REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

CARIG CAMPUS
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT and ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION with

DRIVING

HISTORY OF LAND TRANSPORTATION

Man’s need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human beings.
Biblical passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the forbidden
three, they were sent out by God from Paradise of Eden. Since then, the human
race expanded and our ancestors constantly move from one place to another to
enable them to survive and others for various reasons. Soon others became
nomadic. They constantly migrate from one place to another according to their
detailed knowledge of exploitable resources.

The term “NOMAD” comes from the Greek word “to pasture” was
originally used to refer to pastoralists-groups that migrate in an established
pattern to find pasture lands for their domestic livestock.

ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

A. MANPOWER- early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own
burdens. More so today, manpower is important transportation in many
parts of the world.

a. Carrying Pole – In China and other parts of the

Far East, the carrying pole, balanced on one
shoulder is a popular carrying device. On islands
of the Pacific, the ends of the
pole are supported by two men,
with goods suspended from the
pole in between.

b. Back Load and Tumpline- In

many parts of the world, goods are carried on the back. In
Subtemala, pots are carried on a wooden framework
supported by a tumpline across the forehead. In the Andes,
the load is held on the back by a strap passing over the chest.

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c. Sledge on runners – - A simple sledge, probably man-drawn, was in use at
the end of the Old Stone Age in northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments
of wooden runners which survived.

d. Sledge on Rollers - The moving of

heavy burdens was to place them on
sledge which rested on a series of
rollers.

E. Travois- The travois, as the pole

arrangement called serves as a
platform on which the burdens are
placed.

B. ANIMAL POWER. The domestication of animals greatly increased the

potential power available for transportation. Pack animals were introduced
as conveyances mainly to served labor:

a. Ox – Cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used

as draft animals to draw war chariots.
b. Dog – The first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy loads
on dog’s backs, and piled goods on a travois which the dogs dragged.
c. Donkey- The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the Middle East. The
donkey is still the chief beast of burden among the farmers of the Near
East, the Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where it was introduced
from Spain.
d. Llama – In pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the only new world
animal other than the dog capable of domestication for use in
transportation.
e. Elephant –In India, elephants were formerly used in war and are still
employed to some extent for ceremonial processions and big game
hunting. In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are widely used in
the lumber industry.

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 f. Horse – Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots appeared in
southwest Asia and 1,000 years later, German tribes who invaded
Europe and to the Central Asian
conqueror Genghis Khan used
Horse.
g. Camel- There are two kinds of
Camel, the two-humped Bactrian
camel of Central Asia and the
one-humped dromedaries of
Arabia have long been used for
transport.
h.
Yak – A long-haired type of cattle that lives
at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and
Mount Everest.
i. Reindeer- The first animal
domesticated in Siberia in the
beginning of Christian era.

C. WIND POWER – man realized the energy

from the mass of moving air and learned to utilize
such powers to lift rather than to drag.

a. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter- The great renaissance artist, scientist and

engineer, one who made study of the flight of the birds.
- The ornithopter is a flying machine designed to emulate birds by generating
lift through the flapping motion of its wings.

b. Montgolfier Balloon- The Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph Michel

and Jacques Entienne have successfully released several balloons. Balloons
were constructed and made out of linen and inflated with hot air traveled
9,000 yards and remained in the air for 20 minutes.

c. Lilienthal Glider- Otto, Lilienthal, was a German inventor who also

made a study of the flight of birds and experimented with ornithopters. So in
1891, he made the first of number of a glider flights which were to exert
profound influence on the development of aviation.

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 d. Santos Dumont’s Airship- Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian inventor who
designed a lighter than air-craft balloon called airship.

e. Wright Brothers Flying Machine-

Orville and Wilbur Wright began
studying the problems of heavier that
air flight. They built biplane kite then
over 200 different wings types which
they tested in a wind tunnel of their
invention. By 1909, airplanes became sufficiently accepted to justify the
beginning of commercial manufacturing of this machine.

