HISTORICAL

BACKGROUND OF LAND
TRANSPORTATION
CDI4 -
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with
Driving
OVERVIEW
1.1 - MANPOWER,
This module presents the historical ANIMAL POWER & WIND
development of land POWER
transportation used by man.
Future traffic officers and traffic 1.2 -WHEELED VEHICLES
managers must familiarize AND ROAD HISTORY
themselves with the various
inventions and innovations related
to land transportation to enable 1.3 - EVOLUTION OF
them to understand present-day MOTOR VEHICLES
traffic problems.
 MANPOWER, ANIMAL
POWER & WIND POWER

Transportation is the movement or conveying of

persons and goods from one location to another.
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES IN TRANSPORTATION

A. MANPOWER
Early man, who had no domesticated
animals, carried his burdens. More so
today, manpower is important in
transportation in many parts of the
world.
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES IN TRANSPORTATION

Walking Carrying Pole Back Load &

(Traveling by foot) Tumpline
It is commonly cited by reference In China and other parts of the In many parts of the world,
books and literature that man first Far East, the carrying pole, goods are carried on the back.
used the power of his own feet in balanced on one shoulder is a In Subtemala, pots are taken on
traveling while a load was either popular carrying device. On a wooden framework supported
carried or dragged. islands of the Pacific, the ends of by a tumpline across the
Coincidentally, the English word the pole are supported by two forehead. In the Andes, the load
“pedestrian” was coined from the men, with goods suspended from is held on the back by a strap
Latin word “pedester”, which the pole in between. passing over the chest.
means to travel by foot.
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES IN TRANSPORTATION

T RAV I O S

Sledge on rollers Sledge on runners Travois

A simple sledge, probably man- This travois, as the pole
The moving of heavy burdens drawn, was in use at the end of arrangement called, serves as a
was to place them on sledge the Old Stone Age in Northern platform or crossed-beam poles
which rested on a series of Europe, as evidenced by are then dragged by humans or
rollers. fragments of wooden runners animals.
which survived.
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES IN TRANSPORTATION

B. ANIMAL
POWER
The domestication of animals greatly increased the
potential power available for transportation. pack animals
were introduced as conveyances mainly to save labor. A
man can tend several pack animals moving together, each
of which (except dogs) can carry more than he usually can.
Little speed advantage is gained unless part of the
animals’ carrying capacity is sacrificed. Mentioned below
are some of the common animals used by humans since
ancient times. Some people groups are still using theses
animals in their transportation.
 REINDEER DONKEY
These are first domesticated The donkey or ass was first
in Siberia at the beginning domesticated in the Middle
of the Christian Era. In the East. Early dogs came to be
Altai Mountains, they were used as a back animal
ridden with saddles. before the domestication of
Everywhere, they draw the camel.
sledges somewhat like the
dog sledges of the Far
North.
OX DOG LLAMA
Cattle, which were first The dog, the first animal In pre-Columbian America,
domesticated in domesticated, is too slight the Llama was the only new
Mesopotamia, were used as to carry heavy loads. The world animal other than the
draft animals to draw war plain Indians sometimes dog capable of
chariots. Oxen are still used packed light loads on dogs’ domestication for use in
as draft animals in many backs and piled goods on a transport;
regions of the world. In travois which dogs dragged.
some parts of Africa, they
are used as pack animals
and for riding.

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES IN TRANSPORTATION

 HORSE YAK
Around 2,000 B.C., horse-drawn The long-haired type of
chariots appeared in southwest cattle that lives at high
Asia and 1,000 years later, the altitudes on the Tibetan
Persians arrived with cavalry plateau and in the
which gave mobility and power to neighboring Mountain
the German tribes who invaded Regions is ridden and used
Europe and to the Central Asian as a pack animal at heights
conqueror Genghis Khan. were horses and ordinary
animals could not survive.
ELEPHANT CAMEL
The Carthaginians used African There are two kinds of camel. the two-humped
elephants in their war against Rome, but Bactrian camel of Central Asia and the one-
these animals have not been tamed in humped dromedary of Arabia have long been
recent centuries. In India, elephants used for transport. The Bactrian camel has
were formerly used in war and are still plodded along the caravan routes between
employed to some extent for ceremonial China and Iran for at least 2,000 years. It is also
processions and big game hunting. In used to draw carts The dromedary, which has
Burma & Thailand, these huge animals less endurance but, is a fleeter and special fast-
are widely used in the lumber industry. paced riding camel, is bred by the Arab nomads.

