Placeandmannerofarticulation Msespina 180420011259

Topic 3:
Phones,
Phonemes,
and
Allophones
 Place of Articulation
 Manner of Articulation
 Definitions of phones and
phonemes
 Vowel Nasalization in English as
an Illustration of Allophones
 Allophones of /t/
Discussant: Irish Claire Espiña

What is required for
sound
production?
 Sound production requires
two things:
Power/energy source
Vibrating element
WHAT IS
ARTICULATION?
ARTICULATION
– It is the act of expressing something
in a coherent verbal form, or an
aspect of pronunciation involving
the articulatory organs
 Articulatory Organs:
o Tongue
o Lips
o Teeth
o Alveolar ridge (gums behind upper teeth)
o Soft Palate
o Hard Palate
o Velum/uvula
Place
of Articulation
• Classification of Consonant
Sounds by Place of Articulation
BILABIAL
– Both lips come together.
• Consonant Sounds Produced:
[b] [p] [m] [w]
boy people man wet
LABIODENTAL:
– Lower lip and upper teeth make
contact.
[v] [f]
velvet fence
 ALVEOLAR:
– The tongue makes contact with the
alveolar ridge.
[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l]
top deer soap
zip nap lap
 DENTALS/
INTERDENTALS
– Made by placing the tongue
against or between the teeth.
[th] [ð] eth
[θ] theta
that this loathe bathe
 PALATAL:
– Made when the center of the
tongue approaches the palate.
 Voiceless Sounds:
[tʃ]= /ch/ [ʃ] = /sh/
cherry chalk ship shoe
 Voiced Sound:
[g]
rouge judge George
 Palatal Glide:
[j] = yod
you cube onion yet
VELAR
– Made when the back of the
tongue touches the velum.
[k] [g] [ŋ]=engma
kid go rolling sung
GLOTTAL
– Primary constriction is at the
glottis.
[h]
hat harp hunt
MANNER
OF
ARTICULATION
• Classification of Consonants
by Manner of Articulation
STOPS
– Also called the “Plosives”
– produced by complete closure
of the lips and subsequent
release
[p] [b]
pen bed
FRICATIVES
– Produced by almost blocking
the airstream
[f] [v] [ð] [s] [θ] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]
fish those shoe casual
AFFRICATES
– Can be describe as “STOPS” +
“FRICATIVES”
ch=[tʃ] j=[dʒ]
church chapter lunch
germ edge journal
NASALS
– Produced when the vellum is lowered
and the airstream is allowed to flow out
through the nose
[m] [n] [ŋ]
morning knitting name
LIQUIDS & GLIDES
– Both terms describe articulations
that are mid-way between true
consonants and vowels
[l] [r]
life like red rest
What’s the difference
between phones and
phonemes?
PHONES vs. PHONEMES
o PHONES o PHONEMES
– Any distinct speech sound – A minimal unit that
or gesture, regardless of serves to distinguish
whether the exact sound between word
is critical to the meanings meanings
of words.
– Transcribed within
– Transcribed within slashes /m/ /n/
brackets [m] [n]
PHONES
ASPIRATED
Example: [pʰ]
A. pin [pʰIn]
B. spin remains as [spIn]
UN-ASPIRATED
The change never affects the meaning of a word in

English so they are classified as phones and not
phonemes.
PHONEMES
Consider the following sentence:
(1) /ðə kæt ɪz ɒn ðə mæt/
the cat is on the mat
If we change the first consonant of the noun cat and insert /h/ instead
we get the sentence:
(2) /ðə hæt ɪz ɒn ðə mæt/
the hat is on the mat.
which does not have the same meaning.
The two strings of sound [kæt], and [hæt] differ only because of their
initial sound and thus are potentially two different words.
The substitution of one sound for another changes the meaning
completely.
 PHONEMES
Now if we say:
(3) a. the cat is on the mat
b. the mat is on the cat
 Is there a difference in sound?
 Is there a difference in meaning?
Obviously the set of sounds uttered in (3a) and (3b) is identical. So the
difference lies in the order in which these sounds appear: /k/ and /m/
permute in (3b). We see that the order of appearance can alter meaning.
In (3a) and (3b) the relationship between the cat and the mat is inverted.
In our examples we produce

in a string of sounds. These segments are called phonemes.
Vowel Nasalization in
English as
an Illustration of
Allophones
English Vowels
Vowel Nasalization in English as
 Vowels become nasalized when

followed by nasals.
 WHAT ARE THESE NASALS?
[m] [n] [ŋ]

WORDS
be [bi] bead [bid] bean [bĩn]
lay [le] lace [les] lame [lẽm]
baa [bæ] bad [bæd] bang [bæ ̃ŋ]

Oral vowels
Non nasal consonants  Oral vowels occur before non nasal consonants.
Nasalized vowels  Nasalized vowels occur before nasal consonants.
Nasal consonants
 Whether you speak or hear the vowel in bean with or without
nasalization does not matter. bean pronounced [bĩn] and bean
pronounced [bin] would convey the same word, because
nasalization is an inessential difference insofar as what the word
actually is, we tend to be unaware of it.
 Contrast this situation with a change in vowel height. For

example, the words bead and bad. The [i] in bead and the [æ] in
bad are sounds from different phonemes. Substitute one for
another and you get a different word (or no word).
ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS
ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS
NOTE:
ALLOPHONES OF /T/
 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme.
Aspirated [tʰ]
Phonemes /t/ Un-aspirated [t] Allophones
Flap[ɾ]
 The aspirated [tʰ] occurs at the beginning of a word or a stressed
syllable tick [tʰɪk]
 The un-aspirated [t] occurs directly before or after /s/
stick [stɪk]
 The flap [ɾ] occurs between a stressed vowel and an unstressed vowel.
bitter [bɪɾər]
Examples:
 top = [tʰap]  stop = [stap]  letter = [let̬ər]

 tan = [tʰæn]  stew = [stu]  get in = [ɡet̬ ɪn]
 tip = [tʰɪp]  step = [step]  thirty = [θɜrt̬i]
 ten = [tʰen]  steer = [stɪr]  flutter = [flʌt̬ər]
https://allthingslinguistic.Com/post/143133795554/how-to-remember-the-
ipa-consonant-chart
https://pronuncian.Com/when-t-doesnt-sound-like-t/
https://www.Slideshare.Net/internationalcatlady/phonetics-the-sounds-of-
language-26216641
https://calleteach.Wordpress.Com/2010/01/10/sounds-of-english-nasals-
liquids-glides/
https://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=69dwhug2f7s
http://www.Antimoon.Com/how/flap-t.Htm
https://www.Wordnik.Com/words/aspirate
https://myefe.Com/transcription-pronunciation
https://www.Bing.Com/search?Q=phone+phonetics&form=qsre6
REFERENCES
Let’s PLAY
This zebra has been bought by the zoo.

Let’s PLAY
She is very interested in environmental

issues.
Let’s PLAY
Can I leave my backpack at reception?

Let’s PLAY
Red is my favorite color.

Let’s PLAY
The runner crossed the finishing line.

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Topic 3:

Discussant: Irish Claire Espiña

The change never affects the meaning of a word in

In our examples we produce

 Vowels become nasalized when

[m] [n] [ŋ]

lay [le] lace [les] lame [lẽm]

baa [bæ] bad [bæd] bang [bæ ̃ŋ]

 Contrast this situation with a change in vowel height. For

 top = [tʰap]  stop = [stap]  letter = [let̬ər]

This zebra has been bought by the zoo.

She is very interested in environmental

Can I leave my backpack at reception?

Red is my favorite color.

The runner crossed the finishing line.

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