WHEELED VEHICLES and ROAD HISTORY

The following are some of the inventions and innovations and important events
that lead to modern land transportation:

 WHEEL - was invented probably in Western Asia. As wheel was perfected,

crude carts and wagons began to appear in Tigris-Euphrates Valley about 3500
years B.C., and later in Crete, Egypt and China.
 The wheel was one of man’s great inventions. It enabled him
to transport burdens beyond the power of man or animals to carry
or drag, and permitted much greater facility of movements than
the simple sledge on rollers which had to be continually picked up
and moved by hands as the sledge is advanced.

The following were some of the earliest types of wheels carts:

 Solid wheels on fixed axle –

this ancient cart represent an
early step in the evolution of
wheeled vehicles. Its solid
wheels, which were made of a
single piece of wood, rotated on
single axle.

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  Sumerian chariot with flank wheels – this chariot, of about 2400
B.C., had solid wheels built up of three pieces, and so was more
durable than the one-piece wheel.

 Greek quadrica with spoked

wheels- drawn by four horses,
was a light and elegant vehicle
for gentleman about 250 B.C. it
had spoked wheels and axles of
irons or bronze, handles for aid
in mounting, and seat formed by
a board placed across the handles.

 Roman carpentum wheels –

a closed, two-wheeled cart,
was the favored vehicle when
Roman women journeyed
outside the city.

SOME PERSONALITIES:

 John Loudon McAdam (born Sept. 21,

1756, Ayr, Ayrshire, Scot.—died Nov. 26, 1836,
Moffat, Dumfriesshire) was a Scottish inventor
of the macadam road surface.
 Known as the road builder of England, he
perfected the macadamized road England
about 1815.

 It is made up of crushed stone is placed in
shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly.

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 John Boyd Dunlop (born Feb. 5, 1840, Dreghorn,
Ayrshire, Scot.—died Oct. 23, 1921, Dublin) was an
inventor who developed the pneumatic rubber tire.
In 1867 he settled in Belfast as a veterinary surgeon.
In 1887 he constructed there a pneumatic tire for his
son’s tricycle.

The Birth of the Automobile (Late 19th Century)

 Internal Combustion Engine (mid to late 19th century): The internal

combustion engine, powered by gasoline or diesel, revolutionized
transportation.

Karl Benz is credited

with inventing the
first true automobile
in 1885-1886,

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 The Benz Patent-Motorwagen

 Rudolf Diesel was a German inventor and

mechanical engineer best known for
developing the diesel engine. Born on March
18, 1858, in Paris, France, Diesel was a key
figure in the history of internal combustion
engines.

 Mass Production (early 20th century): Henry

Ford’s introduction of assembly line production in
1913 made cars
affordable for the
masses.

 The Model T, produced

from 1908 to 1927,
became the first car
accessible to a large segment of the population.

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Important terms to remember:

 TRAFFIC – It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either

powered by combustion or animal drawn, from one place to another for the
purpose of travel
- (Early 16 th century. Via obsolete French trafique from
Old Italian traffico, from trafficare “to carry on trade”, of
uncertain origin.)
 MANAGEMENT – It refers to the skilful use of means to accomplish a purpose.
 OPERATION. Pertains to a course or series of acts to affect a certain purpose;
manner of action; or a vital or natural process of activity

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 TRAFFIC WAY – Refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every
way or place of which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of
vehicular traffic as a matter of right.
 ROADWAY –refers to the part of a road that is designed for vehicular traffic. It
typically includes the paved or improved surface where vehicles travel, such as
lanes for cars, trucks, and other vehicles.
 SHOULDER – It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along
highways.
 MOTOR VEHICLE – Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than
muscular power using the public highways.
 DRIVER – Shall mean any and every licensed operator of a motor vehicle
 RIGHT OF WAY – The principle referring to the legal or customary precedence
which allows one vehicle to cross or pass in front of another.

Why Traffic Management is necessary?

