An Experimental Evaluation: Assessing the Durability of Coconut Fiber-Based Bag and

Standard Eco-Friendly Bag

A Research Paper presented to the

Faculty of the Senior High School Department

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject,

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

Submitted by:

Ang, Kristine Stefanie M.

Esplana, Angelica D.
Esquillo, Angelica Marie S.
Nomorosa, Lheine Alex I.
Regala, Coleen Samantha D.
Rojas, Rhayven Josiah P.
Silva, Jose Rafael S.
12STEM1

Submitted to:
Ms. Janica Bea Ayad

Research Instructor/Thesis Adviser

April 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 4
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................... 6
Background of the Study ............................................................................................................. 6
Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................ 9
Aim of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 10
Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................... 10
Scope, Delimitations, and Limitations of the Study.................................................................. 11
CHAPTER II................................................................................................................................. 13
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ...................................................... 13
Synthesis ................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study .................................................................. 28
Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................ 29
Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................... 31
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES ............................................................... 31
Research Design .................................................................................................................... 31
Research Instrument .............................................................................................................. 32
Figure 2. The Table of Specification of the Study ................................................................. 34
Data Gathering Procedure ..................................................................................................... 35
Data Analysis Plan ................................................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................................... 38
ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND PRESENTATION .................................................... 38
Problem No. 1: What materials will be required to produce a coconut fiber-based bag? .... 38
Problem No. 2: How durable is the coconut fiber-based bag? .............................................. 39
CHAPTER V ................................................................................................................................ 43
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 43
Summary................................................................................................................................ 43
 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 44
Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 45
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 47
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their warmest gratitude and acknowledge the people

who contributed to this study.

First of all, the researchers would like to thanks the Almighty God for the guidance to

accomplish this study. We are grateful for the wisdom and knowledge that the Lord has provided

us throughout this study. In addition, we are thankful for the protection that he has bestowed upon

us while accomplishing this study.

Our research advisers and school officials. To Ms. Janica Bea Ayad, we are thankful for

your constant guidance and continuous support to accomplish this research. We thank her for her

patience and encouragement towards the group. We appreciate all the comments given to us that

will help improve the quality of the study. To Mr. Sonny Dalusong, we would like to express our

gratitude for providing honest insights towards our study that has helped in improving the quality

of the research. To Ms. Maridel Lucanas, we thank you for validating our research instrument tool.

Your knowledge has helped us conduct the data gathering process of the study. To Dr. Julia H.

Reyes, we thank you for granting us the permission to conduct this study.

Lastly, we would like to thank our families and friends for your unwavering support

throughout the study. We would like to thank our parents for the financial support for this study

and for our friends who have provided meaningful insights that led to the smooth completion of

the study.
 ABSTRACT

Plastic bags have been widely used around the world, about 500 billion of them annually,

but after its use it becomes very harmful to the environment due to the synthetic materials its

composed of. This is where eco-friendly bags become a good alternative to plastic bags as they

use less harmful synthetic materials that can also make up for more than a 1-time use bag.

Researchers have developed a more natural approach to making an actual eco-bag with the use of

only natural materials that considers levelling with the capabilities of a standard eco-friendly bag

and measuring the amount of materials to make it. The researchers used coconut fibers as their

base natural material, water, and water-based wood glue as their adhesives. The process of making

the coconut fiber-based bag involves 3 trials with gradual increase in the amount of the said

materials which shows desirable results as the experiment goes on. The presented data implies that

a coconut fiber-based bag can compete with a standard eco-bag’s capabilities using only natural

materials along with specific measurements.

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Plastics are considered one of the most consumed and abundant materials (Plastics, 2023).

According to Plastic Ocean International (2021), 380 million tons of plastics are produced per

year, and it is said that 50% of them are single-use plastics. In addition, at least 10 million tons of

plastic waste end up in the ocean. Plastic is a material that is made of synthetic and semi-organic

materials (Systèmes, 2023).

Although plastic bags come with numerous advantages, they also have some

disadvantages. Plastics take years to decompose. It takes around 300 years for it to decompose,

and when it does decompose, it turns into toxic particles that contaminate soil and waterways. In

addition, plastic bags end up in the water due to improper disposal, which results in animals eating

plastic and harming their health (Jacobsen, n.d.). According to Vasarhelyi (2021), the prevalence

of plastics has been increasing. Therefore, it shows the effects of climate change. Just the

extraction of gases already emits 12.5 to 1.5 million metric tons of greenhouse gases. 184 to 213

million metric tons of greenhouse gases are also emitted through the refinement of plastics. In

addition, it also resulted in 1.6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide. The plastics in landfills emit

15% methane.

An article by Bailey (2023) addressed the detrimental environmental impact of single-use

plastic (polyethylene) bags and advocated for the adoption of eco-friendly bags. It emphasized
issues caused by plastic bags, such as their non-biodegradability, contribution to global warming,

and increased usage of oil resources for their production. To create less of an environmental

impact, eco-friendly bags such as paper bags, cotton bags, jute bags, hemp, and compostable bags

were introduced, comparing their environmental impacts and benefits to traditional plastic bags

(Evans, 2022). Eco-friendly bags are relatively more sustainable and cause less harm to our

environment compared to plastic. Eco-friendly bags are made from various materials, ranging

from cotton bags to bioplastic-based bags, many of which are designed to be biodegradable and

most commonly emphasize their reusability (Yuan, 2022). While these bags are considered eco-

friendly, the environmental effect might vary depending on details such as manufacturing

procedures, usage, and end-of-life disposal.

Using eco-friendly bags brings about several advantages, notably reduced waste and

increased convenience. With 500 billion plastic bags used globally each year, adopting eco-

friendly alternatives becomes crucial to significantly curbing this environmental issue. The shift

towards these bags also contributes to a substantial decrease in the use of fossil fuels and natural

resources, exemplified by the 12 million barrels of oil annually consumed in the US for plastic bag

production. In regions with plastic bans or taxes, choosing eco-friendly bags offers a cost-effective

solution for consumers. These bags provide a durable and stress-free alternative to conventional

plastic bags. Additionally, they serve as visible expressions of support for environmental causes

through diverse designs and messages. Eco-friendly bags prove space-efficient and often

biodegradable, enhancing both environmental sustainability and personal convenience. The cited

information is drawn from a publication by Evans (2022), emphasizing the credibility and

relevance of these benefits in the context of plastic education. Another source, Carrinet (2023),
reinforces the growing popularity of reusable and eco-friendly bags as effective alternatives to

plastic, highlighting the diverse materials available on the market and the practical benefits they

offer.

