J.

Electrical Systems 20-6s (2024): 1281-1295

1
K Saravanan Improved Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy
2
Dr. M. Rajesh Inference System Approach for Power
Khanna
Flow Analysis in Interconnected DC
3
U. Arul Microgrid
4
Dr. S M
Padmaja
5
Lakshmana
Phaneendra
Maguluri
6
Dr. B.
Varaprasad Rao
7
Dr. Kireet
Muppavaram

Abstract: - High-performance power conversion needs are becoming more and more important for microgrid applications. In actuality, many
contemporary DC distribution systems use isolated bidirectional dc-dc converters. Hence, in this paper, an Improved Adaptive Network-based
Fuzzy Inference System (IANFIS)is developed to control the output power of the components and reduce the variation among the consumption
and generation of the power while managing a constant DC bus voltage. This work proposes a power management control strategy that ensures
the power balance of a stand-alone DC microgrid where DAB converters link the battery energy storage (BES) unit and the renewable energy
source (RES). The generation side, or photovoltaic (PV) system and BES, is coupled to the storage systems and renewable energy sources.
Furthermore, a DC microgrid is connected to the load demand. The load demand is compensated with the help of the storage and generation
systems with the help of a dual active bridge converter. The DAB is connected with the dual DC microgrid system for managing power flow
among the two DC microgrids. This dual active bridge converter is utilized to balance the power among Dual DC microgrids. The proposed
methodology is developed to manage the power among generation and load demand management. The proposed method is evaluated on a
dual active bridge converter connected microgrid system with the components of PV and BESS respectively.

Keywords: interconnected DC microgrid, improved adaptive network-based fuzzy interference system, battery energy storage
system, Dingo optimizer, and dual DC microgrid

1 1Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology, R.M.K Engineering College, Kavaraipettai, Tamil Nadu, India

ksn.it@rmkec.ac.in
2Associate
Professor, Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, VEL TECH MULTI TECH DR. RANGARAJAN DR. SAKUNTHALA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AVADI, CHENNAI, Tamilnadu rajeshkhanna@veltechmultitech.org
3Professor,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and
Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

arulmee08@gmail.com
4Professor,
Department of Electrical and Eletronics Engineering,Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram,
Andhra Pradesh, lndia.

padmaja_vvr@yahoo.com
5Associate
Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields,
Vaddeswaram, Guntur Dist., Andhra Pradesh - 522302, India

phanendra51@gmail.com
6Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,RVR&JC College of Engineering, Guntur, AP.

bvpr@rvrjc.ac.in
7Assistant Professor, Dept of CSE, GITAM DEEMED To be University, Hyderabad

kmuppava@gitam.edu
Copyright © JES 2024 on-line : journal.esrgroups.org

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1. Introduction

Recently, the inseparable sections of power systems have been called microgrids which comprise different
interconnected electrical loads and distributed generations (DGs) in which the grid-connected mode or islanded
mode is operated [1]. Efficiency, power losses, and dependability are three significant benefits offered to today's
power systems, and microgrids are devoted to solving the majority of the studied issues in the contemporary power
system.

[2].Microgrids, for example, offer the possibility of providing a few of the electrical requirements through
emergencies that will restore system performance by increasing power quality and reliability [3]. Another
advantage of these processes is an excellent choice for generating power to remote locations far off the primary
electricity network in which the electric grid doesn't occur. This will be noted the microgrids are categorized into
3 major types: AC, DC, and both AC-DC microgrids.

Even though aforementioned, all Converter and electrical equipment in the AC microgrids have been associated
with a single AC bus. In these kinds of processes, the same existence of power units and DC loads is unavoidable
[4]. These DC units are connected to the AC microgrids of AC buses by a variety of devices, including DC2AC
inverters and AC2DC rectifiers. The DC bus link connects the power units and AC loads via an AC2DC rectifier
it must be mentioned that now in DC microgrids [5]. Many equipment, such as DC2AC inverters and AC2DC
rectifiers, link these DC units to the AC microgrids of AC buses. Inside the sense of a classical power grid, the
OPF issue is traditionally addressed using centrally controlled methodologies just at the transmission grid level.

