07 Acids, Bases & Salts

Acids, Bases & Salts Chapter 07
Acids
A chemical compound which ionises in water to produce Hydrogen Ions (H +) is called an
Acid.
Properties of Acids
 Acids react with metals in the reactivity series above hydrogen to produce the salt of
the metal and hydrogen gas.
2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
 Acids react with carbonates to produce the salts of the metal, carbon dioxide and
water.
CaCO3(S) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2 + H2O
 Have a sour taste.
 React with bases to produce salt and water.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
HCl + KOH KCl + H2O
 Turns blue litmus into red.
 Have pH value less than 7.
 Strong acids are highly corrosive.
 Conduct electricity.
Strong Acids and Weak Acids
The strength or the weakness of an acid depends on the no of H+ ions released in an
aqueous solution.
Strong Acids
The acids that release H+ ions by complete ionization in aqueous medium are called strong
acids.
H2SO4(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO2-4(aq)
HCL(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3(aq
1 WARUNA DEVINDA (BSc (Hons))

Weak Acids
The acids which release H+ ions in aqueous medium by ionizing partially are called weak
acids.
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
H2CO3 (aq) 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
H3PO4 (aq) 3H+(aq) + PO43-(aq)
Uses of Acids
Sulphuric Acid
 In vehicle batteries.
 Production of paints, plastic and detergents.
 Produce fertilizer such as Ammonium Sulphate. (NH4)2SO4, Triple Superphosphate.
 Concentrated Sulphuric acid is used as a dehydrating agent.
 To produce artificial clothes.
Hydrochloric Acid
 To remove rust in steel.
 To make gelation from bony materials in food industry.
 To make bleaching powder.
 To make aqua-regia which is used to dissolve low reactive metals like gold and
platinum.
Acetic Acid
 To produce vinegar in food industry.
 In rubber industry as a coagulate.
 In paper industry.
 To produce synthetic threads in textile industry. , To produce photographic film rolls.
Bases
Chemical compounds that increase hydroxyl ions (OH-) concentration of an aqueous
solution is called a base.
KOH, Mg (OH)2, Na2O, MgO, ZnO, NaOH

Alkali
Alkalis are the base which are readily dissolved in water.
NH4OH , NaOH ,KOH
Properties of Bases
 Have a slimy texture. (Slippery to touch)
 Bitter in taste.
 Red litmus into blue.
 pH values are higher than 7.
 Strong alkalis are corrosive.
 Bases react with acids to produce the salt and water.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The Strength of Bases
The strength or the weakness of a base depends on the amounts of OH- ions released to the
aqueous solution.
Strong Bases
The chemical compounds that completely ionize in aqueous solutions are called Strong
Bases.
KOH(aq) K+(aq) + OH-(aq)
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Weak Bases
The chemical substances which partially Fonzie in an aqueous solution are called weak
bases.
NH4OH(aq) NH+4(aq) + OH-(aq)
Uses of Bases
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
 Production of soap.
 To produce paper, artificial silk and paints.
 Refining of petroleum.

Magnesium Hydroxide [Mg(OH) 2]
 To produce medicine like antacids which are used to reduce the acidity in the
stomach (milk of magnesia).
 In sugar industry to purify molasses.
Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2]

 In building industry to make plaster.
 Manufacturing of glass.
 In laboratories to test CO2.
 To make bleaching powder.
Indicators
A chemical substance which can be used to identify acids and bases separately are called
indicators.
The basic requirement of an indicator is that it should show at least two different colours in
an acid medium and in a basic medium.
Indicator Colour in acidic Colour in basic

medium medium
Litmus Red Red Blue
Blue Red Blue
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
Methyl Orange Red Yellow
The above indicator can be used to identify acids and bases. But the strength of the acids or
the bases cannot be identified using these indicators.
In orders to identify the strength of acids and bases, the following indicators can be used.
1. pH papers 2. pH meres
pH scale / pH papers
The pH scale is used to indicate how acidic or basic a given solution is. It shows different
colours at different pH values.

pH papers are prepared by mixing several indicators. The pH value can find dipping a pH
paper in the relevant solution and comparing the colour of the paper with the colour code.
pH meters
This is a digital meter which can be used to find the exact pH value of a given substance.
Salts
Salts are produced during the reactions between acids and bases when an acid reacts with a
base, it produces a salt and water.
These kinds of reactions are called Neutralization reactions.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O
Depending on the strength of the acid and the base and the amount of volume react of the
two substances. The salt shows acids, basic or neutral properties.
The salt in which form acidic solutions when dissolve in water are called acidic salts.
NH4Cl ,(NH4)2SO4
Reaction between a strong base and a weak acid can results a basic salt.
NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O
Properties of Salts
 Exists in solid crystalline forms (Form ionic lattice).
 Most of the salts are dissolved in water.
 Have high melting and boiling points.
 Aqueous solution or fused state conduct electricity.
Uses of Salts
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
 In food industry as a preservative and a favouring substance.
 To make soap.
 To produce HCl and Cl2 gas.
 In glass industry to produce Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)

Copper Sulphate (CuSO4)
 As a fungicide in agriculture.
 To produce paints and pigments.
 To produce chemical regents like Benedict Solution.
 Used in electro plating.
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

 To make quick lime.
 To make chalks.
 To produce marble.
Neutralization
Neutralization is the combination of H+ ions released by an acid with OH- ions released by
a base to form water molecules.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
Applications of the Acid – Base neutralization reactions.

 To neutralize the acidity in the stomach. (Milk of magnesia)
 Quick lime is added to the soil to reduce the acidity of the soil.
 Bee string is an acidic poisonous substance. To reduce that baking soda (sodium
bicarbonate) or calcium carbonate is applied to get relief from the pain.
 During wasp string, basic poisonous substance is released. Therefor dilute acid
substances such as Lime juice (Citric acid) or Vinegar (Acetic acid) is applied to
reduce the pain.

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Acids, Bases & Salts Chapter 07

1 WARUNA DEVINDA (BSc (Hons))

2 WARUNA DEVINDA (BSc (Hons))

3 WARUNA DEVINDA (BSc (Hons))

Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2]

Indicator Colour in acidic Colour in basic

4 WARUNA DEVINDA (BSc (Hons))

5 WARUNA DEVINDA (BSc (Hons))

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Applications of the Acid – Base neutralization reactions.

6 WARUNA DEVINDA (BSc (Hons))

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