Coconut fibers, also known as coir, are natural fibers obtained from the husks of coconuts

(Cocos nucifera). This is the thick fibrous layer in the middle of the thin, yellow-brown, and

watertight outer skin known as the exocarp, and the hard inner layer known as the endocarp

(Hutten, 2007). Coconut fiber is an excellent material that is an abundant and sustainable resource

from plants when compared to plastics which are synthetic and semi-organic materials that prolong

the time it takes for it to decompose.

The traditional practice of coconut fiber extraction is long, tedious, and very time-

consuming. Alternatively, due to advancements in technology, a mechanized process has been

invented. With mechanical techniques, the production process has become more efficient. It starts

with coconut husks being soaked. The husks are broken up and crushed after being immersed in

water for five days. The short, woody pieces are separated from the coarse fibers using drums, and

they are then washed, dried, cleaned, and brushed (Coir, 2020).

The researchers will use an experimental quantitative approach that will allow them to

assess the feasibility of the decided experiment and test their hypothesis. The experiment will

involve a trial-and-error process to identify what variables need to be changed when inaccuracy or

a miscalculation occurs. In addition, the study will utilize the Design of Experiment (DOE)

analysis to analyze the data gathered.

The to-be-conducted experiment will (and can) only assess the coconut fiber bags’ content,
process, and durability. The researchers will not be able to know the consumers’ willingness to

change to coconut fiber bags instead of standard eco-friendly bags. The researchers will also be

unable to test the coconut fiber-based bags' strength against liquids in terms of resistance.

Alongside, the study will not be determining the cost and the environmental impact of the coconut

fiber-based bag. Lastly, the economic impact of it will still be undetermined, and finding it to fit

in the industry would be difficult. This study recognizes these limitations as research gaps in

existing literature. Therefore, further research would be required to uphold the coconut fiber bags’

betterment in terms of the aforementioned gaps.

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness and durability of coconut fiber-based bags

as compared to standard eco-friendly bags.

1. What materials are required to produce a coconut fiber-based bag?

a. What are the exact measurements of materials needed to create a coconut fiber-based

bag based on the dimensions of the standard eco-friendly bag being compared to?

2. How durable is the coconut fiber-based bag?

a. Can the coconut fiber-based bag withstand the maximum weight a standard eco-

friendly bag can hold?

 Aim of the Study

The aim of the study is to evaluate whether coconut fiber-based bags can be more durable

than standard eco-friendly bags, and it is expected to meet the following objectives.

• To identify the needed materials needed for a coconut fiber-based bag.

• To determine the exact measurement of materials needed to manufacture a coconut fiber-

based bag.

• To identify the durability of an eco-friendly bag made from coconut fibers.

• To determine whether coconut fiber-based bags can perform equally or better than

standard eco-friendly bags, with a focus on the material’s durability and resilience.

Significance of the Study

This study is made with the aim of assessing the capabilities of coconut fiber and standard

eco-bags. The researchers believe the findings of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Consumers: This study could help consumers form enthusiasm from the findings of this study, as

they would be informed on the advantages of coconut fiber-based bags moving towards an eco-

friendlier attitude.

Manufacturers: This study could help provide job opportunities as the production of coconut

fiber-based bags requires manpower.

Agricultural Industry: This study could help the agricultural industry as it promotes the

consumption of coconuts, which will result in higher income. As the demand for coconuts

increases, it could lead to more job opportunities, particularly for farmers and coconut fiber

workers.

Researchers: This study could enable the researchers to acquire necessary information regarding

the coconut fiber-based bags’ potential in terms of durability.

Future Researchers: This study could help future researchers to use this conducted study as a

base to assist them in further endeavors with regards to the uncovered gaps about the other factors

in the use of coconut fiber-based bags that are to be answered by them.

Scope, Delimitations, and Limitations of the Study

This study intends to focus on the evaluation of between coconut fiber-based bags and

standard eco-friendly bags. This study will be undertaken from the school year 2023 to 2024 and

is presented to the University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Las Piñas Campus. The experiment

will be conducted in Las Pinas, Metro Manila. The study will focus on using coconut fiber as the

main material in bag production. This is a quantitative experimental study that will utilize Design

of Experiment (DOE) analysis alongside a trial-and-error process.

This study will only tackle the exact amount of material necessary to produce coconut

fiber-based bags. Additionally, it will only discuss whether coconut fiber-based bag can withstand

the maximum weight that the standard eco-friendly bag can withstand through load tests.
According to N’Take Bags (n.d), most standard eco-friendly bags can only hold up to 11-14

kilograms. Alongside, this study will produce a coconut fiber-based bag based on the dimensions

of the standard eco-friendly bag being compared to. This study will not examine user acceptance

or consumers’ willingness to switch to coconut fiber bags due to time constraints. The study will

not be able to specify its environmental impact. Lastly, it will not examine the economic impact

and the cost of production of coconut fiber-based bags, as it only aims to evaluate the performance

of the coconut fiber-based bag.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The review of related literature and studies focuses on the advantages of the utilization of

coconut fibers as a component of eco-friendly bags and the advantages of using eco-friendly

materials. Due to the overgrowing concern about the effects that plastic bags have on the

environment. It is crucial to know the benefits of using standard eco-friendly bags to promote its

use. Furthermore, using eco-friendly materials will not only mitigate the effects that

environmentally harmful materials have on the environment but also help society move towards a

greener tomorrow.

Advantages of Coconut Fibers

The coconut palm tree has been referred to in different cultures as "the all-giving

tree" because cultivators of coconut palms made sure to use all of the coconut palm resources. The

surrounding area of the coconuts is also known as “coco coir,” and it’s beneficial because of the

assorted functions it can be used for that result in different products. Coco Fibers became popular

because of its water-retaining and aerating properties, and it is a biodegradable. Coconut fiber has

an outstanding capacity to retain water and discharge it. Other varieties of fiber can hold nine times

as much water in them. here are many types of coconut fibers, including fiber, chips, and pith. Of

all the forms, pith has the highest water-holding capacity and the least amount of aeration. While

fiber retains less moisture than pith, it has better aeration and requires more regular watering. The

chips, on the other hand, offer higher air and water-retaining qualities but may carry less water.
 The natural fiber taken from the coconut husk, because of its special qualities, it is a

renewable resource that is both adaptable and popular for a wide range of uses. Before using

coconut fiber for gardening or other purposes, it must be hydrated (Coir, 2020).