The OPF issue would either be overlooked or evaluated in the distribution network. With the deeper
interdependence of DERs and DR, as well as the continuing liberalization of the electricity market, the centralized
method faced different challenges such as (i) the percentage of generating units and users growing dramatically;
(ii) the distribution grid must be factored appropriately [6]. The scale of the OPF issue is typically too big to also
be fixed and centralized due to the immense number of branches and nodes. As a result, far more effort has gone
into integrating multiple algorithms again for the OPF issue [7]. In power systems, the existing researchers did
not discuss or focus on hybrid microgrid optimization but they failed to consider other aspects such as energy
transactions and cyber-security of data enhancement, etc.

No current research has determined the power of solar panels and wind units based on stochastic factors, such as
hybrid stochastic AC-DC microgrids [8].To enhance energy transaction and data transmission security layer
enhancement, optimal management and secure enhancement were introduced and investigated. Recent studies
presented several control techniques to overcome these challenges. From this analysis, the coupledterms are
neglected as well as the nonrotational structure is described, which is low cost and simple [9]. The proportional-
resonant (PR) compensators and sub-grid utilize the proportional-integral (PI) compensators. The first control
layer is initialized to rectify the error. The upstream power grid with the whole sub-grid synchronization aims at
the tertiary layer. The power fluctuation amplitude is changed by implementing the adjustable scalar [10]. The
sophisticated scheme removes and determines the oscillating power with its negative and positive components.

The article is organized the rest as follows: The relevant work analysis of the connected DC microgrid with power
flow management is given in Section 2. A detailed explanation of the suggested methodology is provided in
Section 3. Section 4 explains the results and assessment of the suggested method. In section 5, the paper's summary
is provided.

2. Literature Review

Based on microgrid technology considering uncertainty, Li et al. [11] suggested the security improvement of
interconnected hybrid AC-DC microgrids. There are fewer power electronics connections needed to convert DC
to AC electricity because this is far more economical than traditional grids. But there are numerous benefits to a
scheme, also there are numerous drawbacks. For example, power consumption of the system is much more
difficult from a complete system point of view because any adjustments in every subsystem can impact the
electricity control of the project scheme. Employ the copula model to create the stochastic load flow and realistic
model. Efficiently, the data is saved via cloud computing to store more data.

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In grid-connected hybrid microgrids, the modified UIPC with interconnected AC–DC microgrids power flow
control was designed by Zolfaghari et al. [12]. Link the DC buses and the main grid through the LPC connects
the AC microgrid in which the inductance mode (IM) or capacitance modes (CM) are operated. Inmembership
functions design, the errors were reduced and the H filtering method optimizes the fuzzy inference system. The
DC microgrid uses a BPC to supply the DC voltage needed for LPCs. Variably adjust the DC-link voltage LPCs,
and the PV system supplies the DC microgrid voltage. Depending upon robust multiple-surface sliding mode
control, the DC link fluctuations are stabilized. For hybrid microgrids, the proven power flow control strategy
shows superior outputs based on the simulation results.

The negotiation with multiple interconnected microgrids of decentralized cooperative optimal power flow was
analyzed by Li et al. [13]. Initially, formulate the coupled microgrids and standalone microgrids. The coupled
OPF problem was solved via a decentralized approach. The negotiation between microgrids was led with the pled
OPF problem of the optimal solution in which local OPF problems were solved with the help of each microgrid.
Share the information among the microgrid and preserve each microgrid's privacy. This model produced better
optimality gap results when compared to the AC OPF and the DC OPF.

In hybrid microgrids, the UIPC interconnects multiple AC and DC microgrid clusters of power exchange control
were introduced by Zolfaghari et al. [14]. The microgrid clusters are linked together by the UIPC which also
allows for power transfer among clusters. For UIPC control, a requirement to achieve the desired fractional order-
based control concept can be defined. Numerical models are presented for exchange controllability between
clusters of DC and AC microgrids and with the main grid.

