licensing and collaboration can put intellectual property at risk through
intentional or inadvertent exposure. The ownership of copyrights, trademarks,
patents, and products must be protected to prevent theft, misuse and illegal
financial gains.
Cloud computing is the use of computing resources that are delivered as a service
over the Internet. End users access cloud-based applications through a web
browser or a light-weight desktop / mobile app while the business software and
user's data are stored on servers at a remote location.
Reduced cost
Upfront infrastructure and travel costs can be avoided.
Enhanced mobility
Cloud computing provides the opportunity to work and access information
and services from virtually anywhere.
Scalability
Cloud computing has “on-demand” provisioning of resources on a self-
service basis in near real-time across a large pool of users
Automatic updates
With applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the
need for users to install new software.
Dependence on provider
The most basic drawback of cloud computing is that you need an Internet
connection and a service provider to access the cloud. This direct tie to the
Internet and a provider means that this system is prone to outages and
service interruptions at any time. This could occur in the middle of a task or
transaction, meaning the action could be delayed or lost entirely.
First of all, a successful online collaboration tool needs to be easy to use and set
up. It also needs to be secure and to have the features that will fit your purposes.
The three most sought after features in collaboration tools are:
1. Group connections
Helps you keep in touch with your group on a frequent basis.
2. Communications services
Essential in collaboration tools, although it will vary from one tool to another.
The best bet is to have several alternatives to choose from, whether it is
chat / IM, email, or video conferencing.
3. Document libraries
Document libraries are needed to store product literature, presentations,
meeting notes, policies, and so on. Organisations with up-to-date
documentation will give you knowledge resources to help in your job.
Additional applications and plug-ins may need to be installed to use certain online
collaborative tools. A plug-in is a small program needed by the collaborative tools
to function.
Java
http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp
Flash Player
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/
Microsoft Silverlight
http://www.microsoft.com/getsilverlight/Get-Started/Install/Default.aspx
Firewall Restrictions
Firewalls are a key part of keeping networked computers safe and secure. A
network's firewall builds a bridge between the internal network or a computer it
protects and, usually, an external network, such as the Internet. The firewall only
allows traffic from the external network if it is secure and trusted. Firewall
restrictions may cause accessibility issue for users of collaborative tools.
VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) caters for the delivery of voice
communications and multimedia sessions over the Internet. By using some of the
free VoIP software that is available to make Internet phone calls, you can
bypassing the phone company (and its charges) entirely.
Steps
To download Skype:
1. Go to http://www.skype.com/en webpage.
6. Double click on the Skype Setup file and then follow the instructions to
complete the installation.
7. Launch the Skype application and sign in with your Skype Name and
Password.
Skype Name The name you use to sign in to Skype. If you first signed
in to Skype with your Microsoft or Facebook account,
you will see the name displayed in the live:xxx or fb:xxx
format.
Status Bar Change Skype status and display name from here.
Concepts
IM
Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online chat which offers real-time text
transmission over the Internet. More advanced instant messaging can add file
transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat.
Steps
1. Go to http://messenger.yahoo.com/ webpage.
Concepts
Document Sharing
OneDrive is an option available for sharing documents online. It lets you sync all
your files and folders across your computers and devices, and provides enough
cloud storage for your most important files. An additional storage option from
Microsoft include Hotmail, which offers enough storage for you to store your
email, calendar, and contacts.
Steps
If you use outlook.com or Xbox LIVE, you already have a Windows Live
ID. It can be used to sign in to OneDrive.
2. Create required folders by clicking on New and selecting the Folder option.
3. Drag and drop the files into the box or use the Upload button to select
them from your computer.
OneDrive for Windows allows you to access OneDrive from your computer.
When you install OneDrive, a OneDrive folder is created on your computer and
the content is automatically kept in sync between your device(s) and
OneDrive.com, so you can get to your latest files from virtually anywhere.
Whenever you add, change, or delete files in one location, all the other locations
will be updated.
Steps
To install OneDrive:
3. Click the button Run for the File Download dialog box.
5. Accept the default assigned folder or create a new folder by clicking the
Change button.
6. Click Next.
Concepts
Dropbox
Dropbox is a free service that lets you bring your photos, documents, and videos
anywhere and share them easily. It is one of the most popular cloud storage
services available on the web.