A study by Munib (2021) talks about the utilization of coconut fiber sack waste as a canvas

material. Coconut fiber sacks are usually thrown away as trash. The goal is to reduce waste and

help the environment by using these discarded sacks in a creative and sustainable way. The study

uses a simple method to describe things and includes a plan for action and research. The

researchers will turn these damaged sacks into art by painting on them and coating them with

waterproof paint. They will look at the available waste coconut fiber sacks, test if they can be

turned into a canvas for art, and see how durable they are with paint.

Coconut fibers, or coir, are widely utilized in products such as sacks, grow bags, and canvas

due to their unique and advantageous characteristics. Fiber is extracted from the husk or exocarp

of coconut fruits, and its fibrous composition makes it exceptionally strong, durable, and resistant

to bacteria, fungi, and mold. The sustainability of coconut fibers stems from their abundance as a

byproduct of coconut cultivation, especially considering that only a small fraction of coconut fiber

is currently utilized, with much of it being treated as waste. By repurposing this natural material,

the environmental impact is reduced, contributing to its classification as an eco-friendly option.

The fiber’s versatility extends to various types, including mat or yarn fiber suitable for mats and

ropes, and bristle fiber ideal for crafting brooms and materials. In addition to its use in sacks, fiber

is employed in the creation of grow bags, providing ventilation, temperature control, and water

drainage for plants compared to traditional plastic or clay pots. The characteristics of fiber,
including its biodegradability, nutrient-rich nature, and water retention abilities, make it an ideal

choice for landscaping, agricultural projects, and sustainable art endeavors.

The utilization of coconut fibers in various products not only helps to reduce waste but also

aligns with sustainability goals, providing a natural, durable, and environmentally friendly

alternative that contributes positively to the well-being of the planet.

In the study, the use of in-depth interviews, site observation, and document study methods

was utilized to gather the necessary data. With the acquired data, results show that coconut fibers

are a good material for paint as they are still durable after being applied and it is better than the

traditional canvases.

According to Hasan et al. (2021), the fibers from coconut husks are strong and can be used

to make things tough. Things made with coconut fibers are often better than things made with

man-made materials, especially when it comes to being strong and handling heat. It explains why

using natural things like coconut fibers is a good idea, that the natural materials are cheaper, can

be used many times, break down naturally, and don't hurt the environment. Fiber, which comes

from coconut husks, is one of these natural materials that can be used in lots of different ways.

Coconut fibers have three main types: curled, bristol, and mat fibers. Curled fibers are short

and not as good, bristol fibers are brown and coarse and come from dry coconut husks, while mat

fibers, the best type, are longer, finer, and from soaked coconut husks, making them resistant to

bacteria. These fibers are mostly made up of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, ash, and some
water-soluble stuff. About 40 to 50% is lignin, 27 to 45% is cellulose, 0.15 to 20% is hemicellulose,

with a bit of ash and moisture. The high lignin content makes coconut fibers tough and able to

withstand wear, endure, and handle different weather conditions. Because of these qualities,

coconut fibers are used in many things like cords, brushes, ropes, and biocomposites. These fibers

are used in various products such as ropes, yarns, cords, mattresses, and rugs. They're seen as eco-

friendly because they come from coconut husks, often considered waste, and are both renewable

and biodegradable. Coconut fibers are tough, resist moisture, and can handle heat and salty water,

making them valuable for environmentally conscious industries. People often use coconut fibers

in making biocomposites by combining them with different materials, resulting in stronger and

more durable products than those made with synthetic fibers. The strength and stiffness of coconut

fibers are key factors in making effective biocomposites, and their durability, thanks to higher

lignin content, adds to the overall quality of these products.

Coconut fibers come in different types and have many uses in eco-friendly products like

biocomposites. They are considered eco-friendly because they come from coconut husks, usually

seen as waste. Coir fibers are a great choice for things that need to be strong, resilient, and

sustainable, thanks to their special composition and properties.

According to the article titled Core facts about coir (2020), Coconut fibers decomposes

slowly over time due to its high proportion of woody lignin. Though the fiber’s resilience is

impressive, it varies depending on age and form, lasting up to four years on average. Precomposted

coconut can be stored for up to four years without shrinking or compaction. Husks that have not

been composted typically last two years. Coconut fibers with a lower fiber content, containing
more pulp, has a shorter lifespan. The coarser the fiber, the faster it decomposes; the finer the fiber,

the longer it lasts. Slow decomposition combined with limited shrinkage and compaction results

in a stable open substrate structure that allows air to pass through. This promotes bigger, healthier

roots.

After being sanitized, coconut fiber is environmentally friendly and reusable. Because

coconut fiber is entirely natural, there are no biohazards or disposal issues. Coconut fiber is

primarily a byproduct of the coconut industry. The coconut fiber industry, which generates this

waste product, does, however, contribute significantly to water pollution. Treatment options are

being tested by researchers, and at least one coconut fiber manufacturing company claims to be

treating its effluent water.

The potential use of coconut husk (Cocos nucifera) husk fibre for the reinforcement of bio-

plastic made from cassava (Manihot utilissima) starch was investigated in this study by Babalola

and Olorunnisola (2019). Bioplastic specimens were made with cassava starch and coconut husk

fibre contents ranging from 0% to 20% (by weight). The fibres were cut into 2 mm lengths before

being chemically treated to reduce lignin and hemicellulose content for 4 hours in a 1 molar

solution of NaOH at 50°C. The fibers were then washed, dried in an oven at 80°C, and mixed in a

container with cassava starch, water, glycerin, and acetic acid in predetermined proportions. The

blended mixture was then placed in a mold and heated to 65°C for 4 hours before being air cooled

at room temperature. Tensile tests were conducted on 3 mm thick dog-bone shaped specimens.
 The results demonstrate the tensile strength values of bioplastics reinforced with coconut

husk fibers at various levels. The values obtained were relatively low when compared to those

reported for cassava starch-based bioplastics reinforced with recycled newspaper pulp [9]. Also,

the tensile strength increased from 0 to 10% coconut husk fibre content, but then decreased.