Panda et al. [15] developed an effective SoC-balancing-based power management model for DC microgrids with
interconnected sub-grids. Create a state transition technique that is DC signaling-oriented for coordinating
generation and storage. Presenting the SoC-based IBC secondary control model, which is based on power-sharing
between subgrids through SoC balancing. The low-SoC battery is quickly charged, and deep discharge of the
battery is avoided. During a fault scenario, guarantee the transient stability without the need for any extra mode
detection models. A supplementary IBC controller was used to restore distributed power-sharing while limiting
information transmission through low bandwidth communication (LBC). IBC controllers enhanced battery
performance and made efficient use of PV generations. The viability of this model is verified by MATLAB
simulation based on the OPAL-RT real-time digital simulator; nevertheless, the computational complexity is
increased.

3. Proposed System Model

Normally, the interconnected DC microgrid system with a utility system with the consideration of AC/DC
conversion phases. Thus, figure 1 shows the entire structure of the suggested system. The purpose of this suggested
system is to enhance the power balance of a DC microgrid through the construction of a power management
control system that can operate independently. PV and a battery energy storage system are included in the design
of the suggested system.

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Figure 1: block diagram of the proposed methodology

PV and BES are used in the construction of the suggested DC microgrid system. Since the PV system is susceptible
to external factors, the maximum power point tracking controller is managed by the boost converter. By modifying
the duty cycle to attain the desired output voltage, the boost converter is employed to increase the necessary
voltage. The transformer-less three-phase, three-leg VSC is the definition of an interconnected converter [16].
Subsequently, the DAB is linked to the connecting converter's DC link. Both the LC filter and reduced converter
loss resistance are used to lessen high-frequency oscillation. In the part that follows, the modeling of the PV
system and DAB with controller is described.

3.1. Modelling of PV system

The section provides a standard mathematical analysis of photovoltaic cells, which can be quantified as electrical
apparatuses that produce electricity from solar radiation depending on the degree of irradiance. Solar radiation is
captured through the use of PV panels, which are referred to as sustainable energy sources. The PV panel can be
constructed to use semiconductor panels, which are capable of producing atoms based on differences in behavior
by absorbing photons of sunshine and emitting electrons. Based on the behavior of atoms, current flow can be
processed to generate power that is used in a variety of ways. The MPPT controller needs to be built to maximize
PV power extraction while avoiding environmental behavior issues. Figure 2 displays the PV system's general
model. To supply leakage current and internal resistance, which promote current flow in PV panels, parallel
resistors, photocurrent, and diodes with equivalent circuit models are built [17].

Figure 2: Equivalent circuit model of PV system

r cell's current plus voltage cabe expressed as follows:

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𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝑣𝑜𝑐
𝑞𝑣+𝑞𝑟𝑣 𝐼 𝑉+𝑅𝑠 𝐼
𝐼𝐶𝑃𝑉 = [𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑎 ( ) − 1] − (1)
1−𝐶 −𝑑 𝑁𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑠ℎ

Here, 𝐼 𝑝ℎ can be described as is the electric current of PV.

The current of PV panel can be defined as𝐼, 𝑞 = (1.6 ∗ 10−19 𝐶) can be considered as electron charge.

T can be considered as temperature of each cell in PV panel.

N can be defined as ideal factor of PV.

Shunt resistance can be described as𝑅𝑠ℎ .

Series resistance can be described as𝑅𝑠 .

Open circuit voltage can be described as𝑉𝑜𝑐 .

The controllers and PV panels are developed in response to variations in irradiation. The different irradiance levels
in each solar panel are taken into account to compile a database. Variations in the level of irradiance create changes
in the output power of the solar panel. With the converter, the correct generation of control signals is maintained
in a constant irradiance. The MPPT controller modifies the recommended converter duty cycle (D) to maintain
the PV panel at its designated working points, which are usually at maximum power point. In this case, a projected
MPPT-based controller with input-based regulation of the converter duty cycle can be built.

3.1. Dual Active Bridge Converter

The purpose of the suggested enhanced converter is to control power flow from the utility grid to the DC
microgrid. Figure 3 depicts the suggested converter.

D5 C3

C2 D4
D3
C1 D2 C4
D1
D6
L2
L1

R1
S1 C6 Vout
C5
Vin

Figure.3: Design of proposed converter

The following are some of the unique features of this proposed converter:

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❖ The semiconductor device is regarded as high

❖ The capacitor spent has a high stowage voltage in addition to being understood to be perpetual
❖ This proposed converter operates in a stable mode of continuous conduction.