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES IN TRANSPORTATION

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES IN TRANSPORTATION

C. WIND POWER
Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and
learned to utilize such powers to lift rather than to drag.
This paved way to invention of air lifted transportation
vessels.
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES IN TRANSPORTATION

Ancient Chinese Kite Lilienthal Glider

Kites have been flown as a popular past Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor who also made a
time in the Far East since the beginning study of the flight of birds and experimented with
of the history. ornithopters, going so far as to build a model
ornitophter. His chief work was with gliders.

Da Vinci’s Ornithopter
The great renaissance artist scientist and Santos Dumont’s Airship
engineer, Leonardo de Vinci, made study of WIND POWER One of the pioneers of lighter-than-air craft
the flights of the birds and his notebooks was Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who
sketched a number of ornithopter which Man realized the energy experimented with the steam-powered
derives its principal support and propelling from the mass of moving air balloons in Paris.
from flapping wings like those of a bird
and learned to utilize such
powers to lift rather than to Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine
Montgolfier Balloon
drag. This paved way to Orville & Wilbur Wright began studying the
The Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph
Michel and Jacques Entienne have invention of air lifted problems of heavier-than-air flight, they built
biplane kite then over 200 different wing types
successfully released several balloons when transportation vessels.
they proposed to use two condemned which they tested in a wind tunnel of their own
prisoners for the first ascent with invention, before they conducted their first
passengers. man-carrying powered machine.

Siemens’ Rocket Plane Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis

Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later achieved
Following the initial flight of the Wright brothers’
fame as an electric industrialist, in 1847
airplane, the development of aviation was rapid.
designed rocket plane which was to be
The first airmail was delivered in 1911 and World
propelled by the explosive force of gunpowder.
War I gave an impetus to plane design and the
training of pilots.
WHEELED
VEHICLES
AND
ROAD
HISTORY
 WHEELED VEHICLES AND
ROAD HISTORY
A. WHEEL
was invented probably in Western Asia – such
invention was a milestone and a great step forward
in transportation. However, pieces of evidence
were found by archaeologists that wheel could
have been simultaneously invented in Southwest
Asia & Mesopotamia.
WHEELED VEHICLES AND ROAD HISTORY
LJUBLJANA MARSHES WOODEN WHEEL
This is the oldest wheel ever
found in Europe or
anywhere in the world. This
was discovered by two
Slovene archaeologists in
April 2002 in the Ljubljana
Marshes in Slovenia. When
carbon-dated, the remains
are estimated to 5,200
years old.
 WHEELED VEHICLES AND ROAD
HISTORY
01 02 03 04

GREEK QUADRICA
SOLID WHEELS ON SUMERIAN CHARIOT ITALIAN COCCHIO,
WITH SPOKED
FIXED AXLE WITH FL ANK WHEELS 1228
WHEELS

This ancient cart This chariot, of about 2,400 Drawn by four horses, was a A traveling wagon in
represents an early step in B.C., had solid wheels built light and elegant vehicle for which the passengers
the evolution of wheeled up of three pieces, and so a gentleman about 250 B.C. were protected by a
vehicles. Its solid wheels, was more durable than the It had spoked wheels and covering of leather or
which were made of a one-piece wheel. axles of irons or bronze, cloth fixed over a wooden
single piece of wood, handles for aid in mounting, framework.
rotated on single axle. and seat formed by a board
place across the handles.
 WHEELED VEHICLES AND
ROAD HISTORY
B. ANCIENT ROME