After one month in the soil, all of the bioplastic samples had completely degraded, indicating that

the material is biodegradable and can be used in a variety of consumer products such as food

containers, grocery bags, biodegradable utensils, and food packaging. Technically, all materials

are biodegradable; however, not all bio-based plastics are. Bioplastics that degrade in a relatively

short period of time (weeks to months) are usually considered biodegradable; those that do not

degrade in a few months or years are said to be durable.

It concluded that coconut husk fiber could be used as reinforcement in a bioplastic based

on cassava starch. A 10% addition of coconut husk fiber could result in a significant improvement

in tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. However, the fiber quantity can be increased to 15%

to improve impact strength. Therefore, the study highlights that coconut fibers make a good

material as they have a remarkable tensile strength.

The study by Bui et al. (2020) aims to investigate the characteristics of several coconut

fiber varieties and their possible uses as building materials. This includes untreated (raw) fibers as

well as those that have undergone boiling and alkaline treatment. In order to assess these fibers'

suitability as reinforcements in building materials and to answer the main research issues about

their qualities and possible uses in environmentally friendly building techniques, it is essential to

comprehend their features.

 To comprehensively assess the various types of coconut fibers, the study employs a diverse

set of laboratory tests, including microscopy, absolute density determination, water absorption

tests, thermal conductivity measurement, and direct tensile tests. These tests provide a nuanced

understanding of the fibers' microstructure, density, water absorption behavior, and thermal and

mechanical properties. The chosen methodologies contribute to a robust analysis, allowing for a

thorough examination of the different aspects of coconut fibers.

The research categorizes coconut fibers into raw (untreated), boiled, and alkali-treated

types, each undergoing specific changes through their respective treatments. Raw fibers, in their

natural state, have lower absolute density and rapid water absorption. Boiling treatment reduces

fiber diameter and increases density, while alkali treatment decreases fiber diameter and improves

density while reducing water absorption. These distinctions lay the foundation for evaluating the

impact of treatments on the fibers' characteristics.

Examining thermal conductivity, tensile strength, strain at failure, thermal stability, and

chemical durability, the paper explores the properties of treated coconut fibers. The elimination of

lignin, pectin, and cellulose results in decreases in tensile strength; yet, treated fibers show greater

strain at failure, suggesting enhanced ductility. Furthermore, both treatment approaches enhance

chemical and thermal stability, demonstrating their potential advantages in building applications.
 In conclusion, the study synthesizes its findings, emphasizing that treated coconut fibers,

despite some reduction in tensile strength, exhibit improved properties such as water resistance,

thermal stability, and chemical durability. The consideration of eco-friendliness, with reduced ash

content and surface modifications induced by treatment, further positions these fibers as suitable

for eco-friendly materials.

An article by Stelte et al. (2022) states that coconut fibers can be used in reinforcing several

other traditional products that will reduce the use of toxic materials that will harm the environment.

The wastes that come from coconuts can have harmful effects on the environment. It is stated that

these wastes are reported to be breeding sites of mosquitoes which can lead to several illnesses

such as dengue or malaria. It is also prone to be manifested by pests. In addition, the large amount

of coconut wastes clog the natural watercourses and destroys the environment. Coconut shells in

landfills can also cause the emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, repurposing coconut shells

and preventing them from ending up in landfills can help protect the environment.

In conclusion, the literature studied for this review, the potential quantity of fiber that can

be acquired from coconut processing waste surpasses the volume used for traditional fiber

products. Due to a lack of application and market for these husks, a large amount is disposed of as

waste. It adds value to the industry and coconut-producing farmers by searching for additional uses

for the fiber produced from these husks. Coconut fiber is a fiber with high strength and resilience

that has been used traditionally for household products like mats, ropes, and textiles. Fibers'
mechanical properties and their naturally high lignin content make coconut fiber an ideal raw

material for a wide range of applications due to their unique combination. Coconut fiber also has

a high heating value which makes an excellent bonding property.

Advantages of Eco-Friendly Materials

An article by Jain (2022) tackled the significance of plastic in people’s lives and the

ensuing environmental impact of over-reliance on plastic. It highlighted plastic’s characteristics of

being recycled at a low rate and being a cause for trash accumulation in landfills and waterways.

Statistics on plastic production and waste were emphasized, underscoring the urgency of

implementing more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives.

Non-woven eco-friendly bags are made from bonded fibers. It is known for its durability,

customization, and versatility. Alongside, it is economically friendly. It is made from melted

polypropylene or polyester and is made into fibers. Chemicals are added to the fibers so they could

bond. Afterwards, they are calendared, coated, and printed. Lastly, it is then sewed to make various

sizes of the bag (PrimePac, 2021),.

N’take is a brand that offers reusable bags. Their company offers eco-friendly reusable

bags that are durable and made from polyfabric, OPP film, insulated, PET, cotton, jute and more.
According to them that standard eco-friendly bags can only withstand at least 11-14 kg of weight

(N’Take Custom Reusable Bags 2022).

According to Alcayde et al. (2023), their study entitled Production of Hand Bags Made

From Coconut Fiber Husk Fibers and Wood Glue as an Alternative to Plastic Bags, their study

utilizes wood glue to produce a coconut fiber-based bag. Their study aims to mitigate the use of

plastic bags and promote the use of a more eco-friendly materials. According to them using

coconut fiber-based bags can help reduce plastic pollution.

Water-based glues are extensively employed in furniture manufacturing, particularly in the

bonding of plywood, MDF, and chipboard with materials like HDL, CDL, and thin wood layers.

These adhesives serve the diverse needs of furniture makers, enhancing material attachment

efficiency. In contemporary large-scale furniture production, water-based glues play a pivotal role

in seamlessly and economically joining MDF or chipboard with wood or veneers. These glues

have a longstanding history in the furniture industry, catering to both modern and traditional

assembly methods such as Dowling and finger-jointing. Recent advancements have led to the

development of new formulations tailored to modern furniture-making techniques, offering

various advantages.

