Little wonders convent school

2021 -2022
Physics project On :->
OSCILLATION

Submitted to: submitted by:

MR. SACHIN DOKE SIR ADARSH SINGH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPESS MY SINCERE
THANKS OF GRATITUDE TO MY
TEACHER mr.sachin doke siR, AND
OUR honorable PRINCIPAL
mrS.bhavana chelawat FOR
PROVIDING ME THIS OPPURTUNITY TO
DO A PROJECT IN THIS TOPIC.

THIS PHYSICS PROJECT GAVE ME A

DEEEP UNDERSTANDING A TOPIC AND
HELPED ME UNDERSTANDING A DEEP
CONCEPT OF PHYSICS. Secondly I
want to thank my parents and friends
to help me complete this project.

ADARSH SINGH
XI PCM

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ADARSH SINGH
student of class XIth pcm has prepared
this project under guidance of
MR.SACHIN DOKE , this project is
result of his effort and endeavors..

The project titled OSCILLATION is

found worthy of acceptance as final
project for the subject PHYSICS. He
has prepared as per the norms
provided by the ISC.

Principal institution
Stamp

TEACHER Visiting examer.

●PERIODIC MOTION:
When a body repeats its motion
continuosly on a definite path in a
definite interval of time, then its
motion is called “PERIODIC MOTION”.

●OSCILLATORY MOTION:
 I a body in periodic motion moves to
and fro about a definite point (called
mean position or equilibrium position),
then the motion of the body is a
“vibratory motion” or “oscillatory
motion”.

All oscillatory motion are periodic motion but all

periodic motion are not oscillatory . for example,the
revolution of EARTH around the sun is periodic
motion but not an oscillatory one.
●HARMONIC OSCILLATION:
Harmonic oscillation is that oscillation
which can be expressed
In terms of Simple harmonic
function.(that is, sine or cosine
function) . The harmonic
oscillation of a constant
amplitude and of a single
frequency is called “Simple
harmonic oscillation” or “Simple
harmonic motion”.
●Restoring Force:
When a particle is displaced from its
equilibrium position, then a periodic
force acts upon it which is always
directed towards the equilibrium
position. This is called the “Restoring
force” or “simple harmonis motion”
# Condition for linear S.H.M. :
1.Motion a particle should be in
straight line to and fro about a fixed
point.
2. the restoring force acing on a
particle should always be proportional
to the displacement of the particle
from that point.
3.force should always directed
towards that point.
●TYPES OF S.H.M.
(i)Linear S.H.M. :when a particle moves to
and fro about a fixed point(equilibrium
position) along a straight line, then its
motion is called linear simple harmonic
motion.
Example :Motion of a mass connected to
a spring.
(ii)Angular S.H.M. : when a system
oscillates angularly with respect to a fixed
axis then its motion is called angular
simple harmonic motion.
Example : motion of a bob simple
pendulum.

●SOME BASIC TERM:

#MEAN POSITION: It is the point at
which the restoring force on the particle
is zero and potential energy is minimum.
#AAMPLITUDE(A):the maximum (positive
and negative) value of displacement of a
particle from its mean position is defined
as AMPLITUDE.
#TIMEPERIOD(T): The minimum time after
which the particle keeps on repeating its
motion is known as Time period. the
smallest time taken to complete one
oscillation or vibration is also defined as
time period.

Its is given by, T= 2л/ω = 1/n

#OSCILLATION:
when a particle goes on one side from mean
position and return back and then it goes to
other side and again return back to mean
position, then this process is known as one
oscillation.