The following are the ancient wheeled

vehicles in Ancient Rome.
(bible-history.com)
 WHEELED VEHICLES AND
ROAD HISTORY

ARCERA ARCIMA BASTERN BENNA CARPENTUM

It had four wheels, a cover It was a small conveyance A used by
It was commonly This four wheeled Used by early Romans in as
and was generally drawn by that is large enough for one women when travelling and conveyance is made of early as 500 B.C. and as late
two or more horses. person. was borne by two mules, one wicker work and was of Gallic as 5th century of the
before and one behind each origin. It can accommodate Christian era. It was a
hitched to a separate pair of several persons when covered carriage with two
shafts. traveling. wheels, had two seats for two
or three and was usually
drawn by two mules, horses
or even oxen.
 WHEELED VEHICLES AND
ROAD HISTORY
CARRUCA CARRU CISIUM PILENTUM FOUR-WHEELED
PLAUSTRUM
This vehicle had four wheels, Swheels and
A cart with two A light open vehicle of Gallic Used chiefly by women of the
with the front ones smaller than boarded sides, it was drawn origin, had two wheels and upper classes. It was
Usually employed for heavy
the two behind. This had a by oxen or bullocks and was room for two persons. It also furnished with cushions, had
burdens but were also used
cover and was drawn by two to mainly used by the Roman has a box or case beneath a covered top, but open
for travelling.
four horses or mules. It was armies for the transportation the seat, where small sides. This was also used on
often ornamented by carvings of their baggage and baggage can be carried in. state occasions by Roman
in bronze and ivory and by supplies. Two/three horses or mules matrons, priests and vestal
chasings in silver and gold. were used to draw this and virgins.
Members of the imperial because of the lightness of
families were fond of travelling this carriage this is especially
using this kind of coach. suitable for rapid travels.
 WHEELED VEHICLES AND
ROAD HISTORY
RAEDA SARRACUM TENS
This is common among the Used by ancient Roman A sacred A vehicle
Romans during the last farmers as a traveling elaborately ornamented
century of the republic. A vehicle for themselves with ivory and silver; had
commodious vehicle of Gallic and their families. either two or four wheels
origin and had four wheels, and was drawn by four
this was used by a man when horses. This carriage was
he traveled with his family used during Circensian
because this has sufficient games, to carry the images
room for several persons of deities.
together with their luggage.
Evolution of Motor Vehicles
Motorized transportation is one of
the greatest inventions that
appeared for the last three hundred
years. The inventions in
transportation came along with the
numerous inventions during the
period of “Industrial Revolution”.
Evolution of Motor Vehicles
A. STEAM ENGINE
was perfected in the 1760’s by James Watt. The invention
provided power for many industries and factories in
England.
 EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

By the end of 18th century, French, Scottish, and American

B. inventors attempted to apply the steam engine in water
navigation.

The steamer Savannah

Robert Fulton –
Frenchman Jacques crossed the Atlantic in
launched the steamboat
Perier - built a 1819 and the 19th
Clermont on the Hudson
steamboat in 1775 century, steam
River in 1807
navigation replaced the
sailing vessels
 EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

C.
RAILROADS
Horse-drawn wagons with wooden wheels and rails had
been used in English and European mines during the 17th
century.

United States although

George Stephenson built railroad began in England,
and equipped the 32-km it was in the US where
Stockton and Darlington tremendous growth in rail
Richard Trevithick and railway, the first public transport system occurred
some other inventors railway in the world that by 1840 more than
adapted the primitive powered by steam 4,800 kms railroads were
steam locomotives to the locomotive which already operating in the
mine railway between eventually began railroad eastern states.
1797 and 1813. building in England.
 EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

F. JOHN PALMER
D. SIGNIFICANT E. IN THE MID-18TH He introduced his first
IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD CENTURY, ENGLISH fast mail coach in March
VEHICLE ROADS of 1785 and by 1800, the
It began with the were so bad that the English coach system was
adaptation of COACH coaches could average in full swing.
SPRING about 1650. only about 4mph
(6.4km/h) and the mail
was usually carries by
boys on horses.
 EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

G.
THE INVENTION OF
In the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile
BICYCLE
builders. On of the modern ancestors of the modern bicycle
was the HOBBY HORSE, or dan horse. The wheels were made of
wood, with tires of iron, and the riders pushed themselves
along their feet on the ground.