Water-based adhesives, predominantly based on Polyvinyl-acetate (PVA), comprise

dispersed polymers in water, playing a vital role in woodworking. Curing occurs through water
evaporation, requiring at least one permeable surface for bonding. While the curing process can

span up to 24 hours, techniques like heat application expedite this, using methods such as heated

rollers, radio frequency (RF), or microwave treatment. Pressing with rollers can replace clamping,

albeit full waterproofing is not achieved. Nonetheless, these adhesives ensure robust adhesion and

durability, with formulations available in varying water resistance levels, categorized from D1 to

D4.

Water-based glues are favored in furniture and woodworking for their user-friendly nature,

cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. They dissolve in water, simplifying cleanup, and offer

prolonged open times and versatile application methods. They adhere strongly to diverse surfaces,

including wood, while remaining free of harmful VOC emissions. As environmental regulations

become more stringent, water-based glues are increasingly preferred. (Gluespec, n.d.)

The use of plastics has been widespread due to its affordability and its durability. However,

plastics have several harmful impacts on the environment. Therefore, bio-based and biodegradable

materials are introduced as a material that can be utilized to create sustainable alternatives to

plastics. Bioplastics is considered one of the alternatives that are environmentally sustainable to

plastics. There are various kinds of bioplastics: biodegradable plastics and bio-based plastics.

These sustainable plastics are often interchanged due to their keywords. They are both different.
 Biodegradable plastics are alternatives to fossil fuel plastics as they can decompose into

water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). They can decompose within 20-45 days depending on the

amount of humidity, oxygen, and number of microorganisms in landfills, which contrasts with

traditional plastics that take hundreds or thousands of years to decompose. However,

biodegradable plastics’ mechanical strength is not as durable limiting its use as compared to

traditional plastics. Therefore, materials such as lignocellulosic fibers and lignin, considered eco-

friendly, can be used to reinforce the mechanical strength of biodegradable plastics.

Bio-based plastics, on the other hand, are made of renewable organic materials and waste.

Some examples of bio-based plastics are Bio-based poly (amides) (bio-PP), poly (ethylene) (bio-

PE), and poly (ethylene terephthalate) (bio-PET). Furthermore, it is crucial to know that bio-based

plastics can be considered biodegradable. However, it is not applicable to all bio-based plastics.

To gather the necessary data that the study aims to determine, it utilizes a four-step

technique. Primarily, the study first identifies the data, then screens the data, evaluates the

eligibility, and lastly includes the data. This four-step technique was utilized to propose innovative

ideas regarding the said topic for future studies. The study also utilizes Scopus and Web of Science

databases to compile the data obtained (Moshood et al., 2022).

Upcycling is a sustainable and innovative method of managing waste that turns

used materials into useful and new goods. The technique of upcycling coconut husks into

fashionable purses is one excellent example. This creative approach helps local economies and
encourages eco-friendly fashion, in addition to reducing trash. Just like Terra Philippines, this

group of high school students is dedicated to the sustainable design industry and uses coconut

waste as the basis for their first bag, with the goal of not wasting any outside of their school. Terra

Philippines, born as a high school project at St. Scholastica's College, innovatively repurposes

discarded coconut fiber and used fabrics into stylish and sustainable bags. With a mission to

redefine the bag industry, Terra is committed to environmental consciousness, supporting local

livelihoods, and ensuring purpose in every detail, earning them accolades for their creative

approach to fashion with a meaningful impact on both the environment and communities.

The bag's creative design and dedication to sustainability are the reasons for the use of

coconut fiber in it. The people behind it are aware of coconut fiber's potential as a sustainable

material. This discovery probably inspired an idea to make sustainable fashion products out of

coconut fiber, a byproduct that is frequently thrown away. By employing unique materials and

manufacturing processes rather than following trends, they demonstrate their ambition to stand

apart. The uniqueness adds to the product's appeal and fits in with the ideals of innovative,

sustainable fashion. They chose to use recycled textiles and eco-friendly fibers as the main

components for their bags after conducting thorough research and having numerous talks during

the design process. This category includes coconut fiber, an environmentally useful material. In

an effort to further its sustainability objectives, Terra has established a significant alliance with

Pilipinas Eco Fiber Corporation, providing assistance to Filipino communities that grow coconuts.

By working together with groups that grow coconuts in Laguna, Quezon, and Albay, Terra actively

supports the growth of the coconut fiber industry in the Philippines. By using materials that are

very abrasion-resistant and somewhat waterproof, the firm creates durable bags that support the
sustainability of fashion and industries. The emphasis on coconut fiber as a primary material

indicates an intention to take advantage of its potential for sustainability while supporting the

growth of the coconut fiber sector in the Philippines (Upcycling: From Husks to Handbags, 2022).

It has been an issue in regards with the promotion and uprising of the usage of plastic

biodegradable bags which causes a high accumulation of plastic waste in landfills which makes

plastic unsustainable. On the other hand, coconut has been a significant crop for humid hot areas

providing different benefits including food for organisms and their fibers being found widely

around Southeast Asia. On the study conducted by Leow et al. (2022) on producing tough,

biodegradable, and water-resistant bags it uses coconut fiber instead of the conventional material

used in making commercial plastic bags.

The study aims to produce a high-quality plastic alternative through 2 processes namely

delignification or extraction of the husk and hot press. It prepared the coconut husk with different

lignin contents with various delignifying conditions to assess its influence on the coconut fiber-

based bioplastic’s mechanical properties.

Results concluded that a high-quality bioplastic based on agricultural waste can be

developed through a cost-efficient approach. The coconut fiber-based bioplastic showcases

remarkable mechanical properties without the use of synthetic binders to combine the husks

together.
 Synthesis

With the aforementioned related literature and studies, coconut fibers are considered to be

a great material for eco-friendly bags. Eco-friendly bags can be made of fibers, as they are

considered to cause no harm to the environment. In addition, it can be classified into biodegradable,

bio-based, or both biodegradable and bio-based bags. Based on the acquired findings, coconut

fiber-based bags are classified as biodegradable bags. Coconut fibers are considered a great

material for eco-friendly bags because they are tough, can withstand water and heat, and are

biodegradable. Coconut fibers are considered a tough material as they have a high lignin content,

making them able to withstand tears. In addition, because of the high content of lignin in coconut

fibers, it is able to withstand heat. Because of the ability of coconut fibers to withstand water, it

makes them a perfect material to use in eco-friendly bags. Alongside, coconut fibers have the

ability to withstand great amount of tension. Furthermore, coconut fibers are considered

biodegradable as they have the ability to decompose.

 Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

The figure above shows the input, process, and output of the study. The input contains the

variables, the title, and the studies backing the study. The two (2) variables are coconut fibers and

coconut fiber-based bags. This study was derived from the studies of Alcayde et al. (2023) and

Babolola and Olrunnisola (2019). The process contains the procedure for how the researchers will

collect the data. The process starts by producing the coconut fiber-based bag, which is then tested

using the weighing scale to get the necessary data. The design of the experiment will then be used

to analyze the acquired data, and the said data will then be interpreted on charts and tables. With

that, the evaluation of coconut fiber-based eco-friendly bags will be concluded.

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses is to be tested in this study. A null hypothesis is a claim that there

is no relationship between the variables meaning that the interaction between variables creates no

effect (Taylor, 2023). An alternative hypothesis on the other hand, is a claim that there is a

relationship between variables and the interaction between variables creates an effect (Alternative

Hypothesis, n.d.).

The null hypothesis of this study is considered successful if the coconut fiber-based is able

to withstand the same or greater amount of weight with the standard eco-friendly bag with the

same dimensions with the coconut fiber-based bags. It expects the dependent variable to remain

the same. The alternative hypothesis is considered to be a success if the coconut fiber-based bags

cannot withstand the same or less weight as the standard eco-friendly bag being compared to.

Ho: Coconut fiber-based bags is more or equally durable than standard eco-friendly bags.

Ha : Coconut fiber-based bags is not as durable as standard eco-friendly bags.

Definition of Terms

Decompose – The process of destroying by breaking it into smaller pieces (Decompose, 2023).

Disposal – The process of getting rid of something. (Disposal, 2024)

Durability – The ability to last over time resisting any damage (Durability, 2024)

Eco-friendly – Not causing any harm to the environment (Eco-friendly, 2023).

Sustainable – The ability to continue or maintain for a long time (Sustainable, 2023).
 CHAPTER III

METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES

This chapter of the study contains the methodology that will be utilized by the researchers

to conduct the study. The methodology includes the research design, research instrument, research

locale, data gathering procedure, and data analysis plan.

Research Design

The method utilized in this study will be a quantitative approach. Quantitative research

focuses on gathering and analyzing statistical or numerical data. Data can be collected through

surveys, questionnaires, polls, or data manipulation (Babbie, 2010). It is often used by researchers

to gain a better understanding of society as it involves exploring events or occurrences and

quantifying them that may affect society (What is Quantitative Research, 2020).

The kind of research used in this study is experimental research. It involves the

manipulation of variables that will affect the result of the experiment. Through this, the cause-and-

effect can be observed (Bhat, 2023).

This research will also use a comparative design that will focus on similarities and

differences between the variables (Holt & Turner, 1970). A comparative design is a method that

analyzes the situation and then adds it together to find the points of similarities and differences.

(MokhtarianPour, 2016).
 The study will utilize a quantitative approach as it aims to determine and identify the

amount of materials necessary to produce a coconut fiber-based bag and how much weight it can

withstand using a weighing scale to identify whether it performs better in terms of durability as

compared to standard eco-friendly bags. To determine whether the coconut fiber-based bag are

more durable than standard eco-friendly bags, a weighing scale is also utilized to determine how

much weight will be load and a spring balance will be utilized to determine the durability of the

coconut fiber-based bag in terms of tensile strength. The study is considered to be experimental

research as the study will be manipulating variables that will affect the outcome of the coconut

fiber-based bag. It will also be done through a trial-and-error process to determine and manipulate

the variables when a miscalculation or an error occurs.

Research Instrument

The research instrument that will be utilized in this study will be a weighing scale. A

weighing scale is an equipment used to measure and weigh the weight of a certain object. Weighing

scales come in two forms: spring scales and balance scales. For this study, balance scales,

specifically, digital kitchen scales will be utilized as the study only aims to determine the mass of

the necessary materials for the production of the coconut fiber-based bags and the mass of load

that will be added in the coconut fiber-based bag. Spring scales are also utilized to determine the

durability of the coconut fiber-based bag in terms of tensile strength (Weighing Scale - New World

Encyclopedia, n.d.).
 A digital kitchen scale was chosen as the research instrument to be utilized in the

experiment as it can weigh to at least 5 kg (Compact Digital Kitchen Scale, 2023). Before utilizing

the digital kitchen scale, it will be cleaned and will be turned on for a while before using it. It will

also be calibrated to provide accurate and precise results (How to Recalibrate Your Own Scales,

2022).

A spring scale is utilized as a research instrument for this study as it can weigh from 2.5 to

50 kg (Zafrilla, 2014). To use a spring scale, a balance scale is utilized to determine the mass of

the load. Afterwards, hang the weight on the scale and wait for a short time (Buddies, 2021).

The Table of Specification (TOS) indicates the amount of trials to be done for the

production of coconut fiber-based bags, the materials to be utilized, the amount of materials per

trial, and the procedure to be done.

Coconut
Eco-
Trial Fiber-
Materials Amount Friendly Procedure
No. Based Bag
Bag Status
Status
Coconut
Fibers
- - - 1. Mix water-based wood glue and
water together.
Water - - - 2. In the water and water-based
wood glue mixture, mix in the
Trial coconut fibers.
1 Water-Based
Wood Glue
- - - 3. After the coconut fibers are
coated with the water and water-
based wood glue mixture, shape
Load - - -
the coconut fibers on a metal mesh
 screen.
Coconut
Fibers
- - - 4. Once it is shaped, put a metal
mesh screen on top of the coconut
fibers and put a heavy object to
Water - - -
Trial make it flat.
2
5. Wait for the coconut fibers to
Water-Based dry.
Wood Glue
- - -
6. To make the handles, the

Load - - - coconut fibers are twisted together.

7. Once the coconut fibers are dry,
Coconut
Fibers
- - - fold to make the structure of the
bag.
8. Use wood glue to stick the folds
Water - - -
and create the structure of the bag.
9. To attach the handles, cut holes
Trial in the coconut fiber-based bag and
3
Water-Based
Wood Glue
- - - tie the straps.
10. A load test is then conducted
for both the coconut fiber-based
bag and the standard eco-friendly
Load - - -
bag to determine its durability.