With the advent of science and technology, new and modernized traffic
facilities are introduced. However, despite of these modernizations, traffic
congestion persists to exist. The only way to at least cope up with the prevailing
traffic related problems is a coordinated traffic management. Traffic management
is therefore designed to make the traffic

CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION

1. Physical Inadequacy – this is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges,

railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc.
2. Poor Control Measures – this is characterized by ineffective mechanical
control devices, inefficient traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic
laws, rules and regulations.
3. Human Errors – many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor
driving habits, pedestrian mistakes, officers’ errors, poor planning, poor
legislation; and traffic accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors.
4. Poor Maintenance – oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways
because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road
pavement concreting.

SCOPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

In connection with the above stated causes of congestion, authorities conceived

that a systematic and effective traffic management is needed which includes but
not limited to the following: 1.

1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all types of
conveyances for the movement of persons and things.

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 2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow
requirements, planning, approving, funding, construction and/or maintaining
these public facilities for such movements.
3. All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping,
prohibiting or controlling the use of these facilities.

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow

requirements, planning, approving, funding, construction and /or maintaining
these public facilities for such movements.

1. Department of Transportation through the Land Transportation

Office is responsible in the implementation of RA 4136 particularly on
the issuance of driver’s license, registration of vehicles, and approval of
franchise for public transportation through LTFRB.
2. City or Municipal Engineering office- in the local level, these offices’
are responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic
facilities within their respective locality.
3. Department of public works and highways- the office responsible for
the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities
particularly those categorized as national highways and other major
roads.
4. Legislature- responsible in the approval of proposed project with
regards in traffic management.
5. Philippine National Police- through its TMG the Traffic Management
Group is responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of traffic laws,
rules and regulation.
6. Academic Institutions- Schools, both public and private are responsible
for the basic traffic education by integrating in their respective
programs.
7. Courts- responsible for the adjudication of traffic related cases file
before them.
8. Public Information Offices- provides necessary updated information to
the public by creating traffic safety campaigns.
9. Media- government and privately owned publications and radio and
television broadcasting companies provide necessary and updated traffic
related information to the public through their respective programs.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

For clear understanding of the various areas of traffic management, the

following pillars are conceived:

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 A. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
- The science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of the
basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation.
- It refers to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient
transportation of persons and goods.

Functions of traffic engineering

 Fact finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations.

 Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices.
 Planning of traffic regulations

Agencies involved in traffic engineering

 DPWH- its scope is national which includes the

responsibility for determining traffic law, pattern,
draw origins and destination, planning, approving,
funding and construction of:

a. National roads which connects cities and

municipalities
b. Yearly maintenance and repair programs which
include road widening and re-design the roads.

 Provincial Government- similar with the function of DPWH but limited to

traffic facilities in the municipalities within the province.

Objectives of traffic engineering

1. to prevent traffic accident

2. to achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic
3. to simplify police enforcement actions and performance
4. to show good police actions and performance makes engineering plans
effective
5. Present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the improvement of
traffic problems.

When and Where Traffic engineering are applied?

1. Habitually congested commercial areas

2. Heavily traveled thoroughfares
3. Congested local areas and intersections
4. during special occasions and events
5. during disasters or emergencies

B. TRAFFIC EDUCATION
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  Mainly involves making the rules known and motivating each
individual to follow the traffic rules and regulations. Traffic rules are
meant to encourage a traffic flow which is as safe and smooth as
possible.
 It is the process giving training and practice in the actual application
of traffic safety knowledge.

Levels of traffic safety education

1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety

2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic
3. Developing traffic safety morality

What is road safety?

 Refers to reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads.

AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC EDUCATION

1. SCHOOLS

 Elementary; focused on safety and guide stressing traffic safety and

discussion about safety rules and accident
 Secondary; should be geared towards school safety organization
 Higher education; courses regarding traffic safety subjects

For your information:

"The WHO, however, estimated that in 2030, traffic accidents will be 5 th

leading cause of death”

Lawmakers are pushing for the passage of a measure requiring all private
and public elementary and secondary schools to include the subject Road and
Traffic Safety Education in their curriculum. Reps. Rufus Rodriguez and Maximo
Rodriguez, Jr. filed House Bill 6098 to be known as the Road Courtesy,
Discipline and Traffic Safety Education Act as they stressed the need to start
early in instilling discipline, road courtesy and obedience to traffic laws.