In 1838, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a

The German Baron Karl Von Drais in
Scottish Blacksmith, made the first
1817 introduced a steerable wheel,
machine with pedals, which were
creating the “draisienne” or “dandy
attached to and drove the rear wheel
horse”.
by means of cranks.
 EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

H. MOTOR VEHICLE
The first mode of transportation to challenge the
railroads.

The following are some of the notable

events leading to the invention of motorized
vehicles for road traffic.
 1806
1672 1784 1789 1801 1815
Francoiz
Ferdinand William Oliver Richard Josef
Isaa de
Verbiest Murdoch Evans Trevithick Bozek
Rivaz
Built the first steam- Built a working model Granted the first Ran a full-sized Built and engine powered Built an oil-fired
powered vehicle of a steam carriage in automobile patent in vehicle on the road in by internal combustion of a steam car
Redruth the United States Camborne hydrogen and oxygen
mixture

1858 1845-46 1844 1838 1838 1826

Jean Joseph Robert Christian
Charles Walter Samuel
Etienne William Friedrich
Lenior Thomson Goodyear Schontein Hancock Brown

Also known as Jean J. Invented the first Discovered in Built and operated Tested his hydrogen-
Invented the
Lenior. Belgian engineer vulcanized rubber tire principle the hydrogen steam buses in fuelled internal
vulcanized rubber for
developed the internal fuel cell (diesel) London combustion engine by
tires
combustion engine using it to propel a vehicle

1859 1867 1870-71

1870 1871
Gaston Henry Nicolas
1860 Siegfried Dr. J.W.
Plante & Seth Joseph
Anyos Jedlik Marcus Carhatrt
Taylor Cugnot

Lenoir's Hippomobile Demonstrated his 4- The first man to Demonstrated his Invented the first
Plante invented the propel a vehicle by fardier à vapeur steam powered
lead-acid battery & with a hydrogen-gas- wheeled "steam
fueled one cylindered buggy” at the means of gasoline- ("steam dray") carriage-sized
Jedlik invented the known as "The first automobile
electric motor in 1828 internal combustion Stanstead Fair in
engine Stanstead, Quebec Marcus car
 1873 1879 1882
1883 1885
Amedee George B. Enrico 1884
Marcus Karl Benz
Bollee Selden Barnardi

Produces the first Filed for a patent which Patented a 0.0241 Secured a German A vehicle was Built his first automobile
"real" automobile included not only the horsepower 122cc patent for a low- patented and trialed in Mannheim and was
engine but its use in a 4- one-cylinder petrol voltage ignition granted a patent for his
wheeled car and granted motor, fitting into his system of the automobile in 1/29/1886
on 11/5/1895 son's tricycle magneto type

1893 1889 1887

1889
Gottlieb
Charles & Panhard John 1885
1890 Daimier & 1888
Frank et Wilhelm Boyd Daimier
Duryea Lavassor Maybach Dunlop

Founded Duryea Motor The first horseless- Panhard et Lavassor of Designed a vehicle Invented the first Developed the first Built the first high
Wagon Company, carriage appeared in France was the first from scratch to be an successful automobile practical pneumatic speed internal
becoming the 1st the United States company formed automobile tire with an air-filled tire for bicycle, patent combustion engine
American automobile exclusively to build inner tube granted in 1888
manufacturing company automobiles

1893 1895 1908 1911 1956

Rudolf Andrea 1897 Henry Philip Felix
Diesel Michelin Ford Strauss Wankel

Developed the diesel The first person to use Czech company Introduced the MODEL T, which Invented the first Developed an
was proved so popular that by
engine also known as pneumatic tires but Nesselforfer Wagenbau successful automobile advanced-type of
1914, they had adopted mass
compression-ignition not successfully later named Tatra, tire with an air-filled engine
production methods meet the
engine produced the first motor demand inner tube
 EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

To date, man continuously manufacture

large cargo trucks and buses for mass
transportation. Presently, the introduction of
the Light Trail Transit (LRT), the Metro Rail
Transit (MRT), flyovers, pedestrian and
vehicle culverts, rock sheds and other
modern traffic ways contributed to the
expeditious movement of traffic users.
 EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

THANK
YOU.