Figure 2. The Table of Specification of the Study

Research Locale

The production of coconut fiber-based bags is to be conducted in a residence in Las Pinas,

Metro Manila. The researchers chose the specific area as it is considered convenient as the study

will be submitted to the University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Las Pinas Campus which is

located in the area. This experiment will be conducted in the school year 2023-2024.

The experiment will be executed in a room-temperature environment. It will be executed

in a room-temperature area so that the variables are placed in the same conditions making the

experiment accurate as variables placed in different conditions will greatly affect the results.

Data Gathering Procedure

To gather the data for the study, the researchers will go through five stages. The first stage

will facilitate the plotting of the experimental set-up. The second stage is where the selection of

the research locale takes place. The third stage will feature the pre-trial of the experiment.

Proceeding to the fourth stage, which will facilitate the commencement of the experimental

process. Lastly, the fifth stage will facilitate the statistical treatment of data, leading to the

composition of Chapter 4.

Step 1: Composition of the Research Instrument

This stage contains the preparation for the experiment. This includes the production of the

coconut fiber-based bag and the preparation of the research instrument (weighing scale) to be used

in the study. Thereupon, the procedure of the data collection, including the conditions that the

dependent variable will be put through to get the data needed for the study, will be identified.
Lastly, a clear and concise hypothesis will be derived from the produced coconut fiber-based bag,

the procedure of the study, and an extensive review of the literature.

Step 2: Selection of the Research Locale/Locus

The to-be-conducted experiment will be executed in a residence in Las Pinas, Metro

Manila. It will be conducted in a room-temperature environment so that the variables are placed

in the same and consistent conditions which will lead to accurate results.

Step 3: Pre-trial

This stage involves a small-scale pre-trial operation based on the data collection procedure

to identify the potential issues with the experimental set-up of the study. Afterward, adjustments

will be made to the research instrument based on the results of the pre-trial.

Step 4: Execution of the Data Collection

This stage involves the implementation of the experimental set-up based on the data

collection procedures of the study. Afterward, the researchers will record all valuable data obtained

in the research in an ethical and organized manner to ensure objectivity in the study. Lastly, the

researchers will verify and correct any issues regarding the data collected in the study.

Step 5: Data Organization and Analysis

In this stage, the researchers will gather and evaluate the data. The researchers will employ

the needed statistical analysis (Design of Experiment Analysis (DOE) to interpret and analyze the
data collected in the study. The interpreted and analyzed data will then be compiled and organized

to be used in the study’s following chapter.

Data Analysis Plan

The method that will be utilized in this study to analyze the data gathered is the Design of

Experiment (DOE) analysis. The Design of Experiment (DOE) analysis is an analysis used to

analyze factors that are manipulated to get the desired result. It can help identify interactions

between the factors and the results and it is used uniquely for any experiment that will give

attention to factors that have varying levels that affect the response of the output (What Is Design

of Experiments (DOE)?, n.d.).

The researchers will use the Design of Experiment (DOE) as their data analysis which

identifies factors and levels or settings that will affect the outcome of the production of coconut

fiber-based bags and their durability. The Design of Experiment (DOE) analysis factors will

include the coconut fiber with levels that will consider the amount to be used for production and

the load with settings that will consider the weight to determine whether coconut fiber-based bags

are more durable than standard eco-friendly bags.

 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND PRESENTATION

This chapter of the study contains the analysis, interpretation, and the presentation of the

data gathered based on the methodology that is necessary for the study. The data gathered will be

presented based on the sequence of the statement of the problem.

Problem No. 1: What materials will be required to produce a coconut fiber-based bag?

a. What are the exact measurements of materials needed to create a coconut fiber-based
bag?

Trial No. Amount of Materials Used Size

110 g of coconut fiber 1 ft in height, 0.8 ft in length,

and 0.3 ft in width. 0.3 cm thick
1 708.9 g of water

71.9 g of water-based wood glue

155.3 g of coconut fiber 1 ft in height, 0.8 ft in length,

and 0.3 ft in width. 1 cm thick
2 792.5 g of water

100 g of water-based wood glue

173.9 g of coconut fibers 1 ft in height, 0.8 ft in length,

and 0.3 ft in width. 0.5 cm thick
3 738.9 g of water

109.1 g of water-based wood glue

Table 1.1
 The Table 1.1 presents how much materials were utilized in the experiment. The coconut

fiber-based bag that is produced has a size of 1 ft in height, 0.8 ft in length, and 0.3 ft in width and

has the same dimensions as the standard eco-friendly bag that is tested for the study. For the first

trial, 110 g of coconut fibers was used along with 708.9 g of water and 71.9 g of water-based wood

glue. For the second trial, 155.3 g of coconut fiber was used with 792.5 g of water and 100 g of

water-based wood glue. Lastly, for the third trial, 173.9 g of coconut fibers was utilized together

with 738.9 g of water and 109.1 g of water-based wood glue.

According to Alcayde et al. (2023), their study entitled Production of Hand Bags Made

From Coconut Fiber Husk Fibers and Wood Glue as an Alternative to Plastic Bags, their study

utilizes the same procedure to produce a coconut fiber-based bag. They combined water and glue

and mixed in coconut fibers. In relation to that, it is flattened out and dried to create the panels of

the bag. The formation of the bag is then done by sticking the ends of the panels. The findings of

their study present that the production of coconut fiber-based bag with the use of wood glue is

feasible.

Problem No. 2: How durable is the coconut fiber-based bag?

a. Can the coconut fiber-based bag withstand the amount of weight a standard eco-friendly

bag can hold?

Trial
Weight of Load Coconut Fiber-Based Bag Status
No.

1 2 kg Not Broken
 4 kg Slightly Broken

6 kg Broken

2 kg Not Broken

4 kg Not Broken

6 kg Not Broken

2 8 kg Not Broken

10 kg Not Broken

12 kg Slightly Broken

14 kg Broken

2 kg Not Broken

4 kg Not Broken

6 kg Not Broken

3 8 kg Not Broken

10 kg Not Broken

12 kg Not Broken

14 kg Not Broken

Table 2.1

The Table 2.1 presents the amount of load weighed in the coconut fiber-based bag to

determine its durability whether the bag can withstand the same amount of weight a standard eco-

friendly bag can withstand. For the first trial, the coconut fiber-based bag produced from the first

trial of Table 1.1 was utilized. 2 kg of load was put inside the bag, and it remained not broken.
However, when the 4 kg of load was put in the coconut fiber-based bag, the bag became slightly

broken. When the 6 kg of load was put in the bag, the bag is then broken as it was not able to carry

that heavy of a load. For the second trial, the coconut fiber-based bag produced from the second

trial of Table 1.1 was used and it showed that the load weighing 2 kg up to 10 kg the coconut fiber-

based bag remained unbroken. However, when 12 kg of load was added in the bag, it showed signs

that it was going to break soon. By 14 kg of load, the bag was broken then. Lastly, for the last trial,

the coconut fiber-based bag from last trial of the Table 1.1 was used. The results show that the

coconut fiber-based bag can withstand load from 2 kg to 14 kg of load.