The key switch S1, inductor coils L1 and L2, diodes D1–D6, capacitors C1–C6, and key switch D1 make up the
suggested model [18]. Voltage Tripler (VT) loop can be attached in order to increase the static voltage ratio in the
suggested converter. There are two ways of operation for the suggested converter. Figure 4 displays the proposed
converter's mode of operation.

D5 C3

C2 D4
D3
C1 D2 C4
D1
D6
L2
L1

R1
S1 C6 Vout
C5
Vin

(a)

D5 C3

C2 D4
D3
C1 D2 C4
D1
D6
L2
L1

R1
S1 C6 Vout
C5
Vin

(b)

Figure.4: Proposed DC-DC converter operation (a) mode 1 and (b) mode 2

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Mode 1:

The switch (S1) is closed in this mode. D1, D3, and D5 diodes exhibit opposite bias. Furthermore, the diodes D6,
D4, and D2 are shown as being in the ON state. L1 receives the input voltage source (Vin), while L2 receives the
distribution of voltages Vc1–Vc2-Vc3. It is possible to store the inductor energy in this process mode. In order
for the DC-DC converter to function, the capacitor of C6 is forward to the load. This mode is finished based on
the switch (S1) being opened. In a similar vein, at T=T1, the D3 and D1 currents reach zero.

Mode 2:

The diodes (D4, D2) are regarded as being in an open condition in this process mode, which allows the switch
(S1) to be opened. The forward directions are connected to the diodes of D5, D3, and D1. The capacitors are
charged by means of the L2 and L1 inductors. Energy can be transferred to the load situation at the end of the
mode. While the primary source is in ON status, this process continues. This set is being continued with the next
set. The converter output, which is calculated as follows, is equal to the total of the three-level capacitor source.

𝑉𝑐6 = 𝑉𝑐3 + 𝑉𝑐4 + 𝑉𝑐5 (2)

In the normal state, the inductor value can be described as zero. Based on that, the static gain is calculated follows,

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝐷 = (𝑉𝑐5 − 3𝑉𝑖𝑛)(1 − 𝐷) (3)

Where,𝑉𝑖𝑛can be described as input voltage and 𝐷can be described as duty cycle. Based on above equation, the
𝑉𝑐5can be computed below,
3𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑐5 = (4)
1−𝐷

In the stable state condition, the inductor𝐿2is zero voltage which formulated as follows,

(𝑉𝑐5 − 𝑉𝑐1)𝐷 = (𝑉0 − 𝑉𝑐5)(1 − 𝐷) (5)

From the computation of above equation, the𝐶1voltage is presented below,

𝑉𝑐5 = 𝑉0 − 𝑉𝑐3 − 𝑉𝑐4 − 𝑉𝑐5 (6)

From the above equation, the static voltage can be presented below,
𝑉0 (1+𝐷)
= (1−𝐷) (7)
3𝑉𝑖𝑛

From the above equation, the duty cycle can be computed based on below equation,
3𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐷 = (1 − ) (8)
𝑉0

From the capacitor𝐶𝑠and diodes, the switch voltage𝑉𝑠is computed,

30
𝑉𝑠 = = 133.3𝑉 (9)
1−0.775

The suggested converter is used to control power flow from the PV system between the DC microgrid and
utility grid. The ANFIS controller is the target of the power value error values in the microgrid system. With
DO's help, the suggested DC-DC converter's ideal pulses are chosen. The suggested controller balances the load
demand in the electric grid and linked MG system, allowing the PV system to operate at its best.

3.2. ANFIS model

The capacity of higher stage reasoning and the low power estimate of the neural network create resilient ANFIS.
The integration of the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) develops the mixed technique known as ANFIS. The
Intermediate value among false and true are defined via multi-defined logic called fuzzy logic. Based on the scale
consideration, the ranges from low, very low and high can be varied. In a fuzzy reasoning system, form the
information base via the number of fuzzy rules namely IF and Then [19].

