SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS & FHP MOTORS

Double Revolving Field Theory

When a single-phase ac supply is given to the single-phase stator winding, a

sinusoidally pulsating magnetic field varying with time is produced. As the produced
magnetic flux very two times in a cycle, therefore, no torque will be produced in the rotor and
hence the rotor doesn't rotate. Therefore, single-phase induction motors are a not self-starting
motors.

However, when an initial rotation is given to the rotor, it starts rotating in that direction
which can be explained by the double-revolving field theory.

The magnetic field produced by the stator winding when an alternating supply is given is
equal to the sum of the two revolving fields rotating at synchronous speed in the opposite
direction of equal magnitude. The magnitude of each revolving field is equal to one-half of
the maximum value of the alternating field, i.e., φ1m/2, where φ1m is the maximum value of an
alternating field.

Let us consider the two revolving fields as φf (forward flux-rotating in an anti-clockwise

direction) and φb (backward flux-rotating in a clockwise direction). The resultant φR of these
two fields gives the value of the magnetic field produced by the alternating supply (i.e.,
alternating field).

Consider the different instances as shown below:

i. The two fields φf and φb are shown opposite to each other at start, and resultant magnetic
field φR = 0.

ii. After 90°, the two fields are rotated in such a way that both of them are now pointing in
the same direction.

The resultant magnetic field,

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This instant gives maximum the magnitude of the

original alternating field.

So the continuous rotation of these two fields (components) gives the original stator
magnetic field. This is purely alternating in nature.

Now each separate component is rotated and hence gets cut by the rotor conductors. Due
to cutting of flux emf get induced in rotor conductors which circulate in the rotor current. The
rotor current produces rotor flux.

The rotor flux interacts with one component φf produces a torque in an anti-clockwise
direction and the rotor flux interacts with the second component φb produces a torque in a
clockwise direction.
If anticlockwise torque is assumed positive, then the clockwise torque produced by another is
negative. The resultant of the two torques at the start is zero. Torque-speed characteristics are
shown below,
Following are important points about the resultant magnetic field:

1. At the start, the two torques are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
These two torques tries to rotate the rotor in different directions. Hence net
torque experienced by the rotor is zero. Therefore, it is said that single-phase
induction motors are not self-starting.
2. When initial rotation is given to the rotor in any direction, the overall torque
increases in that direction and the motor starts giving the performance similar
to the 3-phase induction motor.

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Single-Phase Induction Motors

Classification of 1-phase induction motor
• Split phase induction motor (Resistance start induction run motor)
• Capacitor start induction run motor
• Capacitor start capacitor run motor (two value capacitor method)
• Permanent split capacitor motor (single value capacitor method)
• Shaded pole induction motor

1. Briefly explain the operation of split phase induction motor. (Resistance start
induction run motor).

• The stator of single phase induction motor carries two windings.

– Main winding (running winding)
- Auxiliary winding (starting winding)
• A centrifugal switch is connected in series with starting winding.
• The starting winding has high resistance but low reactance. so, the current flowing in
the starting winding (Is) lags the applied voltage V by a very small angle
• The running winding has low resistance but high reactance, The current flowing in
running winding (Im) lags applied voltage by a large angle.
• Torque developed is proportional to the sine of the angle between Is and Im (about
)
• Medium starting torque.(1 to 2 times that of full-load torque)
• Centrifugal switch S is automatically open and it disconnects the starting winding
from the supply when the motor has reached 70 to 80 % of its full load speed.
• It is available in the size ranging from 1/20 to 1/3 HP. (40 to 250 W)

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Application
Fans and blowers, washing machines, Small machine tools, Refrigerator, Oil burner,
Air conditioning fans, Mixer grinder, Floor polishers, Centrifugal pumps, Drilling and
lathe machine.

2. Explain the construction and working of capacitor start induction run motor.

• This motor consists of two stator windings namely

1. main(running) winding
2. auxiliary (starting) winding.
• There is a capacitor (Electrolytic type) and a centrifugal switch S in the starting
winding circuit.
• The main winding is highly inductive while starting winding is capacitive.
• The starting winding has high capacitance. so, the current flowing in the starting
winding (Is) leads the applied voltage V by a certain angle
• The running winding has high reactance, the current flowing in running winding (Im)
lags applied voltage V by a large angle.
• Torque developed is proportional to the sine of the angle between Is and Im (about
)
• High starting torque. (3.5 to 4 times that of full-load torque)
• Centrifugal switch S is automatically opening and cuts out both the starting winding
and the capacitor from the supply when the motor has reached 70 to 80 % of its full
load speed.
• It is available in the range of 1/6 HP to 3 HP. (120 to 2500W)
Application
Pumps and compressors, Refrigerator and air conditioner compressor, Conveyor and
machine tool, Elevators.

