2

student (Kadey, 2016).

Examining the connection between caffeine use and academic

performance in the context of nursing and health sciences programs is crucial
because of the particular academic and clinical challenges these students
face. The creation of focused interventions and support services can benefit
from an understanding of how caffeine impacts these students' study habits,
cognitive function, and general well-being.

Statement of the Problem

Caffeine consumption among college students is a prevalent practice,

influenced by various factors such as academic demands, social activities,
and lifestyle preferences. This behavior raises concerns about its potential
impact on the well-being and academic performance of students. The goal of
this research is to comprehensively investigate caffeine from coffee
consumption among college students and address the following key
questions:

1. Will their academic performance enhance when caffeine from coffee is

consumed?

2. Is there a significant difference on the academic performance of

non-caffeine drinkers when caffeine is consumed?

3. To solve is whether caffeine consumption is able to improve the test

scores of college students by testing their cognitive skills and academic
performance while caffeinated beverages are consumed.

Research Objectives
 3

The main objectives of this study are: (1) To asses student’s caffeine
from coffee consumption during academic period and its potential effects on
their academic performance. (2) Propose research-based guidelines for
caffeine consumption that enhance individual well-being while also positively
influencing academic performance. (3) Evaluate the impact of various sources
of caffeine from coffee like Brewed Coffee, Instant Coffee and Instant
Decaffeinated Coffee etc. and (4) compare the test results based after serving
them with the chosen caffeine which is the coffee, the study will research the
frequency of consumption and also report differences of academic
performances on the coffee drinkers versus non-coffee drinkers, who excel on
their academics as well.

Research Questions

1. What is the pattern of caffeine consumption among college students?

2. How does caffeine consumption correlate with the academic performance

of college students?

3. Do external factors, such as sources of caffeine and social influences,

contribute to variations in caffeine consumption habits among college
students?

Statement of Hypothesis

HI: The higher the amount of caffeine consumed by students, the

higher their test score will be.

Ho: The lower the amount of caffeine consumed by students, the

lower their test score will be.
 4

Significance of the study:

This research provides information about the caffeine consumption

and academic performance among SSU students at the faculty of health
sciences.

This study is also beneficial to the following individuals:

Students. This research will serve as a reference or guide to control how

much coffee they should consume. Additionally, it will broaden their
knowledge and provide the foundation for the development of creative plans
to obtain high grades.

Faculty staff. This study will serve as a reference point and additional
knowledge and ideas that will be tackled in their future research.

an There are a number of reasons why caffeine consumption needs more

study: First, there are a lack of data regarding college students and caffeine
consumption; Second, there is increased evidence of adverse physical and
behavioral effects related to caffeine such as sleep deprivation, increased
heart rate, increased blood pressure, central nervous system disorders,
vasodilation (dilatation of blood vessels), trembling, seizures (sudden attack of
illness), urticaria (severe allergic reaction), headaches, increased body
temperature, inverse relationship to grades, disruption of coordination of
complex tasks, sleep apnea (occurs when a person's breathing is interrupted
during sleep), nervousness, hyperactivity, agitation (a state of anxiety or
nervous excitement), Caffeine can increase performance on a variety of tasks,
sharpen short-term improve focus, among other benefits. (Doherty & Smith,
2005)
 5

Scope and delimitation:

The general intent of this study is to know the average of the student
who consumed caffeine daily and what impact does it affects in their
academic performance and to examine the effictiveness of this research study
among the student who's been participated in this study. This study will mainly
identify and assess the different factors and affect the measure consumption
of caffeine also, this study yearn to identify how can researchers convince,
develop and assist the student of College of Nursing and Health Sciences.

Definition of key terms

Caffeine - a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 found especially in coffee, tea, cacao,

and kola nuts and used medicinally as a stimulant and diuretic
Vasodilation - widening of the lumen of blood vessels.
Adenosine - a nucleoside C10H13N5O4 that is a constituent of RNA and
yields adenine and ribose on hydrolysis.
Norepinephrine - a monoamine C8H11NO3 that is a neurotransmitter in
postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and in some parts
of the central nervous system, is a vasopressor hormone of the adrenal
medulla, and is a precursor of epinephrine in its major biosynthetic pathway
Insomnia - prolonged and usually abnormal inability to get enough sleep
especially due to trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
Dopamine - a monoamine C8H11NO2 that is a decarboxylated form of dopa
and that occurs especially as a neurotransmitter in the brain
Anxiety - apprehensive uneasiness or nervousness usually over an
impending or anticipated ill : a state of being anxious
Decaffeinated - having the caffeine removed
Brewed - to prepare (beer, ale, etc.) by steeping, boiling, and fermentation or
by infusion and fermentation
 6