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Initially, the ANFIS passes the input as𝑅(→

𝑥 1 ), 𝑅(𝑥⃗2 ), . . . , 𝑅(𝑥⃗𝑛 ). The model of IF and THEN rule is given as
follows:

𝑅(𝑥⃗1 )𝑖𝑠𝑈𝑖 , 𝑝(𝑥⃗2 )𝑖𝑠𝑉𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑊𝑖 𝑖𝑠

𝐼𝐹𝑅𝑖 = 𝑢𝑖 𝑅(𝑥⃗1 ) + 𝑣𝑖 𝑅(𝑥⃗2 ) + 𝑤𝑖 𝑅(𝑥⃗𝑛 ) + 𝑓𝑖 (10)

Where,𝑅(→ 𝑥 1 ), 𝑅(𝑥⃗2 ), . . . , 𝑅(𝑥⃗𝑛 ) is the input with the fuzzy set are𝑈𝑖 , 𝑉𝑖 and 𝑊𝑖 . Inside the fuzzy region, 𝑂𝐹𝑖 is the
output of fuzzy rules in which the parameters𝑢𝑖 , 𝑣𝑖 , 𝑤𝑖 and 𝑓𝑖 are determined during the training process. In the
layer-1, each jth node is the square node with its function.

𝑂𝐹1,𝑖 = 𝜇𝑈1 𝑅(𝑥⃗1 ), 𝑂𝐹1,𝑖 = 𝜇𝑉1 𝑝(𝑥⃗2 ), 𝑂𝐹1,𝑖 = 𝜇𝑊1 𝑅(𝑥⃗𝑛 )(11)

From this, the bell-shape selects𝜇𝑈1 𝑝(𝑥⃗1 ),𝜇𝑉1 𝑝(𝑥⃗2 ), 𝜇𝑊1 𝑝(𝑥⃗𝑛 ) in which it falls into 1 and 0 intervals for maximum
and minimum.

For maximum and minimum, the𝜇𝑈1 𝑝(𝑥⃗1 ),𝜇𝑉1 𝑝(𝑥⃗2 ) and𝜇𝑊1 𝑝(𝑥⃗𝑛 ) are selected via bell-shape that tends to the
interval [0, 1].

1
𝜇𝑈1 𝑅(𝑥⃗1 ) = 𝜇𝑉1 𝑅(𝑥⃗2 ) = 𝜇𝑉1 𝑅(𝑥⃗𝑛 ) = ( 𝑥−𝑎𝑖 2𝑐𝑖
) (12)
1+( )
𝑏𝑖

Where, 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 , 𝑐𝑖 are the parameters in which the outputs the output and incoming signals are multiplied by
designing each node in the layer.

𝑂𝐹2,𝑖 = 𝑌𝑡𝑖 = 𝜇𝑈𝑖 𝑅(𝑥⃗1 ) × 𝜇𝑉𝑖 𝑅(𝑥⃗2 ) × 𝜇𝑉𝑖 𝑅(𝑥⃗𝑛 ), 𝑖 = 1,2 (13)

Every node output represents the rule firing strength. The ratio of ith rules firing strength is a sum of eachone rule’s
firing strengths [20].
𝑌𝑡𝑖
𝑂𝐹3,𝑖 = 𝑌𝑡𝑖 = (𝑌𝑡 , 𝑖 = 1,2 (14)
1 +𝑌𝑡2 )

In the fourth layer, every jth node is the square node and node function.

𝑂𝐹4,𝑖 = 𝑌𝑡𝑖 𝑆𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2 (6)

The parameters in this layer are referenced to via subsequent parameters in the third layer output, isyt i. The
equation that follows represents the total of all incoming signals.
∑𝑖 𝑌𝑡𝑖 𝑆𝑖
𝑂𝐹5,𝑖 = ∑𝑖 𝑌𝑡𝑖
(15)

Where ω is the predetermined threshold value and this is explained by the following equation [21] which compares
the neural network (Z) output.

The below equation compares the neural network (X) result and the predefined threshold value𝛿 .

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝑋 < 𝛿
𝑅𝑒 𝑠 𝑢𝑙𝑡 = { (16)
𝑁𝑜𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟, 𝑋 ≥ 𝛿

Find the inaccuracy in the comparison. Every layer estimation limits the fundamentals in the forward channel and
transmits input signs. Adjust the ensuing parameters and refresh the error signals in the reverse channel. Based on
the ANFIS parameter, the errors are also decreased to identify the improved reliability.

