EM 1110-2-1602 Part 3

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EM 1110-2-1602 E-5

15 Oct 80

the slope of the curve is approaching zero. The shape of the curve de-
pends upon the horizontal and vertical convergences of the outer walls
and the taper of the pier as well as upon the radii of the quadrant ·
fillets. When the horizontal and vertical convergences are fixed
(plate E-1), an area curve for the ~onverging rectangular sections
(plate E-2) is helpful in designing the fillets which result in the
final transition area curve. Several trial fillet designs are usually
required in the development of a satisfactory curve.

a. Areas of Converging Rectangu1ar Sections. The computation of


the areas of the converging rectangular sections requires determination
of the distances of the walls, pier surface, and tangent extension
from the conduit center line at the selected sections. The curve and
tangent extension equations previously discussed can be used for these
computations. The total flow width at each section is multiplied by
the transition height to obtain the cross-sectional area. With verti-
cal convergence the appropriate height at each section is used. The
resulting areas are plotted as shown in plate E-2.

b. Fillet Quadrant Design. The design of the quadrant fillets


necessitates the determination of fillet radii that will adjust the
converging rectangular sections to provide a smooth, gradually changing
area curve as well as result in gradual changes in the direction of
flow along the fillets. Preliminary computations based on uniform
variation of the fillet radius from zero at the beginning of the transi-
tion to the conduit radius at the end of the transition are helpful
in developing final radii for the fillets. A satisfactory area curve
was obtained by use of nonuniformly varying fillet radii defined by
circular arcs near the upstream and downstream ends of the transition
and uniformly varying radii in the middle section, as shown by the
fillet radius plot in plate E-2. Tangent distances of 2 and 5 ft,
selected for the upstream and downstream arcs, respectively, resulted
in a slope of 0.25641 on 1 for the uniformly varying radius curve.
The fillet radius (rf) for each section was then computed using the
following equation:

Upstre·am arc

(E-6)
Downstream arc

(E-7)

E-4
E-5b EM 1110-2-1602
15 Oct 80

Uniformly varying fillet radii

rf = slope (x- tangent length of upstream arc) (E-8)


where

rf = fillet radius

r
a
= arc radius

x = center-line distance from beginning of transition

c. Fillet Area. The full fillet area to be subtracted from the


rectangular cross-sectional area is computed by the equation

(E-9)

where

Af = fillet area

rf = fillet radius

The final transition area curve is shown in plate E-2. This curve has a
zero slope at both ends of the transition. The slight irregularity in
the curve near the downstream end results from use of the tangent ex-
tensions in the area computations rather than theoretically extending
the pier curve to the end of the transition.

E-6. Fillet at 45-Deg Point. The change in direction of flow along the
45-deg points of the fillets should be smooth and gradual. The path
of the flow is three-dimensional and cannot be readily illustrated.
However, examination of the locus of the 45-deg point in the horizontal
(X) plane and the vertical (Y) plane is helpful in judging the smoothness
and rate of change in direction. Such a plot referenced to the conduit
center line is shown in plate E-2 and indicates a smooth and gradual
change in the direction of flow. Computation of the coordinates (X and
Y) of the 45-deg points (Point C on Section C-C, plate E-2) is accom-
plished using the following relations:

c = rf .
vers1ne 45° (E-10)

X= 0. 5t - c (E-ll)
w

E-5
EM 1110-2-1602 E-6
15 Oct 80

(E-12)

where

c = horizontal or vertical distance from corner of local rectangu-


lar section

= local fillet radius

tw = local transition half width

= local transition half height

E-7. Transition Pressures. General pressure conditions throughout the


transition can be computed by examination of the change in velocity head
from section to section. However, local pressure conditions can only be
investigated by means of a model study. Model experience indicates that
undesirable pressure conditions may exist immediately downstream from
the transition unless the transition is carefully designed. These con-
ditions result from the relative outward flare of the boundary as it
changes from converging to straight.