Steps
To install Dropbox:
Google Docs is a freeware web-based office suite offered by Google within its
Google Drive service. It allows users to create and edit documents online while
collaborating in real-time with other users.
Steps
Steps
2. Under Account Management, click on the Close account and delete all
services and information associated with it link.
Yahoo account:
2. Enter the Yahoo! ID and password for the account you are deleting.
3. Confirm your password in the field provided and enter the CAPTCHA
code.
2. Find another alternative tool for each of the online collaboration task below:
a. Sharing photos with colleagues
Tool:
3. Which of the following may pose an access problem when using certain online
collaboration tool?
a. IM
b. Skype
c. Windows
d. Firewall
4. A plug-in is .
a. a password to access the web page
b. a small program needed by the collaborative tool
c. a built-in video camera
d. a virus
It allows users to upload files that could then be accessed over the Internet from a
different computer, tablet, smart phone or other networked device, by the same
user or possibly by other users, after a password or other authentication is
provided.
Common Examples
http://www.scribd.com/ http://www.docstoc.com/
https://www.dropbox.com/ https://onedrive.live.com/
Limitations
Size limit
Certain online file storage services offer space on a per-gigabyte basis, and
may include a bandwidth cost component. These are typically charged monthly
or yearly. Some companies offer the service for free by relying on advertising
revenue.
There are also hosting services that do not place any limit on account space.
Some may require a software download which makes files available on
computers which have that software installed; or may allow other users to
retrieve files through any web browser.
Many users have started using their webmail service as an online drive as they
now offer increased inbox space. Some sites even offer free unlimited file
storage; however, there’s usually a limitation on the individual file sizes.
Connectivity
With inexpensive, high-speed Internet service becoming the norm at home as
well as on the go, and free Wi-Fi hotspots being increasingly available in most
urban regions, a lot of us are always connected to the Internet. However, this
connectivity cannot be 100% reliable.
Sharing restrictions
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some
wireless distribution method and usually providing a connection through an
access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the mobility to move
around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network.
Most modern WLANs are marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.
Security
For sensitive data, online storage can pose a security threat. When someone
else has access to your data, there is always a chance of abuse of this access.
In certain jurisdictions, governmental agencies are legally entitled to have
access to any data stored online at any time. Furthermore, the process of
uploading and downloading the data adds to this risk. Unless a strongly
encrypted connection is used, the data can be intercepted while being
transferred.
Steps
Use the OneDrive account (which has been setup in the previous lesson) for the
following activities:
Create Folder
1. Click on New.
4. Press ENTER.
Upload File
2. Click on Upload.
a. Drag the file to upload from the computer to the drop area.
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ICDL Online Collaboration Lesson 3 – Using Online Collaborative Tools
b. Click on the select them from your computer link, select the
required file, and click Open.
Download File
3. Click the check box at the top right corner to select the file. If required,
repeat the steps to select other files.
4. Click on Download.
Delete File
2. Click on the check box at the top right corner to select the file.
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Lesson 3 – Using Online Collaborative Tools ICDL Online Collaboration
3. Click on Delete.
4. If the Delete button is not visible, hit the … button, and then select Delete.
Once the deletion is complete, another panel pops up, displaying the delete
confirmation. For a short period, you can undo the action by clicking on the Undo
button.
Delete Folder
2. Click on the check box at the top right corner to select the folder.
Both Google and Microsoft are two of the big players in providing browser-based
environments that allow you to access documents, spreadsheets, calendars,
contacts, and more, all in one place online. OneDrive will let you access web
This allows everyone involved to work together from anywhere and at any
time, thereby facilitating global web-based collaboration and virtual teamwork.
A group of people can share a document without the need to run their own
server.
Steps
Create Files
1. Click on New.
3. The application will open in your browser allowing you to use it as you
would on a desktop application.
Edit Files
1. Select the file to edit by clicking at the check box at the top right corner.
2. Click Open.
Save Files
Files created or edited in the OneDrive web apps is automatically saved. Do the
following to save files as another copy within the OneDrive storage:
4. Click on Save.
Concepts
Sharing
Files and folders can be shared to allow other users to view, edit or own them.
This saves having to send different versions of documents between workers and
allows for a coherent tracking system.