According to Munib (2021), coconut fibers are impressive in terms of durability. Fiber is

extracted from the husk or exocarp of coconut fruits, and its fibrous composition makes it

exceptionally strong, durable, and resistant to bacteria, fungi, and mold. The fiber is durable to

the point that it can be used for ropes, and it is also used in sacks and grow bags, therefore proves

that it is durable as containers for carrying objects and other elements.

Weight of Load Standard Eco-Friendly Bag Status

2 kg Not Broken

4 kg Not Broken

6 kg Not Broken

8 kg Not Broken

10 kg Slightly Broken

12 kg Broken
 Table 2.2

Based on the data presented in Table 2.2, it contains the amount of load the standard eco-

friendly bag can withstand. It is presented that the standard eco-friendly bag can only withstand

until 12 kg of load because adding 14 kg of load made the standard eco-friendly bag break.

However, with the 12 kg load loaded inside the bag, it became slightly broken. At 2-10 kg of load,

it remained unbroken highlighting its durability.

The standard eco-friendly bag that was utilized in the study is a non-woven eco-friendly

bag. According to PrimePac (2021), non-woven eco-friendly bags are considered durable due to

its ability to carry more load as compared to other traditional shopping bags. They are considered

water proof and recyclable. In correlation to this, according to N’Take Custom Reusable Bags

(n.d), a standard eco-friendly bag can weigh 11-14 kg of load.

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary of results, conclusions, and recommendation based on

the data analyzed from the previous chapter. It concludes the study about the evaluation on the

durability of the coconut fiber-based bag and the standard eco-friendly bag.

Summary

The gathered data in the study revealed the following findings:

1. The primary objective of the initial statement of the problem is to identify the materials

needed to produce a coconut fiber-based bag. Specifically, to determine the amount of

materials necessary. Based on the gathered data, the researchers were able to produce three

coconut fiber-based bags. For the first trial 110 grams of coconut fiber, 708.9 grams of

water, and 71.9 grams of water-based wood glue was utilized. For the second trial, 155.3

grams of coconut fiber, 792.5 grams of water, and 100 grams of water-based wood glue

was used. For the third trial, 173.9 grams of coconut fiber, 738.9 grams of water, and 109.1

grams of water-based wood glue was utilized.

2. Moreover, the study aims to determine the durability of the coconut fiber-based bag in

which is being compared to a standard eco-friendly bag in terms of how much weight both

bags can withstand, and which is more durable. Based on the results, coconut fiber-based

bag is much more durable as compared to the standard eco-friendly bag. Results show that

the coconut fiber-based bag that has a composition of 173.9 grams of coconut fiber, 738.9
 grams of water, and 109.1 grams of water-based wood glue was the most durable as it was

able to withstand 12 kg of load and even more without the presence of damage and the

standard eco-friendly bag can only withstand 10 kg of load.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. To summarize the findings of this study, the amount of materials utilized to produce a

coconut fiber-based bag can greatly influence its performance in terms of its durability.

Specifically, how much weight it can withstand. The study found that a coconut fiber-

based bag can be produced with the following amount of materials: 110 grams of coconut

fiber, 708.9 grams of water, and 71.9 grams of water-based wood glue; 155.3 grams of

coconut fiber, 792.5 grams of water, and 100 grams of water-based wood glue; 173.9 grams

of coconut fiber, 738.9 grams of water, and 109.1 grams of water-based wood glue. These

findings provide insights especially to consumers, manufacturers, and the agricultural

industry. With these findings, they are able to know what and how much materials are

necessary in the production of the coconut fiber-based bag as society moves toward a

greener tomorrow but still provide quality.

2. All in all, the data presents that the coconut fiber-based bag made from the third trial is the

most durable as it is able to withstand more weight as compared to the standard eco-friendly

bag. The standard eco-friendly bag is only able to withstand 12 kg of load while the coconut

fiber-based bag remained undamaged with same load inside the bag. It is noticed that the
 more amount of coconut fibers and water-based wood glue, the more durable the bag is.

Recommendation

1. In accordance with the findings of this study, the researchers recommend using additional

amounts of materials, specifically coconut-fiber and wood glue, in the production of the

coconut fiber-based bag as this can produce a bag with thicker panels that would lead to a

better performance out of the coconut fiber-based bag in terms of durability. This is evident

in trial number 3 which used the most amount of materials, specifically 173.9 grams of

coconut fiber, 738.9 grams of water, and 109.1 grams of water-based wood glue.

2. In regards to the process of making the coconut fiber-based bag, the researchers

recommend evenly distributing the whole composition or mixture (coconut fiber and

adhesive) when laying it onto the drying rack to shape the bag. This is to ensure that all

panels of the coconut fiber-based bag are equal in thickness and so the bag does not have

thin or uneven parts that may be a cause for the bag to break or rip when conducting the

weight test.

3. In light of the findings of this study, the researchers recommend more research be

conducted into improving the coconut fiber, water, and water-based wood glue ratio to

enhance the durability of the coconut fiber-based bag as the experimentation show that

differences in the composition of coconut fiber-based bags have a significant effect on their

durability.

4. The researchers recommend standardization of the manufacturing method for coconut

fiber-based bags. This includes recording detailed methods, procedures, and standards to
 maintain consistency and quality in production, which improves the overall quality of the

coconut fiber-based bags.

5. In order to fill the research gap left by this study, it is recommended that future researchers

assess the consumers’ willingness to change to coconut fiber bags instead of standard eco-

friendly bags, the coconut fiber-based bags' strength against liquids in terms of resistance,

the cost of production of the coconut fiber-based bag, the possible economic impact of the

coconut fiber-based bag, and the environmental impact of the coconut fiber-based bag.
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