Over the past three years, traffic accidents in the Philippines have seen a concerning
trend.

YEAR NUMBER OF DEATHS

2021 11,114
2022 11,487

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 2023 86,000 in metro Manila alone

This increase is attributed to various factors, including the lifting of pandemic-related

mobility restrictions and ongoing challenges such as overspeeding, driving under the influence,
and poor road conditions(philkotse.com BusinessMirror)

These behaviors significantly contribute to the high number of road

incidents. Additionally, poor road conditions and inadequate driver training also
play crucial roles in causing accidents.

1. PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAMS

 This will be attained by means of information dissemination to the

community to provide them a awareness regarding on the safety of
ourselves while in the road.

SAFETY CAMPAIGN- This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave
more safely. This focuses on attitudes and or specific behaviors.

CLASSIFICATION:

2. According to its purpose- categorized as informational and behavioral

3. According to kind of appeal- simply feeding the public with authenticated
factual data.

2. CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUPS

 A non-governmental organization such as rotary groups, etc. that

Responsible in the development of organized traffic education seminars
among road users to instill traffic awareness.

3. LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE

 This office responsible in the conduct of seminars and training among

road users before they will be granted for driver’s license.

ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF DRIVING TASKS

1. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION which includes:

1.1perceptual scanning
1.2Identification

2. PROCESSING OF INFORMATION which includes:

2.1 predicting
2.2 decision making
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 FOUR BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS used in Driver
Education Programs:

1. Comprehensive- this method places the student into real life of driving
situation from the beginning.
2. Traditional Instruction- instruction that depends on the instructor-student
communication
3. Commentary driving method- the student is accompanied by an
instructor. The instructor will give comment about the driving skill of the
student.
4. Simulated conditions- known also as “On and Off Road training”

Simulator; is a static machine with all the important features of car used in
driving method.

 Way back April 2020, the LTO had issued a memorandum circular for the
new requirements needed prior an applicant can get their student permit.
 MANDATORY 15 hour theoretical driving course
 According to the LTO, the seminar will be focused on traffic laws, and
other driving essential skills. Interested applicants can relax as the
seminar is broken down into three 5-hour sessions which they can
attend on different scheduled dates.
 Each session will include the introduction to driving, traffic rules, and the
land transportation-related special laws where 13 traffic laws will be
discussed.
 After the participants are done with the test and course they will receive a
certificate of completion, this will automatically be transmitted to the
LTO by driving course centers.

Who will be conducting these seminars?

 Only LTO accredited driving schools are allowed to issue the 15-hour
long course. A driving school center is required to first get a 90-day
provincial permit before they can apply for a two-year permit. In order to get
the provincial permit, the driving center will have to pay P5,000. Permit
renewals will cost P3,000 to renew for another two years.

 Driving school instructors, on the other hand, will have to pay a P1,000
accreditation fee that is valid for two-years. These instructors must also
score no less than 85 percent on the theoretical part of the LTO driving
exam. It is done to ensure that the instructors are knowledgeable about the
subject matter.

C. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

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 - This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of
traffic laws and rules and regulations. The following are the various
agencies that are involved in enforcement of traffic laws:

Agencies involved in the enforcement of traffic laws:

LTO (Land transportation office) = responsible for the

following:
 Vehicle registration
 Vehicle inspections
 Drivers
 Publish to the police stolen/wanted vehicles
Legislative Bodies- responsible in passing and/or amending
laws or ordinances.