#FREQUENCY :
The number of oscillation per second is
defined as frequency.
It is given by n=1/T or n=ω/2л
SI Unit: hertz(Hz),1 hertz = 1cycle per
second.
●EQUATION OF SIMPLE
HARMONIC MOTION IN LINEAR
AND ANGULAR SIMPLE
HARMONIC
MOTION(DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION):

#LINEAR S.H.M. :
Restoring force acting on the particle,
F=ma =-kx where k is a spring constant
or force constant and x is a
displacement.
Particle P along the circumference of the
circle has its projection particle on
diameter AB at point M. This projection
particle follows linear SHM along
line AB when particle P rotates around the
circle.
Let the rotation start with initial angle ′α′ as
shown above (t=0)
In time 't' the angle between OP and X-axis
will become (ωt+α) as shown below:
Refer image 2

Now from ΔOPM=OPOMcos(ωt+α)

⇒ax=cos(ωt+α)
⇒x=acos(ωt+α)
.........(1)

Differentiating above equation with respect

to time
we get velocity
⇒v=dt/dx=−aωsin(ωt+α) .........
(2)

Differentiating again we get acceleration

⇒a=dt/dv=dt /dt2−aω2cos(ωt+α)
2

=−acos(ωt+α)ω2
=−ω2x ...........(3)
as x=acos(ωt+α)

# IN A ANGULAR S.H.M. :
Restoring torque acting on the particle
=-CΘ where C is a constant which can
be defined as torque per unit angular
displacement.
Mathematically, Iα= -CΘ
Where I is a moment of inertia of the
system about the axis of rotation and α
is the angular acceleration.

I x d2Θ +CΘ =0 » d2Θ +C x = 0

Dt2 dt2 I
Since,d2Θ + ω2Θ =0 => ω = C/I
Dt2
Where c is restoring torque constant
and I is moment of inertia.
●PROJECTION OF UNIFORM
CIRCULAR MOTION ON A
DIAMETER

Lets a t=0 the particle is at

point A and after time t is at B.
the foot of the perpendicular
from the point on the diameter
oscillates about O which is
S.H.M. in nature. The
displacement of the projection
from center is given by
 Y=Rsin(ωt+0)………(i)
The maximum displacement of
the projection from the center
is called amplitude. If
amplitude is denoted by A then
R=A
 Y= A sin(ωt+0)……….(ii)
And X=A cos (ωt+0)……….(iii)
●PARAMETER
PARAMETER RELATED TO
S.H.M.
# DISPLACEMENT(x)
The displacement x is defined
as the distance, the body
moves from its equilibrium
position.
X=A sin(ωt +0)
Where, A is amplitude, ω
angular frequency = 2n=2
T
(ωt+0)= phase angle at time t,
0=initial phase angle or phase
constant.
Xmax=+A(inextremeposition)
Xmin=0 ( in mean position)
#PHASE(
PHASE() :
Phase of a vibrating particle at
any instant is the state of the
vibrating particle regarding its
displacement and direction of
vibration at that instant.
The cosine in equation x=
Acos(ωt+0) gives the phase of
oscillation at that time t.
It is denoted by .
If at ant instant of two oscillation
particles are passing
simultaneously yhrough their
equilibrium position in the same
direction, then at that instant
they are in the “same phase”,
and if they are passing opposite
directions then they are in
“opposite phase”.
 Y= asin( ωt-)
#velocity in
phase:
The velocity of
the projection N
executing S.H.M.
at any instant is defined as the rate of
change of its displacement with time at
that instant.
Velocity of N is
V=dy/dt = d/dt(asinωt)=aωcos ωt
V=ωa2-y2.
The velocity of a particle in S.H.M. changes with the displacement y
of the particle. When the displacement is zero(y=0), that is, when the
particle passes through its equilibrium position then the velocity is
maximum(vmax=ωa) and when the displacement is maximum (y=a),
then the velocity is zero.(v=0)
# ACCELERATION IN S.H.M:
The acceleration of the particle executing
SHM at any instant is defined as the rate of
change of velocity with time at that instant.
A=dv = d (aωcosωt)=-ω2asinωt
Dt dt

a= -ω2y
the acceleration of N is proportional to the
displacement y and its direction is opposite to
the direction of displacement.
#Total energy of a particle in
Simple harmonic Motion
●Kinetic Energy (K.E.) in S.H.M
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object
when it is in motion. Let’s learn how to calculate the
kinetic energy of an object. Consider a particle with
mass m performing simple harmonic motion along a
path AB. Let O be its mean position. Therefore, OA =
OB = a.