Cappuccino - espresso coffee topped with frothed hot milk or cream and
often flavored with cinnamon
Espresso - coffee brewed by forcing hot water through finely ground usually
darkly roasted coffee beans
Latte - espresso mixed with hot or steamed milk
Mocha - the small, irregular-shaped coffee beans of plants grown in the
mountainous regions of Yemen that produce an earthy, strong coffee of
usually medium to high acidity.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW IF RELATED LITERATURE

Caffeine

Caffeine consumption has risen dramatically in recent years all around

the world. According to Schouten & Romani (2020). The major source of
caffeine is identified as coffee followed by soft drinks and tea., as it is often
readily available to individuals. Other major sources of caffeine consumed
specifically by college students include, tea (black and green), chocolate,
carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks. How does caffeine do to your body, in
consequence caffeine primarily acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist,
preventing adenosine from inducing drowsiness and promoting wakefulness.
It also stimulates the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and
norepinephrine. Nehlig, A. (2018) Caffeine, a central nervous system
stimulant, has been extensively studied due to its prevalence in daily life.
Research has focused on its effects on alertness and cognitive function, with
findings suggesting that moderate caffeine intake can enhance mental
alertness and concentration (Fredholm et al., 1999). However, excessive
caffeine consumption can lead to adverse effects, including anxiety, insomnia,
and jitteriness, which may vary among individuals due to genetic and
metabolic factors (Nehlig, 2018).Coffee consumption is a prevalent behavior
among college students, often regarded as an essential component of their
 7

daily routines.

Effect of Caffeine Consumption Among College Students

Caffeinated beverages have been consumed by college students for

various reasons and their overuse is a main concern. One of the positive
effects of caffeine on students is temporary increase in alertness. Bucher et
al. (2019) studied caffeine intake habits and the perception of its effects on
health among college students by using a quantitative, cross-sectional
approach. This study showed that, on a daily basis, 75% of the participating
students consumed one or more caffeinated beverages for taste or during
periods of stress, in social settings, or when they needed to drivefor long
distances. Bucher et al. also found out that college students were aware of
caffeine’s short- and long-term health effects, whereby many of them admitted
that caffeine had negatively affected their sleep, Because caffeine is known to
reduce sleep pressure, it is no surprise that studies looking at adolescent
consumption find that students who have more caffeinated drinks slept less
overall (Ludden & Wolfson, 2009; Pollak & Bright, 2003) and tend to have a
harder time staying awake at school (Calamaro et al., 2009; Ludden &
Wolfson, 2009), fluctuated one’s mood, or to their I

belief that caffeine improves the ability to concentrate for longer duration. This
also reported how college students consumed caffeine to help them increase
their productivity where most of them believed that it contributed to boosting
their alertness, sustained productivity, acted as a source of energy, vigilance,
increased mood for a short time, and helped one get a better grade. Bucher et
al. recommended that more research that will examine the rationale behind
caffeine consumption among college students is needed in order to increase
their understanding of caffeine’s side effects

(2019) . In addition, their study called for more education regarding

 8

alternatives to increased caffeine intake (i.e., education on stress

management techniques, sleep- promoting habits, moderation in caffeine
intake, and time management)(Bucher et al.,2019) Another article that
strengthens this study is about “Daytime Sleepiness, Circadian Preference,
Caffeine Consumption, and Use of Other Stimulants among Thai College
Students”. Tran et al. (2014) examined the association between consumption
of caffeinated stimulants and daytime sleepiness and evening chronotype
among 3,000 Thai college students. A self-administered questionnaire was
used to measure the demographic characteristics of the participants. The
results of their study showed that among participants, the daytime sleepiness
prevalence was 27.9 % while the evening chronotype prevalence was 13% .
After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, BMI, and physical activity, Tran et al.
(2014) found that users of any stimulant beverage had 2.68-fold higher odds
of being evening chronotypes than non-users. Furthermore, stimulant
beverage consumers had 22% higher odds of undergoing daytime sleepiness
than non- consumers. This study revealed a strong association between
consuming any stimulant beverage with evening chronotype and daytime
sleepiness (Tran et al.,2014). The results also noted that evening chronotypes
are affected by the number of stimulant beverages used per week. For
instance, students who consumed two stimulant beverages per week had
2.65-fold higher odds of being evening chronotypes than those who
consumed less than one stimulant beverage per week. On the other hand,
those who were consuming three or more stimulant beverages per week had
3.65-fold higher odds of being evening chronotypes than those who
consumed less than one stimulant beverages per week (Tran et al., 2014). By
the end of the study, Tran et al., recommended the provision of effective
education and prevention programs to improve sleep hygiene and reduce
energy drink consumption among college students (2014).Another article
about “Caffeine Consumption among Various University Students in the UAE,
 9