3.3. Dingo Optimizer

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The optimal weighting factor of ANFIS is selected with the help of dingo optimizer. Dingos have a precise sense
of correspondence. They talk to each other by detecting unique sound forces in the air. In DOX, dingo generates
sound input so that dingo’s can trade their intelligence with others to create normal local area nuances. Adequate
amount of shaking can be changed through the strength of the individual as the dingo moves from one area to
another [22].

Group hunting is an intriguing social behavior of dingos. Hunting practices are classified into their stages as
follows:

❖ Chasing in addition approaching

❖ Encircling in addition harassing

❖ Attack

Encircling:Dingos can be capable of detecting the area of prey, following the area and following the alpha,
circling the prey. To demonstrate dingo's social progressive structure, the current best professional approach is
expected to be objective or point prey, which is best because the mission area is unknown. Meanwhile, other task
systems are still trying to update their algorithms in the following imaginary algorithms.The behavior of dingos
is shown by the accompanying numerical conditions (17) - (21).

𝐷𝑑 = |𝐴⃗. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑃 (𝑋) − 𝑃⃗⃗(𝑖)| (17)

𝑃⃗⃗(𝑖 + 1) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗. 𝐷

𝑃𝑃 (𝑋) − 𝐵 ⃗⃗(𝑑) (18)

𝐴⃗ = 2. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 (19)

⃗⃗ = 2𝑏⃗⃗. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑎2 − 𝑏⃗⃗ (20)

3
𝑏⃗⃗ = 3 − (1 ∗ ( )) (21)
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥

Positions of neighboring dingoes addressed using a two-tier level vector. As mentioned by the location of the prey
(𝑃 ∗, 𝑄 ∗),, a dingo (P, Q) can update its position in place. By changing the value of the vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗for the
current area, each of the possible areas is arranged individually on the map around the best expert.

Table 1: Parameters of dingo optimizer

Elements Description
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum number of iterations
𝑏⃗⃗ Linearly decreased from 3 to 0 at every iteration
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 Random parameter in [0,1]
𝑎1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Random parameter in [0,1]
𝐵⃗⃗ Coefficient vector
𝐴⃗ Coefficient vector
𝑃⃗⃗(𝑖) Position vector (dingo)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑃 (𝑋) Position vector (prey)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝑑 Distance among the dingo and prey

It's useful to look at the optimism side by side [23-25]. Following the part of a dingo that arbitrarily maintains the
value of the prey, it is important not to bend the dingo or encounter the past. Deliberately, we used 𝐴⃗ to give a
random trial value from base to last importance. This strategy is possible in protecting the arrangement from
nearby Optima. In the long run, DOX ends up at the point where it meets the final steps. Based on the dingo
optimizer, the optimal weighting parameter is selected. Finally, the proposed methodology is utilized to control
the DAB for managing the power flow in interconnected DC microgrid.

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4. Outcome Evaluation

This section assesses the projected technique's presentation. MATLAB/System is used to implement the
anticipated system simulation. Table 1 displays the planned system's simulation parameters. The intended system
runs on an Intel Core i7 processor running at 4GHz and 32 GB. The intended converter is designed to control the
DC microgrid system's load management. The proposed method is designed to control the microgrid system's
power flow analysis. The electric grid system's load requirements are compensated for by using the entire
projected controller.

Table 2: Implementation parameters

S. No Components Description Value
1 Input voltage 100V
2 Boost converter Resistance 1e-3 ohm
3 Inductor 250e-6H
4 Capacitance 200e-6F
5 Buck Converter Resistance 0.02 ohm
6 Inductance 3e3H
7 Capacitance 30e-6F
8 PI controller proportional constant 0.5785
9 Integral constant 0.0643
10 Nominal power 1000VA
11 Nominal frequency 50Hz
12 Capacitance 1e-6F
13 Resistance 1 ohm
14 Input voltage 100V
15 Resistance 1e-3 ohm
16 Inductor 250e-6H

Figure 3: power flow analysis of the proposed controller

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This suggested controller helps to improve the ideal power flow. The suggested controller improves the ideal
power flow between the utility grid and DC microgrid. Figure 3 displays the suggested controller's power flow
management. The dual active bridge converter and the suggested controller are used to control the power flow.
The WOA and FFA, respectively, are compared with the suggested controller.