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3. Explain the construction and working of capacitor start capacitor run motor.

 2 set of stator coils- 1) Main(running )winding

2) Auxiliary (starting) winding.
 There is a centrifugal switch in series with capacitor CS.
 There are two capacitors in this motor represented by CS and CR
 Starting and running windings are connected across the supply through capacitors
 The Capacitor Cs is the Starting capacitor is short time rated. It is electrolytic. A
large amount of current is required to obtain the starting torque. the value of the
starting capacitor should be large.
 The rated current is smaller than the starting current at the normal operating condition
of the motor. Hence the value of the run capacitor CR should be small. It is long time
rated. It is oil filled paper capacitor.
 As the motor reaches 70 to 80 % of its full load speed, the starting capacitor Cs is
disconnected from the circuit by a centrifugal switch Sc. The capacitor CR is
connected permanently in the circuit.
 It has higher efficiency and power factor.
 The starting torque is high.
 The motor has very less noise. Also motor runs smoothly.
 These Motors are costly.
Application
Pumps, Refrigerator, Air conditioner, Compressors, Conveyers

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Permanent split capacitor motor (Capacitor-run motors)

Single value Capacitor run motor

 The same capacitor is kept permanently in series with auxiliary winding both at
starting and under running conditions.
 There is no centrifugal switch.
 The Capacitor C is oil filled paper type and has long duty rating.
 Capacitor is small value.
 The motor would operate as a balanced two-phase induction motor.
 It has improved efficiency and better operating power factor.
 In these motors, the value of permanent capacitor is so chosen as to obtain a
compromise between the best starting and running conditions.
Application
Fans, Blower, Voltage regulator, Oil burner
Shaded-Pole Motor

Construction
• It is very popular for ratings
below 0.05 H.P. (~40 W) because of
its extremely simple construction.
• It has salient poles on the
stator excited by single-phase supply
and a squirrel cage rotor.
• A portion of each pole is
surrounded by a short-circuited turn
of copper strip called shading coil.
• A shaded pole motor may be
2 pole or 4 poles.

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• Shaded pole induction motor has no commutator, no brushes, no collector rings, no

contactors, no capacitors or moving switch parts, so it is relatively cheaper, simpler
and extremely rugged in construction and reliable.
• Starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low
• Absence of centrifugal switch eliminates the possibility of motor failure due to faulty
centrifugal switch mechanisms.
Working
• During the portion OA
During the portion OA of the alternating-current cycle [Fig 1], the flux begins to
increase and an e.m.f. is induced in the shading coil. The resulting current in the shading coil
will be in such a direction (Lenz’s law) to oppose the change in flux. Thus, the flux in the
shaded portion of the pole is weakened while that in the unshaded portion is strengthened as
shown in figure 2.
• During the portion AB
During the portion AB of the alternating-current cycle, the flux has reached the almost
maximum value and is not changing. Consequently, the flux distribution across the pole is
uniform [See Fig 3] since no current is flowing in the shading coil.
• During the portion BC
As the flux decreases (portion BC of the alternating current cycle), current is induced
in the shading coil to oppose the decrease in current. Thus, the flux in the shaded portion of
the pole is strengthened while that in the unshaded portion is weakened as shown in Fig 4.
• Field flux to shift across the pole face from the unshaded to the shaded portion. This
shifting flux is like a rotating weak field.
The rotor is of the squirrel-cage type and is under the influence of this moving field.
Consequently, a small starting torque is developed. As soon as this torque starts to revolve
the rotor, additional torque is produced by single-phase induction-motor action. The motor
accelerates to a speed slightly below the synchronous speed and runs as a single-phase
induction motor.

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Applications:
These motors are only suitable for low power applications
to drive:
a. small fans
b. Toys
c. Hair driers
d. Desk fans etc.
The power rating of such motors is up to 30 W.
Commutator-Type, Single-Phase Motors:
• A. Repulsion motor.
• B. Repulsion-induction motor.
• C. A.C series motor.
• D. Universal motor.
Repulsion motor

Construction
• The field of stator winding is wound like the main winding of a split-phase motor and
is connected directly to a single-phase AC source.
• The armature or rotor is like a D.C. motor armature and winding is connected to a
commutator and brushes.
• The brushes are not connected to supply but are connected to each other or short-
circuited. Short-circuiting the brushes effectively makes the rotor into a type of
squirrel cage.
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Working

• When the stator winding is energized from single-phase supply, EMF is induced in
the armature conductors (rotor) by induction. By Lenz’s law.
• The direction of the induced currents in the armature conductors will depend on the
positions of the short-circuited brushes.
• The armature will become an electromagnet with a N-pole directly under the main N-
pole and with a S-pole directly under the main S-pole.
• Because of this face-to-face positioning of main pole and induced main pole, no
torque will be developed.

