CAP Unit-1 Number System Notes

UNIT – I
Number system: Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal number system,
Hexadecimal number systems, conversion decimal to binary, binary to decimal, octal to
binary etc, binary addition, binary subtraction – One’s complement ,Two’s complement
method, binary multiplication, binary division Concept of Information Systems and
Software : Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow
diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and
managing the project
Number Systems
The number system is a way to represent or express numbers. You have heard of various
types of number systems such as the whole numbers and the real numbers. But in the
context of computers, we define other types of number systems. They are:
• The decimal number system
• The binary number system
• The octal number system and
• The hexadecimal number system
Decimal Number System (Base 10)
In this number system, the digits 0 to 9 represents numbers. As it uses 10 digits to

represent a number, it is also called the base 10 number system. Each digit has a
value based on its position called place value. The value of the position increases
by 10 times as we move from right to left in the number.
For example, the value of 786 is
= 7 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 6 x 100
= 700 + 80 + 6
Binary Number System (Base 2)
A computer can understand only the “on” and “off” state of a switch. These two states
are represented by 1 and 0. The combination of 1 and 0 form binary numbers. These
numbers represent various data. As two digits are used to represent numbers, it is
called a binary or base 2 number system.
The binary number system uses positional notation. But in this case, each digit is
multiplied by the appropriate power of two based on its position.
For example, (101101)2 in decimal is
= 1 x 25 + 0 x 2 4 + 1 x 2 3 + 1 x 2 2 + 0 x 2 1 + 1 x 2 0
= 1 x 32 + 0 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1
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Binary to Decimal Conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Octal to Binary
Octal number is one of the number systems which has value of base is 8, that means
there only 8 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Whereas Binary number is most familiar
number system to the digital systems, networking, and computer professionals. It is base
2 which has only 2 symbols: 0 and 1, these digits can be represented by off and on
respectively.
Conversion from Octal to Binary number system

There are various direct or indirect methods to convert a octal number into binary
number. In an indirect method, you need to convert an octal number into other
number system (e.g., decimal or hexadecimal), then you can convert into binary
number by converting each digit into binary number from hexadecimal system and
using conversion system from decimal to binary number.
There is a simple direct method to convert an octal number to binary number. Since
there are only 8 symbols (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) in octal representation system
and its base (i.e., 8) is equivalent of 23=8. So, you can represent each digit of octal in
group of 3 bits in binary number.
This method is simple and also works as reverse of Binary to Octal Conversion. The
algorithm is explained as following below.
• Take Octal number as input

• Convert each digit of octal into binary.
• That will be output as binary number.
Example-1 Convert octal number 540 into binary

number. According to above algorithm, equivalent
binary number will be,
= (540)8
= (101 100 000)2
= (101100000)2
This is very simple conversion, you can use for mixed (integer with fractional) octal
number as well.
Example-2 − Convert octal number 352.563 into binary number.
According to above algorithm, equivalent binary number will be,
= (352.563)8
= (011 101 010 . 101 110 011)2
= (011101010.101110011)2
Binary addition
One’s Complement and Two’s Complement
One’scomplementandtwo’scomplementaretwoimportantbinaryconcepts. Two’s
complementis especiallyimportantbecause it allowsus torepresentsignednumbersin
binary,andone’s
complement is the interim step to finding the two’s complement.
Two’scomplementalsoprovidesaneasierwaytosubtract numbers using addition

instead of using the longer.
One’s Complement
Ifallbitsin abyte are invertedby changing each1 to0 andeach 0to1, wehave formed theone’s
complement of the number.
One’s complement is useful for forming the two’s complement of a number.
Two’s Complement (Binary Additive Inverse)
Thetwo’scomplementisa methodforrepresentingpositiveandnegative integervalues in

binary. The useful part of two’s complement is that it automatically includes the sign bit.
Rule: To form the two’s complement, add 1 to the one’s complement.

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Components Of Information System
An Information system is a combination of hardware and software and

telecommunication networks that people build to collect, create and distribute useful
data, typically in an organisational, It defines the flow of information within the
system. The objective of an information system is to provide appropriate information
to the user, to gather the data, processing of the data and communicate information to
the user of the system.

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UNIT – I

• The decimal number system

• The binary number system

• The octal number system and

• The hexadecimal number system

Decimal Number System (Base 10)

In this number system, the digits 0 to 9 represents numbers. As it uses 10 digits to

Binary Number System (Base 2)

Decimal to Binary Conversion

Conversion from Octal to Binary number system

• Take Octal number as input

Example-1 Convert octal number 540 into binary

One’s Complement and Two’s Complement

Two’scomplementalsoprovidesaneasierwaytosubtract numbers using addition

complement of the number.

One’s complement is useful for forming the two’s complement of a number.

Two’s Complement (Binary Additive Inverse)

Thetwo’scomplementisa methodforrepresentingpositiveandnegative integervalues in

Rule: To form the two’s complement, add 1 to the one’s complement.

Components Of Information System

An Information system is a combination of hardware and software and

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