Steps
2. Click on Share.
3. Enter the email address of the person whom you wish to share with.
Concepts
Setting Permissions
1: Send email
Sending a file or folder through emails allows you to give specific individuals and
groups permission to a file or folder. This lets you remove permission for specific
individuals and groups later if you need to. Another benefit of sharing a file and
folder this way is that when the recipients view their OneDrive, the file or folder
will appear in the list of files shared with them.
1. On the Send email tab, add the email addresses, contact names, or a
group you want to share with.
The people who edit a file or folder will be displayed under Sharing in the
details view of the file or folder.
If you want recipients to sign in with a Microsoft account before they can
view the file or folder, check the option Require everyone who accesses
this to sign in. This also helps prevent other people who could be
forwarded the email from being able to access your file or folder.
4. Click Share to save the permission settings and send the email with the
link.
You can also post a link on a social networking service that you have connected
to your Microsoft account.
1. Click the Post to tab and select a service to post to, or add one by clicking
Add services. Click Find more services and follow the instructions to
add a service that does not appear in the list.
If you want the people on your social network to be able to edit the file or
folder you're sharing, check the option Recipients can edit.
3. Click Post.
The post will be published to the site along with a message if you have included
one, and a link to the file or folder. Anyone viewing the link on your social network
can forward it. If you selected Recipients can edit, people who receive the
forwarded link will be able to view and edit your file or folder.
2: Get a link
Choosing one of these options allows you to share a file or folder with a large
number of people you might not even know personally.
2. Choose the type of option you wish to attribute with this link. You can
select Edit or View Only.
a. View only
People with this link can only view your file or folder. Anyone who
has this link can also forward it, meaning people you might not
intend to share your file or folder with could get access to it.
b. Edit
People with this link can view your file or folder. They can also edit
Office documents using Office Web Apps without needing a
Microsoft account. Other edits, such as uploading to a folder, will
require signing in with a Microsoft account.
Anyone who has this link can forward it, and anyone who receives it
will also be able to edit your file or folder.
To remove permission:
2. Click on Sharing.
5. Click Close.
Concepts
Versions
You may wish to recover older versions of your files should considerable work be
done on one that may be incorrect or need to be checked against a previous
version.
Steps
Online calendar allows you to keep tracks of your events and activities. You can
let others see your calendar, and view schedules that others have shared with
you.
Steps
2. Click on Share.
4. Enter the email address of the person with whom you want to share the
calendar with.
6. Click Share.
2. Click Accept.
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Lesson 3 – Using Online Collaborative Tools ICDL Online Collaboration
4. Click Save.
Managing Events
5. In the Details pane below, enter the start and end date for your event.
6. Choose the shared calendar name from the Calendar drop down list.
7. Specify the frequency if it is a recurring event using the Repeat drop down
list.
4. To add a resource, such as a location, type the name of the location into
the Add a location bar. You can also use the Add room button to use
locations located on your directory.
4. Click Send.
4. Click Delete.
Social media tools provide various means of interactions among people, allowing
them to create, share, and exchange information and ideas in virtual communities
and networks.
en.wikipedia.org
Forums and Online discussion site of common http://www.topix.com/
groups interest. forum/us
Blogs A web site on which an individual or
group of users record opinions,
information, etc. on a regular basis. www.blogger.com
Wordpress.com
www.youtube.com
www.flickr.com
Steps
How to set up a social media account will differ between services, but there are
common features.
To set up an account:
Concepts
Facebook allows us to manage the privacy of our postings and links to apps.
Reviewing your privacy settings with regards to who can see your posts, find you
in searches both within and outside of Facebook (such as through Google) and
who can contact you is highly recommended to provide a safe and pleasant
experience on the site.
Steps
4. Under Who can see my stuff? Option, click the Edit link.
6. Under Who can look me up?, click the Edit link. This option allows you to
control who can search for you.
8. On the left panel, click Timeline and Tagging. This option allows you to
set options for the tags.
9. Set the required options to control the write access such as who can post
on your timeline.
Concepts
You can block users on Facebook should you feel the need to do so (such as in
the event of spamming, or online harassment) as well as applications.
Steps
2. Set the required email address of users under the Block app invites and
Block event invites.