The instantaneous velocity of the particle performing

S.H.M. at a distance x from the mean position is given
by

v= ±ω √a2 – x2
∴ v2 = ω2 ( a2 – x2)

∴ Kinetic energy= 1/2 mv2 = 1/2 m ω2 ( a2 – x2)

As, k/m = ω2

∴ k = m ω2

Kinetic energy= 1/2 k ( a2 – x2) . The equations Ia and

Ib can both be used for calculating the kinetic energy of
the particle.

●Potential Energy(P.E.) of Particle Performing

S.H.M.
Potential energy is the energy possessed by the particle
when it is at rest. Let’s learn how to calculate the
potential energy of a particle performing S.H.M.
Consider a particle of mass m performing simple
harmonic motion at a distance x from its mean position.
You know the restoring force acting on the particle is
F= -kx where k is the force constant.

Now, the particle is given further infinitesimal

displacement dx against the restoring force F. Let the
work done to displace the particle be dw. Therefore,
The work done dw during the displacement is
dw = – fdx = – (- kx)dx = kxdx

Therefore, the total work done to displace the particle

now from 0 to x is

∫dw= ∫kxdx = k ∫x dx

Hence Total work done = 1/2 K x2 = 1/2 m ω2x2

The total work done here is stored in the form of

potential energy.

Therefore Potential energy = 1/2 kx2 = 1/2 m ω2x2

Equations IIa and IIb are equations of potential energy

of the particle. Thus, potential energy is directly
proportional to the square of the displacement, that is
P.E. α x2.

●Total Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (T.E.)

The total energy in simple harmonic motion is the sum
of its potential energy and kinetic energy.

Thus, T.E. = K.E. + P.E. = 1/2 k ( a2 – x2) + 1/2 K

x2 = 1/2 k a2

Hence, T.E.= E = 1/2 m ω2a2

Equation III is the equation of total energy in a simple
harmonic motion of a particle performing the simple
harmonic motion. As ω2 , a2 are constants, the total
energy in the simple harmonic motion of a particle
performing simple harmonic motion remains constant.
Therefore, it is independent of displacement x.

As ω= 2πf , E= 1/2 m ( 2πf )2a2

∴ E= 2mπ2f 2a2

As 2 and π2 constants, we have T.E. ∼ m, T.E. ∼ f 2, and

T.E. ∼ a2

Thus, the total energy in the simple harmonic motion of

a particle is:

 Directly proportional to its mass

 Directly proportional to the square of
the frequency of oscillations and
 Directly proportional to the square of
the amplitude of oscillation.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore, the
total energy in simple harmonic motion will always be
constant. However, kinetic energy and potential energy
are interchangeable. Given below is the graph of kinetic
and potential energy vs instantaneous displacement.

In the graph, we can see that,

 At the mean position, the total

energy in simple harmonic motion is
purely kinetic and at the extreme
position, the total energy in simple harmonic
motion is purely potential energy.
 At other positions, kinetic and potential energies are
interconvertible and their sum is equal to 1/2 k a .
2

 The nature of the graph is parabolic.