Exploring the Frequencies, Different Sources and Reporting Adverse Effects

and Withdrawal Symptoms” that Caffeine is widely consumed among students
due to its cognitive and physical enhancing effects. However, little is known
about the consumption pattern of different caffeinated products among
university students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Aim. To investigate the
frequency of caffeine consumption among the young population of students,
assess types of caffeinated products consumed, and document adverse
effects and withdrawal symptoms experienced by university students.
Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the UAE from December
2019 to March 2020. A random sample of 500 university students from
different universities in the UAE were approached and asked to complete a
self-administered online- based questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26. Coffee was the
highest favored source of caffeine (67.7%) followed by tea (47.3%). The
average daily intake of caffeine was found to be 264 mg/day. Surprisingly,
almost a third of students reported a high level of daily consumption (>400
mg/day) and more than half of them consumed less than 199 mg/day. Large
proportions of students 91.1% have their caffeinated beverage after or while
eating meals and 42.8% considered that this habit helped in avoiding acid
reflux. Interestingly, around one third of participants have poor knowledge of
caffeine- containing medical products, which seemed to affect the level of
consumption in the student population (p < 0.05). The highest reported reason
for caffeine intake was for studying purposes (59.4%). Conclusion. Caffeine
consumption is highly prevalent among university students in the UAE. Yet,
there is insufficiency in the current knowledge of safe caffeine consumption
patterns reflecting the importance of health awareness programs and
nutritional lectures to decrease the long-term health issues and unintentional
overdose of caffeine.
 10

Impact on Academic Performance

(Driver et al., 2020). A recent survey done at five geographically

dispersed United States universities found out that about 92% of the surveyed
students reported consuming caffeine within the past year and that these
numbers continue to increase due to lack of education pertaining to the
overuse of the beverages (Mahoney et al., 2019). Specifically, their study
concluded that coffee was the main caffeinated beverage consumed by many
college students of both genders (Mahoney et al., 2019). Furthermore, in their
study titled “Intake of caffeine from all sources and reasons for use by college
students”, Mahoney and others presented demographic characteristics of
study participants based on their age, gender, family income, and ethnicity to
compare how caffeine is consumed among different groups of college
students (Mahoney et al., 2019). According to the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), caffeine can be a part of a healthy diet for most people,
however too much caffeine consumption may pose health danger to one’s
body depending on their health status, for example body weight, medication
use, and increased stress levels to name a few (FDA, 2018).

A longitudinal study by Garcia et al. (2020) suggested a positive correlation

between moderate coffee consumption and improved academic performance,
possibly due to increased alertness and focus. However, excessive caffeine
intake can lead to negative effects such as sleep disturbances, anxiety, and
decreased academic performance (James et al., 2017). The impact of coffee
consumption on academic performance remains a subject of debate. Caffeine
consumption can lead to increased alertness, improved mood, and enhanced
cognitive performance.It is commonly used to combat fatigue and promote
wakefulness.

CAFFEINE CONTENT CHART

 11

Coffee Average

Brewed (6 oz) 100 mg

Instant (1 rounded tsp) 57 mg

Brewed decaffeinated (6 oz cup) 3 mg

Instant decaffeinated (1 rounded tsp) 2 mg

Cappuccino (4 oz) 100 mg

Espresso (2 oz) 100 mg

Latte (single) 50 mg

Mocha (single) 55 mg

Sources: National Soft Drink Association, US Food and Drug Administration, Bunker and

McWilliams, Pepsi, Slim-Fast.

As you can see, a lot of varieties of coffee contains caffeine. Even

decaffeinated coffee contains 5 mg of caffeine. In the studies reviewed here,
different levels of caffeine had different effects. Given the average caffeine
content of varieties of coffee (Chart).

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

LEVELS OF CAFFEINE FROM

COFFEE: BREWED COFFEE
(HIGH), INSTANT COFFEE TEST SCORE
(MODERATE), INSTANT
DECAFFEINATED (LOW)
 12

This figure shows the relationship of the independent variables

(Types of Caffeine from coffee), the dependent variables (Test Scores), and
the controlled variables (Caffeine intake/Caffeine dosage).

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Population Frame

All students currently enrolled in the College of Nursing and Health Sciences
at Samar State University

Sampling Size

15 students from the College of Nursing and Health Sciences at SSU to

participate in the study.