3. Click Home.
Concepts
Manage Connections
You can use Facebook search to find people you know, pages to follow,
applications and many other items related to the site. You can also organise your
friends and / or family members into groups, allowing you to easily find them on
the homepage and message them collectively. Facebook also gives you the
option to delete users from your friends list.
Steps
2. Search for friends using accounts provided or search using the search box
at the top.
To group connections:
2. Click on a category.
3. Add required contacts into the category the On This List option.
Concepts
Posting is one of the most popular features on Facebook, allowing users to share
updates from their lives through text or media. Users can also post links to articles
or videos, as well as other quirky features such as emoji and reactions that
Facebook updates on a regular basis. You can also share updates posted by
other people, make comments on posts, and directly reply to comments made on
posts.
Steps
3. Click Post.
3. Press ENTER.
2. Use the drop down list to specify how you would like to share the status.
3. Hit Share Now (Public) to instantly share the status, Share… to add a
comment to the shared status, or Send as Message to share it privately
with an individual or group.
Upload Content
To upload images:
2. A pop-up window will appear allowing you to find the content on your
computer.
4. Click Open.
5. Click Post.
6. You can tag people you were with, what you are doing or feeling, and the
location of the photograph by clicking the symbols below the picture.
To upload videos:
2. A pop-up window will appear allowing you to find the content on your
computer.
4. Click Post.
Remove Posts
To remove a post:
3. Click Delete.
As the posting could have been shared by others, permanently deleting them may
not be possible.
Concepts
As mentioned previously, a wiki is a website which allows users to add, modify, or
delete its content via a web browser usually using a simplified markup language or
a rich-text editor. You can create wikis on certain sites, as well as edit pages that
have already been created.
Steps
3. Activate the account by using the link provided in the registered email.
4. Fill in what your Wiki is about, as well as selecting what category and
subcategory it falls under.
Once your Wiki is created you can edit the content by clicking the Edit icon on the
wiki page.
Online meeting tools play a significant role in modern day business, providing
companies with a variety of options for planning and carrying out meetings over
the Internet.
Steps
6. After you have signed up, you will have to download and install the
AnyMeeting app for your desktop.
3. Select the date, time, duration and time zone, and hit Schedule.
5. Click OK.
Concepts
Meeting Invitations
Once a meeting has been created it is time to invite participants. You can also
remove participants after they have been invited, if they were mistakenly added or
are no longer needed in the meeting.
Steps
To invite participants:
2. Click in the Attendees box and enter the email addresses of the invitees.
To remove participants:
4. Click on the Edit link next to the email address of the participant to be
uninvited from the meeting.
6. Click OK.
7. Click on My Meetings.
To start a meeting:
7. Check the option Allow to enable the microphone and web camera.
8. Click Close.
To end a meeting:
1. Click on the End Meeting icon at the top right of the window.
Concepts
When a meeting invite is sent out, participants will receive an email containing a
link for them to join the meeting. If you have been sent an invitation to a meeting
you need to understand how to accept or decline the invitation.
Steps
To join a meeting:
Concepts
Steps
To unshare the desktop or screen display, click the Stop Screen Sharing button.
To share files:
To unshare files:
Concepts
The Text Chat pane works like many popular instant messaging and chat room
services currently available on the Internet.
Steps
To send a message:
1. Type your message in the area provided at the bottom of the pane.
2. Click the drop down to choose who will receive the message.
a. Send to Everyone
Default option. Anyone can view the messages sent. This allows for
participants to interact with each other as well as the presenter.
b. Send to Presenters
Private Chat mode that allows messages sent by a Presenter to only
be seen by other Presenters within the meeting and will not be
viewable by the meetings Attendees.
3. Press ENTER.
Chat Toolbar
Command Description
Clear Chat History For Everyone Remove previous chat dialogues.
Show Attendee Chat Only to To disable the ability for all attendees
Presenters to see other people’s chat messages.
Click the icon a second time to enable
the feature.
Remove from Audience View Allows the presenter to move the chat
feature to the meeting control bar.
To broadcast video:
3. If necessary, set the bandwidth settings here to adjust the refresh rate
according to the speed of your connection.
To broadcast audio:
2. Mouse over the Mic icon to adjust the volume using the Volume Control
slider.
4. Click Close.
1. Course notes
2. Resources
3. Calendar
4. Activities
a. Discussion forum or notice board
b. Chat
c. Quiz
d. Assignment
e. Assessment records
f. Journal
5. Email
A social space where students and teacher can interact through threaded
discussions or chat.