Figure 4:The output power output of proposed controller

The output power of the proposed controller is 2KW which illustrated in figure 4. The proposed controller is
analyzed with demand power, total power, grid 1 and grid power. In figure 4, the demand power of the system:
maximum is 5KW and minimum is 2KW. Additionally, the total power of the system is a similar of the demand
power which is achieved with the assistance of the proposed controller and proposed converter. The grid 1 power
is 1KW and grid 2 power is 1KW. Based on the analysis, the proposed controller is achieved efficient power
output in the DC microgrid system. The grid 1 and grid 2 power requirements are achieved with the consideration
of PV generation and BESS power.

Figure 5:The output power output of proposed controller

The output power of the FFA controller is 2KW which illustrated in figure 5. The proposed controller is analyzed
with demand power, total power, grid 1 and grid power. In figure 5, the demand power of the system: maximum
is 5KW and minimum is 2KW. Additionally, the total power of the system is a similar of the demand power
which is achieved with the assistance of the FFA controller and proposed converter. The grid 1 power is 1KW
and grid 2 power is 1KW. Based on the analysis, the FFA controller is not achieved power output in the DC

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microgrid system. The grid 1 and grid 2 power requirements are failed to achieve with the consideration of PV
generation and BESS power.

Figure 6:The output power output of WOA controller

The output power of the WOA controller is 2KW which illustrated in figure 6. The proposed controller is analyzed
with demand power, total power, grid 1 and grid power. In figure 6, the demand power of the system: maximum
is 5KW and minimum is 2KW. Additionally, the total power of the system is a similar of the demand power
which is achieved with the assistance of the WOA controller and proposed converter. The grid 1 power is 1KW
and grid 2 power is 1KW. Based on the analysis, the WOA controller is not achieved power output in the DC
microgrid system. The grid 1 and grid 2 power requirements are failed to achieve with the consideration of PV
generation and BESS power.

Figure 7: Convergence analysis

The proposed methodology is compared with the conventional techniques, such as FFA and WOA. The WOA is
converged and achieved the 0.26 fitness function; similarly, the FFA is converged and achieved the 0.21 fitness

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function. The convergence analysis is a crucial plot to validate the proposed system. The suggested controller
helps to reach the 0.16 fitness function convergence. The research reveals that the suggested controller achieves
efficient convergence in terms of the fitness function.

5.Conclusion

In order to regulate the component output power and lessen the fluctuation between the generation and
consumption of power while maintaining a steady DC bus voltage, IANFIS has been developed in this article. In
order to maintain power balance in a stand-alone DC microgrid where DAB converters interfaced the RES and
BES unit, this study proposes a power management control strategy.The generation side, or PV system and BES,
is coupled to the storage systems and renewable energy sources. Furthermore, a DC microgrid is connected to the
load demand. Through the use of twin active bridge converters, the generating and storage systems serve to
balance the load demand. The DAB is connected with the dual DC microgrid system for managing power flow
among the two DC microgrids. This dual active bridge converter is utilized to balance the power among Dual DC
microgrids. In this suggested approach, the IANFIS is used to enhance the dual active bridge converter's
performance. The IANFIS is a combination of ANFISand DO. Here, the microgrid components are indirectly or
directly connected to this DC grid with the assistance of power electronic interfaces for connecting PV and BESS.
The proposed methodology is developed to manage the power among generation and load demand management.
The proposed method is evaluated on a dual active bridge converter connected microgrid system with the
components of PV and BESS respectively. The suggested approach is contrasted with traditional techniques like
FFA and WOA.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

Informed consent does not apply as this was a retrospective review with no identifying patient information.

Funding: Not applicable

Conflicts of interest Statement: Not applicable

Consent to participate: Not applicable

Consent for publication: Not applicable

Availability of data and material:

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Code availability: Not applicable

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