#SIMPLE PENDULUM
Everyday examples of pendulums
include old-fashioned clocks, a child’s
swing, or the sinker on a fishing line. For
small displacements of less than 15
degrees, a pendulum experiences simple
harmonic oscillation, meaning that its
restoring force is directly proportional to
its displacement. A pendulum in simple
harmonic motion is called a simple
pendulum. A pendulum has an object
with a small mass, also known as the
pendulum bob, which hangs from a light
wire or string. The equilibrium position
for a pendulum is where the angle θθ is
zero (that is, when the pendulum is
hanging straight down). It makes sense
that without any force applied, this is
where the pendulum bob would rest.
The displacement of the pendulum bob
is the arc length s. The weight mg has
components mg cos θθ along the string
and mg sin θθ tangent to the arc.
Tension in the string exactly cancels the
component mg cos θθ parallel to the
string. This leaves a net restoring force
back toward the equilibrium position
that runs tangent to the arc and equals
−mg sin θθ
For the simple pendulum,
T=2 l/g
the periodic-time of the pendulum does
not depend upon the mass of the bob.
●Second pendulum: if the periodic time
of a pendulum is 2 second, then it is
called a ‘second pendulum’
●Dependence of the periodic time of a
pendulum on the amplitude
●Dependence of the periodic-time of a
pendulum on the effective length
●Dependence of periodic time of a
pendulum on acceleration due to gravity.
#Horizontal
Horizontal oscillation of a mass
attached to a spring
Horizontal oscillations of a spring-mass
system: Consider a system containing a
block of mass m attached to a massless
spring with stiffness constant or force
constant or spring constant k placed on
a smooth horizontal surface (frictionless
surface) as shown in figure. Let x0x0 be
the equilibrium position or mean
position of mass m when it is left
undisturbed. Suppose the mass is
displaced through a small displacement
x towards right from its equilibrium
position and then released, it will
oscillate back and forth about its mean
position x0x0. Let F be the restoring
force (due to stretching of the spring)
which is proportional to the amount of
displacement of block. For one
dimensional motion, mathematically, we
have
F∝xF∝x
F=−kxF=-kx ...(1)
where negative sign implies that the
restoring force will always act opposite
to the direction of the displacement.
This equation is called Hooke.s law.
Notice that, the restoring force is linear
with the displacement (i.e., the
exponent of force and displacement are
unity). This is not always true, in case if
we apply a very large stretching force,
then the amplitude of oscillations
becomes very large (which means, force
is proportional to displacement
containing higher powers of x) and
therefore, the oscillation of the system
is not linear and hence, it is called non-
linear oscillation. We restrict ourselves
only to linear oscillations throughout our
discussions, which means Hooke.s law is
valid (force and displacement have a
linear relationship).
From Newton.s second law, we can write
the equation for the particle executing
simple harmonic motion)
md2xdt2=−kxmd2xdt2=-kx ...(1)
d2xdt2=−kmxd2xdt2=-kmx ...(2)
Comparing the equation with simple
harmonic motion equation, we get
ω2=kmω2=km ...(3)
which means the angular frequency or
natural frequency of the oscillator is
ω=km−−−√rads−1ω=kmrads-1 ...(4)
The frequency of the oscillation is
f=ω2π=12πkm−−
−√Hertzf=ω2π=12πkmHertz ...(5)
and the time period of the oscillation is
T=lf=2πmk−−−√T=lf=2πmk seconds ...
(6)

#Vertical oscillation of a mass

By Hooke's law, Restoring force ∝ extension F

suspended by a spring

∝- l
F ∝ -kl………………… (1)
Where k = constant called the force constant
of the spring.

The negative sign indicates that the direction

of restoring force (upward) is opposite to the
direction of extension (downward). Let the
mass be pulled down by small force F and
let the corresponding increase in length be y.

F + F= -K (1 + y)……………..(2)

Subtracting equation (1) from (2)

(F + F) - F = -k (l + y) + kl .
F = -ky
ThiS is the restoring force which will create an
acceleration in the mass when released.

F = mf
f=F/ m=–ky/ m

Let k/m=ω2
d2y/ dt²=-ω2y

Thus the acceleration in the mass is directly

proportional to the displacement of the mass
and opposite to it. But this is the defining
character of the linear S.H.M. Thus when the
pulled down mass is released it starts
performing linear S.H.M. The time period of a
particle performing linear S.H.M. in terms of
force constant is given by
T=2 m
 k………..(3)
By Hooke's Law F = - kl
Considering magnitude only F = kl
This restoring force is equal to the weight of
the mass attached
mg = kl