Typically uses Web 2.0 tools for two-way interaction, and includes a
content management system.
Steps
Access a Course
To access a course:
2. Click on the Log In option at the top right corner of the page.
Steps
Upload and Download File
Upload and download option may not be available for all courses.
To upload a file:
1. Select the Content Area from the Course menu that holds the upload
section for assignment.
5. Click Open.
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ICDL Online Collaboration Lesson 3 – Using Online Collaborative Tools
To download a file:
Concepts
3. Depending on the way the activities are structured, the result may be
shown immediately after each question or at the end of the activity.
4. You can also post a comment when viewing a lecture by clicking the
discussion tab.
3. Share the folder My Work by creating a link that can be emailed to anyone who
needs to view the file.
6. In your social media account, create a group named as Class and add some people
from your class.
7. Post the following status update and ensure only the group Class can view it:
Ref ICDL Task Item Location Ref ICDL Task Item Location
1.1.1 Recognise that ICT 1.1 Key Concepts 1.2.1 Understand ways in which
1.2 Cloud
(Information and of Online cloud computing facilitates Computing
Communication Collaboration online and mobile
Technology) can support collaboration like: storage
and promote online of shared documents and
collaboration. files, access to a range of
online applications and
1.1.2 Identify the main types of tools.
1.1 Key Concepts
services supporting online of Online
collaboration like: cloud Collaboration 1.2.2 Outline the benefits of
1.2 Cloud
computing, mobile cloud computing for users Computing
technology. Identify the like: reduced costs,
main types of tools enhanced mobility,
supporting online scalability, automatic
collaboration like: common updates.
productivity applications,
social media, online 1.2.3 Outline the risks of cloud
1.2 Cloud
calendars, online meetings, computing like: Computing
online learning dependence on provider,
environments. data protection and control,
potential loss of privacy.
1.1.3 Identify key characteristics
1.1 Key Concepts 2.1.1 Understand that additional
of online collaborative tools of Online 2.1 Common
like: multiple users, real applications, plug-ins may Setup Features
Collaboration
time, global reach, need to be installed to use
concurrent access. certain online collaborative
tools.
1.1.4 Outline the benefits of
1.1 Key Concepts 2.1.2 Identify common equipment
using online collaborative of Online 2.1 Common
tools like: shared files and used to support online Setup Features
Collaboration
calendars, reduced travel collaboration like: webcam,
expense, ease of microphone, speakers.
communication, enhanced
2.1.3 Recognise that firewall
teamwork, global access. 2.1 Common
restrictions may cause Setup Features
1.1.5 Be aware of the risks access issues for users of a
1.1 Key Concepts collaborative tool.
associated with using of Online
online collaborative tools Collaboration 2.2.1 Download software to
like: unauthorised access to 2.2 Setup of
support online collaborative Online
shared files, insufficient
tools like: VOIP, IM, Collaborative
management of version
document sharing. Tools
control, malware threats,
identity/data theft, service 2.2.2 Register and/or set up a
interruptions. 2.3 Managing
user account for a Account for a
collaborative tool. Collaborative
1.1.6 Recognise the importance
1.1 Key Concepts Deactivate, delete/close a Tool
of intellectual property of Online user account.
rights and the appropriate Collaboration
use of content when using 3.1.1 Understand the concept of
online collaborative tools. 3.1 Understand
online storage solutions and Use Online
and identify common Storage
examples.
You have learned about the key skills relating to online collaborative tools, including:
Understanding the key concepts relating to online collaboration and cloud computing.
Setting up accounts to prepare for online collaboration.
Using online storage and web-based productivity applications to collaborate.
Using online and mobile calendars to manage and plan activities.
Collaborating and interacting using social networks, blogs, and wikis.
Scheduling and hosting online meetings and using online learning environments.
Understanding key mobile technology concepts and using features such as e-mail,
applications, and synchronisation.
Having reached this stage of your learning, you should now be ready to undertake ICDL
certification testing. For further information on taking this test, please contact your ICDL test
centre.
Nu-Vision High School
PO Box 2681, Rusororo Sector
Kabuga 2, Kigali
Rwanda
icdlafrica.org