E-8. Layout Data Information. Plates E-1 to E-3 illustrate transition


drawings and data pertinent to review of transition designs and to field
construction. Plate E-1 illustrates the general transition layout and
fillet intersections with the sides and floor of the transition. Plate
E-2 shows graphically the variations in the fillet radii, the transition
area, and the locus of the fillet 45-deg point. Superimposed upstream,
middle, and downstream transition section8 are also shown in this plate
to illustrate the geometric changes from section to section and to
identify data tabulated in plate E-3.

E-6
EM lll0-2-1602
15 Oct 80

~----------------------Lr=46'--------------------~

FLOtt'.-_

PC
II

SECTION 8-8 :!
PLAN
c.,
--- --
-- --
r-~ ct -
8

-- -- - 8

---
SECTION A-A cj
ELEVATION

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 46
DISTANCE ALONG (t OF TRANSITION 1 FT

SEE PLATE E·2 FOR SECTION C-C.

EXAMPLE TRANSITION LAYOUT

PLATE E-l
EM 1110-2-1602
15 Oct 80

10
PT
r-
r-U.
11.1 -
.JC/) s
.J2
-o
u.c(
II:

410
r-
u.
0
C/)
360
cc"
11.1
II:
c(
310
AREAS IN TRANSITION

15
r-
u.
>
0
z
c(
X
10

5
y
----
COORDINATES OF 45-DEGREE POINT !Cl

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 46
DISTANCE ALONG~ OF TRANSITION, FT
y

ORIGIN OF
COORDINATES ~ t--SECTION J (DISTANCE= 0')
n--SECTION 7J (DISTANCE =23')

1 SECTION 21 (DISTANCE= 46')

Jl
SECTION C-C
!SEE PLATE E-1)

EXAMPLE
TRANSITION
CHARACTERISTICS

PlATE E-2
COORDINATES OF POINTS IN FIRST QUADRANT

DISTANCE
ALONG LENGTH HALF·
POINT A POINT B POINTC POINT D
CENTER LINE OF FILLET WIDTH
OF TRANSITION RADIUS OF PIER X y X y X y X y
SECTION FT FT FT FT FT FT FT FT FT FT FT

1 0 0 3.0000 12.0000 10.0000 12.0000 10.0000 12.0000 10.0000 12.0000 10.0000


2 1 0.0318 2.9972 11.9685 9.9684 11.9685 11.9888 9.9907 11.9981 9.9684
3 2 0.1287 2.9887 11.8857 9.8733 11.8857 11.9553 9.9829 11.9924 9.8733
4 3 0.2885 2.9748 11.6985 9.7135 11.8965 11.8991 9.9161 11.9830 9.7135
5 4 0.5128 2.9548 11.4570 9.4872 11.4570 11.8198 9.8498 11.9698 9.4872
6 6 1.0256 2.8983 10.9065 8.9744 10.9065 11.6317 9.6996 11.9321 8.9744
7 10 2.0513 2.7174 9.7599 7.9487 9.7599 11.2104 9.3992 11.8112 7.94B7
8 14 3.0789 2.4457 8.5530 6.9231 8.5530 10.72B7 9.0988 11.6299 6.9231
9 18 4.1028 2.0828 7.2854 5.8974 7.2854 10.1864 8.7984 11.3880 5.8974
10 21 4.8718 1.7504 6.2948 5.1282 6.2948 9.7397 8.5731 11.1666 5.1282
11 23 IPRCI 5.3846 1.5000 5.6154 4.6154 5.6154 9.4229 8.4229 11.0000 4.6154
12 25 5.8974 1.2496 4.9380 4.1026 4.9360 9.1061 8.2727 10.8334 4.1028
-- 27.25 (END AND PT OF PIERI
13 28 6.8868 0.9155" 3.9454,3.3334,3.94541 8.6594 8.0474!10.8120 I 3.3334
14
15
--
32
38
36.73
I
7.8923
8.7179 I 0.4885"
0.0816" I
2.8778 2.3077
1.4709
2.8778
1.2821 1.4709
lEND OF TANGENT EXTENSION!
8.1171 7.7470 10.3701
1 7.6354 1 7.4488 10.1888
2.3077
1.2821