Procedures

The participants for this study will be 15 college students at Samar State
University under the college of Nursing and Health and Sciences. They will be
at least 18 years of age and above. Prior to the experiment proper, surveys
and questionnaires will be conducted along with short interviews on college
students who consume coffee. The procedures will be conducted during their
 13

free time. After that, the researchers will try to convince them to participate on
this research study under the code of ethics. Next will be the giving of
questionnaires lastly the brochure that contain helpful guidelines about coffee
consumption to the participating college students within Samar State
University order for us to gather data about their perspectives of caffeine
intake. Once we are able to gather 15 people, we will hold the experiment in a
empty room for the participants. Then the researchers will be able to introduce
themselves and give a some instructions prior to the study. After that, we will
be dividing them into three groups and each group consists of 5 people: A
brewed coffee will be served in the first group, Instant coffee will be served in
the second group, and Instant decaffeinated Coffee will be served in the third
group. Then, the researchers will be giving handouts to the participants and
the researchers will be serving them with the three varieties of coffee as they
are given 30 minutes to study. After the study session, the participants will be
divided into 3 groups based on the beverage that they have consumed—
namely brewed coffee, instant coffee, and instant decaffeinated coffee. Once
they have been segregated into their respective groups, the exam will begin
which will last for 30 minutes as well. To find out if drinking caffeinated
beverages stimulates or improve the participant’s brain performance will be
depending on the result, if level of caffeine will affect academic performance.

Data will be gathered from the results of this experiment. Once the data has
been gathered, we will able to review and analyze the results and all the
information that the participants have supposedly provided. All paper works
will be processed once we are able to secure the desired requirements.

Participants

5 Nutritionist and Dietitian students, 5 Nursing students and 5

 14

Pharmacist students in total of 15 college students at Samar State University

under the college of Nursing and Health Sciences regardless of genders. The
researchers will give a series of short interviews and surveys if they are willing
to participate on the research in a decent and calm manner. Their identities
and any personal information of the participants will also remain confidential.

Instrumentation

Prior to the experiment, an anonymous survey and interview will be conducted

to assess (1) the student’s caffeine consumption during academic period, (2)
Propose research-based guidelines for caffeine consumption that enhance
individual well-being while also positively influencing academic performance,
(3) Evaluate the impact of various sources of caffeine, including coffee like
3n1 Coffee, Natural Coffee and Decaffeinated Coffee etc., The experiment
comes in two parts: In part 1, the participants will be given a test regarding the
parts of the digestive system. The researchers will give them handouts about
the topic and the participants will be given 30 minutes to study. This will be
done without any caffeine intake. And then the test will be 25 items. In part
two, the same procedures will be followed, except the given test will be about
parts of respiratory system and this will be done with caffeine intake. The
researchers will record the gathered data. And they will able to give
comparison from the results of 1 and 2 and give further analysis of the data.

Statistical Analysis

To investigate whether or not people’s different levels of dependency on

caffeine influences caffeine’s effectiveness and negative effects on them, the
participants will be divided into three groups: Group 1 (Brewed Coffee), Group
2 (Instant Coffee), and Group 3 (Instant Decaffeinated). So according to the
 15

study of the public journal of University of Oxford, The effects of caffeine differ
depending on the amount consumed, and that consumers of caffeine do suffer
from side effects after consumption, such as an increase in anxiety, blood
pressure, and a decrease in memorizing skills. Nowadays, more and more
students start to consume caffeinated drinks mainly coffee to benefit from their
stimulating effects, such as staying awake and feel focused. Students’ main
reasons for consuming caffeine is to stay awake. We will try to identify this by
gathering data on these students who participate in everyday college activities
who do not consume any caffeine. Interestingly, while 80% of the students
believe caffeine may damage their health, most students still consume
caffeine more than necessary. Students consider their desire to use caffeine
to stay awake or to wake up in the morning was more important than health
concerns, and we’re trying to avoid it as much as possible.

The statistical formula to be used in this study will be the one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and the T-Test to assess whether the means of the three
treatments has any significant difference on the test performance of the
selected SSU students at the College of Nursing and Health Sciences.

Ethical considerations

Participants will be required to provide informed consent before

engaging in the study. To maintain confidentiality, the identities of respondents
will not be disclosed in the research paper, ensuring their privacy. Only the
examination results will be shared for research purposes. Additionally,
participants will potentially benefit from the outcomes of the research. Their
well-being and needs will be prioritized, and they will be adequately informed
about the experiment's purpose. Participants will also be made aware of any
potential risks or hazards involved. Importantly, participants retain the right to
 16

withdraw from the experiment at any time if they feel uncomfortable or wish to
do so.

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