Universalization of Primary Education

UNIVERSALIZATION
OF PRIMARY
EDUCATION
submitted by
Anna Albert
Education- Meaning
•Education is to bring out the better qualities

of the individual.
•Education is the basic requirement for

success of democracy and progress of a
country.
Concept of Universalization of
Education
• Making education available to
• All
• Children of age group 6-14
• Disadvantaged group
• Illiterates
• The concept universalization signifies that education is for all and not
for a selected few . This also means that education is the birth right of
every child.
Universalization of Primary Education
•To provide free educational

opportunities to all children of the
society irrespective of caste, creed and
sex.
Concept of Universalization of
Elementary Education
• Universalisation of Elementary Education (UEE) in India
means making education upto class I-VIII available to all
children in the age group 6-14.
• This constitutional directive has been interpreted as

making primary education of five-year duration
available to all children between the age group 6-12
years and three years of upper primary education for
children aged 12-14 years.
Statement for Universalization of Elementary
Education (UEE)
The Article 45
•The State to endeavour to provide free and
compulsory education to all children up to age
fourteen in a period of ten years.
•UEE also means free education. (free books and
stationary, free school transport, and free mid- day
meal).
Contd..
• National Policy on Education1986
• “ It shall be ensured that free and compulsory education of
satisfactory quality is provided to all children up to 14 years of age
before we enter the 21st century”
• Unnikrishnan Judgement 1993
• “ Every child / Citizen of this country has a right to free education
until he completes the age of fourteen years”
Universalisation of Elementary Education in
India
Five important things: -
 Universalisation of provision
 Universalisation of enrolment
Universalisation of retention.
Universalisation of Participation
Universalisation of achievement
1. Universalisation of Provision
•Adequate school facilities should be
provided to all children between age group
6 to 14.
•Primary schools should be set up within 1
km
•To open a large number of schools
throughout the country.
2. Universalization of Enrollment
• To enroll all children of the age group 6-14 in
primary schools.
• To bring all children from every nook and corner
of the country
• The New Education Policy (1986) assures to enroll
all children up to age level 14
• Achievement of Universalisation of Elementary
Education (UEE) by 2015 through “Education for
All”.
3.Universalization of Retention
• The success of universalization lies in the

retention.
• Children must remain in school stage till the
completion of school study.
• The children should be properly understood and
guided so that they do not leave school before
they complete the course of class VIII.
4.Universalization of Participation
• For Universalization of Elementary Education
participation of community is quite inevitable.
• The community is to be mobilized to take the
responsibility for identifying its own needs and to take
decisive role in ensuring the implementation
programme of UEE.
• Decision should be decentralized in order to utilize
community participation in the programme of
universalization of Elementary education.
5.Universalization of Achievement
• For success of UEE, achievement of learners is to be
ascertained.
• The strategy is to lay down learning outcomes from
learners at the elementary level.
• The outcome of the education is to be based of minimum
level of learning (MLL) common to both formal and non-
formal programme.
• [Minimum level of learning is also defined in terms of
learning competencies expected to be mastered by every
child by the end of a particular class or stage of education.]
Programmes to achieve Universalisation of
Education
•Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)- (2001-2002)
•Rashtriya Madhayamik Shiksha Abiyan (RMSA)-
2009
•Rashtriya Uchatar Shiksha Abhiyaan (RUSA)-
2013
Importance of Universalization of Education
• Eradication of poverty
• Fostering economic progress
• Managing the growth of population
• Creating a clean and healthy environment
Problems in the Universalisation of
Elementary Education
• The commitment and target date fixed by our government
and NPE 1986 to universalise the elementary education.
• The modified policy 1992 has further revised the target date.
• It states “ It shall be ensured that free and compulsory
education of satisfactory quality is provided to all children up
to 14 years of age before we enter the 21st Century”. A
National mission ( Sharva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) 2000 ) has
been launched for the achievement of this goal.
• In spite of provisions made in the constitution and the
efforts made by the government , we have not yet
been able to universalize the elementary education.
Free and compulsory education has remained on pen
and paper only.
Problems responsible for Failure
1. Social problems
2. Economic problems
3. Educational problems
4. Geographical problems
5. Administrative problems
1. Social problems
• Lack of interest of the parents
• Conservative attitude of parents towards co-education
• Over population
• Early marriage of girls
2. Economic problems
• Poverty of parents
• Lack of funds
3. Educational problems
• Low enrolment of SC/ST and other backward sections of the society
• Low enrolment of girls
• Low enrolment of disabled students
• High rate of dropouts
• Defective curriculum
• Uninspiring methods of teaching
• Lack of competent teachers
4.Geographical problems
• Inaccessible areas
• Small and scattered habitations particularly in tribal and hilly areas.
5. Administrative problems
• Inequality of educational opportunities
• Frequent transfer of teachers
• Lack of teachers
• Lack of effective supervision
• Failure to enforce compulsory education
• Lack of suitable admission policy
• Inadequate and unattractive school buildings
• Lack of teaching learning aids
• Existence of large number of incomplete primary schools

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UNIVERSALIZATION

•Education is to bring out the better qualities

•Education is the basic requirement for

•To provide free educational

• This constitutional directive has been interpreted as

• The success of universalization lies in the

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