16 40 9.5432 0 0.5247 0.4568 0.5247 7.2728 7.2049 10.0679 0.4568

I l
In 111 17 42 9.7976 0.2328 0.2024 0.2326 7.1808 7.1304 10.0302 0.2024
Ill X
0 )> 18 43 9.8863 0.1307 0.1137 0.1307 7.1214 7.1044 10.0170 0.1137
-l ~
19 44 9.9495 0.0561 0.0505 0.0581 7.0935 7.0859 10.0076 (1.0505
0 1J
z r 20 45 9.9874 0.0145 0.0126 0.0145 7.0787 7.0748 10.0019 0.0126
111
8
0 -1
21 48 10.0000 0 0 0 0 10.0000 7.0711 7.0711 10.0000 0
ll
:u • BASED ON TANGENT EXTENSION. ......
)>
Q z ...... ~
~
z !:!! NOTE: Vlo
)>
-l -1 COORDINATES OF POINTS IN OTHER QUADRANTS CAN BE OBTAINED BY APPROPRIATE CHANGES OF THE SIGN OF THE ol
n
~ Ill 0 1\)

tzJ
In
z TABULATED VALUES.
SEE PLATE E·2 FOR DEFINITION SKETCH.
rt:...
000\
I
w ~------------------------------------------------------------------------~ o2
EM 1110-2-1602
F-l ChanS?:e 1
15 ~ar 87

APPENDIX F

COMPUTATION FOR DESIGN OF OUTLET WORKS STILLING BASIN


(Illustrative Examples)

F-1. Introduction. The following detailed examples are presented to


illustrate the procedures for the design of outlet works stilling basin
discussed in Chapter 5. Two examples with different tailwater and exit
channel elevations are used to illustrate a normal design and a design for
a low-level outlet with respect to tailwater where eddy problems within the
* stilling basin are likely to occur. (Note: These calculations may also be
performed using the computer program H2261, Stilling Basin Design for Con-
duit Outlet Works, found in the USAE computer program library, CORPS.) *
F-2. Design Conditions. The following information is used for design
example:

Conduit diameter D • 14 ft
Conduit slope S • 0.01 ft/ft (e • 0° 34.5' • 0.573°)
Design discharge Q • 12,320 cfs (for smooth pipe and design pool)
Elevation outlet portal invert • 100 ft msl

Case 1:

Exit channel invert elevation • 90 ft msl


Tailwater rating curve shown in plate F-1

Case 2:

Exit channel invert elevation • 98 ft msl


Tailwater rating curve shown in plate F-1

F-3. Design Computations.

a. Transition Sidewall Flare.

Conduit area A ~D2 • 3.14(14)2 • 154 ft2


- 4 4
Q • 12,320 cfs; V • 80.0 fps
SDl

-liD --::;;:::;::;;;;
v sm
lF•
80.0
{32.2(14)
- 3 .77
F-1
E!-1 1110-2-1602 F-3a
Change 1
i.3 ~-!~r 87

From equation 5-2, paragraph 5-2d

6L • 2 F = 2(3.77) = 7.54 Since 6L>6, use 6L = 7.54

b. Radius to Connect Outlet to Sidewall. The shape change from cir-


cular to rectangular cross section will be made with free surface flow.

R_• SD • 5(14) • 70ft

Lt • tangent length • R tan ~• 70 tan (! Arc tan 7 : 54 ) • 4.61'

c. Length of Fillets.

Lf • 1.5D • 1.5(14) • 21 ft
Therefore invert must continue on slope of conduit (0.01 ft/ft) for a
distance of 21 ft.

d. Parabolic Invert Drop. Using equation 5-3 paragraph 5-2d(3).