Police Traffic Enforcement- TMG Traffic management Group, government

personnel who are duly authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic laws such
as:

A. MMDA (Metro Manila Development Authority)

B. LTO Flying squad

The Highway Patrol Group (HPG) is a specialized unit of the

Philippine National Police (PNP) tasked with maintaining order on
the nation’s highways and roads. Here are its primary functions:

1. Traffic Law Enforcement: The HPG enforces traffic laws

and regulations, including those related to speeding, illegal parking, and
other road offenses.
2. Road Safety: It works to ensure road safety by monitoring and addressing hazardous
driving behaviors and conditions.
3. Accident Response: The HPG is responsible for responding to and investigating traffic
accidents, providing assistance, and managing the scene to ensure a swift resolution.
4. Criminal Activities: It addresses criminal activities that occur on highways, such as
vehicle theft and smuggling, and works to prevent and respond to these crimes.
5. Public Awareness: The HPG promotes road safety awareness and educates the public
about safe driving practices

D. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

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 - This is one of the recent pillars which include the study of potentially
disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to
the scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities
carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding.

Laws and statutes concerning traffic ecology:

1. PD 1181 – Providing for the prevention, control and abatement of air

pollution from motor vehicles.
2. LOI 551 – Directing the Law enforcement agencies to implement the
pollution control program.
3. RA 8749 – otherwise known as the “Clean Air Act.” The law providing
for the regulation of motor vehicles emitting toxic gases like the use
of the diesel and leaded gasoline.

What are the environment effects of the urbanization of transportation?

 NOISE- The ill effect of noise is one of the major considerations in the
evaluation of the consequences of traffic urbanization to the environment.
 VIBRATION- Effect can be severe, particularly when there are heavy trucks
and when the building is old.
 AIR POLLUTION- it is one of the more difficult problem because of the
complexity of the issues involved.
 DIRT- these are foul and filthy substances related to motor vehicle use such
as empty can of oils, grease materials, etc.
 VISUAL INTRUSION- this can have positive and negative effects. The
appearance of an elevated expressway or railway above a neighborhood is
one of the aspects most frequently complained of.
 LOSS OF PRIVACY- from drivers and others being able to look at one’s
house and garden frequently disliked environment effect.
 RELOCATION- There must be programs that are designed to cover
compensation for those who relocate as a consequence of transport
investment, whether property owner or tenants.
 DISTRACTION DURING PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION- in some
cases, benefits offset the distraction cost, which are experienced by people
during construction of new facilities, loss of business, excess noise, dirt and
vibration during construction.
 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCES- these are evaluated by well established
procedures of which perhaps the only major controversial aspect is the
valuation given to human life.
 PEDESTRIAN JOOURNEY- the opportunity to make the roads safe and
enjoyable for pedestrians’ ad efficient for vehicles and set of roads.
 CONGESTION- in order to reduce traffic congestion there should a
construction of diversion roads or highways.

E. TRAFFIC ECONOMY

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 - This is the most recent pillar of traffic management which deals with
the benefits and adverse effect of traffic to our country. Traffic
operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic. Traffic
congestion adversely affects the economic status of the commuting
public.
- This refers to the economic aspects related to the movement of
vehicles, goods, and people through a transportation network.

It involves the study and management of how traffic flow impacts economic
activities, such as:

1. Transportation Costs
- This includes the costs associated with moving goods and people from
one place to another. Fuel, maintenance, labor, and time all
contribute to the overall cost.
2. Economic Impact of Congestion
- Traffic congestion can lead to increased costs for businesses and
individuals due to delays, wasted fuel, and reduced productivity. It
can also impact the local economy by making areas less accessible or
attractive to businesses.
3. Infrastructure Investment
- The economy around building and maintaining transportation
infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and public transportation
systems, is also a critical component. Investments in infrastructure
can stimulate economic growth by improving connectivity and
reducing transportation costs.
4. Traffic Management and Economic Efficiency
- Efficient traffic management can enhance economic performance by
reducing delays, improving safety, and ensuring that goods and
services are delivered on time.
5. Environmental and Social Costs
- Traffic can have broader economic implications, including
environmental pollution, health costs, and the impact on property
values and urban development.

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