2

1.25 V • 100 fps


Sill

therefore
2
y • -x tan 0.573° - .-,-~3~2-·.;;..2x~---
2
2(1oo)2 cos 0.573°
or •
2
y • -0.01x - 0.00161x

e. Case 1 Design.

(1) Stilling Basin Geometry. From plate F-1, the tailwater eleva-
tion at design discharge (12,320 cfs) is 100.2 ft msl. Assume various basin
apron elevations and compute basin width (Wb), entering flow depth (d ),
1
* entering flow velocity (V ) , Froude number of entering flow ( lF 1 ) , required
1
downstream depth to force jump (d ), 0.8Sd and actual depth from apron
2 2
floor to tailwater water surface (d). Assume energy losses betweeL outlet
portal and basin apron are negligible, i.e.,

F-2
F-Je (l) EM 1110-2-160:!
Change l
15 ~-fa:- 87

v2
1
--
2g
+ d 1 - (Outlet el - Apron el)

where yp = height of pressure grade line at ·exit portal (plate C-3)

• 0.57D - 0.57(14) - 8.0 ft

and

2(X+Lf-Lt) 2(X+21-4.61) • + X+16.39


Also wb • D + ~
AT = 14 + 7.54
14
3.77

where X is determined from the parabolic equation after Y is determined


from assumed apron elevation. This can be simplified by making a plot of
x versus y for the parabolic invert drop equation (plate F-2).

Then -Y • El outlet - S(Lf) - Apron El

• 100- 0.21 -Apron El • 99.79- Apron El


Table F-1
Compu~ationa for De~erminins Baein Apron Eleva~ion (Case 1)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11)
Apron Ac:~ual
Q El y X wb v1 ell c12 0.85c12 d
c:fs ~ f~ f~ ft ~ ...!L ....i - ft f~ ft

12,320 80 -19.79 107.84 46.96 89.55 2.93 9.22 36.76 31.25 20.20
12,320 65 -34.79 143.98 56.54 95.01 2.29 11.06 34.73 29.52 35.20
12,320 70 -29.79 133.00 53.63 93.25 2.46 10.47 35.26 29.97 30.20
O.K.
Check ju.p wi~b lesser clischarses
8,000 70 -29.79 133.00 53.63 71.16 2.10 8.66 24.65 20.95 30.20
4,000* 70 -29.79 133.00 53.63 59.82 1.25 9.44 16.04 13.63 26.2

NOTE: See explanatory no~es on page F-4.

F-3
EM 1110-2-1602
F-3e(:)
Change 1
15 ~lar 87

Explanacorz ~oces for Table F-l

(1) Design discharge (* Denotes parcially full conduit flow condition,


Qfull • 4408 cfs)
(2) Aasu.ed value of apron el

(3) Co.puted froa -Y • !1 outlet - S(Lf) - Apron ! l


(4) With ca.puted value of Y (Step 3) ca.pute X

* y • -X tan a- 2(1.25V~coa 2 e *

Solve by quadratic formula, graphically or numerically


(5) Width of stilling basin

* *
(6) Flow velocity in stilling basin at section l

v2 v2
21
+ yp • ..l + __s_ -
2g v wb
(Outlet el - Apron el)
1

Solve for v1 ·either graphically or n-rically (cubic equaticm).


(7) Flow depth at sectioD 1

(8) Froude uu.Der of flow at section 1

(9) Sequent depth in st1.ll.1Da basin at section 2

* d2 • :
1(~ 1+ 8~ - l) *
(10) Sequent depth (d ) .ultiplied by 0.85
2
(11) Actual depth at sectioD 2

la.W.ta:

SU.llilll buill apron elevation • 70 ft • l


St1111Da basin width wb • 53.6 ft
Traaait1on Lensth • Lf + X • 154 ft
StilliDa buin lensth L • 3d • 3(35.26) • 105.8 or 106 ft
8 2

F-4

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