• If the brushes are shifted through to the main pole.

• Voltage induced in the armature conductors in each path between the brush terminals
will neutralize each other.
• Hence there will not be net voltage across brushes, no torque will be developed.
• If the brushes are set in between in line and the magnetic axis, a net voltage will
be induced between the brush terminals and produce armature current.
• Armature will again act as electromagnet and develops its own N and S-pole.
• The armature poles lie along axis AA’ making an angle of with axis YY’.
• The rotor N-pole will be repelled by the main N-pole and the rotor S-pole will be
repelled by the main S-pole. Thus, the rotor will rotate in clockwise direction.
• Since the forces are repulsion. It can be called as repulsion motor.

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AC series motor

• The main field winding and armature conductors are connected in series.
• The main field and armature currents are in phase.
• Therefore, theoretically same torque is developed with a given alternating currents as
with a like amount of direct current in a series motor.

CONSTRUCTION
• The construction of an AC series motor is very similar to a D.C. series motor.
• The entire magnetic circuit is laminated in order to reduce the eddy current loss.
• The series field winding uses as few turns as possible to reduce the reactance of the
field winding to a minimum.
• A high field flux is obtained by using a low-reluctance magnetic circuit.
• Sparking can be eliminated by using high-resistance leads to connect the coils to the
commutator segments.
• The operating voltage should be made low for reducing the inductance.
OPERATION
• When the motor is connected to an AC supply, the same alternating current flows
through the field and armature windings. The field winding produces an alternating
flux φ that reacts with the current flowing in the armature to produce a torque. Since
both armature current and flux reverse simultaneously, the torque always acts in the
same direction. It may be noted that no rotating flux is produced in this type of
machines; the principle of operation is the same as that of a D.C. series motor.

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UNIVERSAL MOTOR

CONSTRUCTION
• It is a specifically designed series-wound motor.
• A motor which may be operated either DC or single-phase AC supply at
approximately the same speed and output.
• It has high starting torque and a variable speed characteristic.
• It runs at dangerously high speed on no load.
OPERATION
• In a series-wound motor same current flows through field and armature.
• The magnetic field developed by the series field winding and armature react with each
other and hence develop unidirectional torque.
Servo motor
• The motors which respond to the error signal abruptly and accelerate the load quickly.
• It is not employed for continuous energy conversion.
• Only for precise speed and precise position control at high torques.
• Such motors are used in feedback control systems as output actuators.
• It operates on the same basic principle of other electromagnetic motors.
• Servomotor are of two types
 DC Servomotor
 AC Servomotor

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DC Servomotor
• It has two separate winding
- Field winding placed on the stator.
- Armature windings placed on the on the rotor of machine.
• Both windings are connected to separate dc supply source.

AC Servomotor
• It has two winding
- Main winding
- Control winding
• Main winding is called fixed or reference winding.
• The voltages applied to the two windings are at right angle to one another.
• One winding excited by output from servo amplifier.
• The output torque of the motor is proportion to the applied control voltage.
• Direction of torque is determined by the polarity of control voltage.

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Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Motor

• A Printed Circuit Board or a Disc Armature motor is a low voltage DC motor

• It consists of a rotor disc made of non-magnetic and non-conducting material.
• The armature winding and the commutator are printed with copper on both the sides
of the disc shaped glass fibre circuit board.
• The disc armature is placed between two sets of permanent magnets mounted on the
ferromagnetic plates.
• Brushes are placed around the inner periphery.
• Current is fed to the rotor via brushes through precious metal commutator segments
printed on the disc.
• The arrangement of the assembly of the motor provides axial flux through the
armature.
• The Torque in the motor is produced by the interaction of the axial flux and the
current flowing through the armature disc.
Advantages
 The motor provides quick acceleration and retardation. As the inertia of the motor is
very low and therefore, the ratio of torque and inertia is very high.
• The rotor does not contain iron; thus, the armature inductance is low.
• The lower inductance of the motor reduces sparking and as a result life of brushes is
increased.
• Cogging torque is absent because of the non-magnetic rotor.
• A PCB motor has a high overload current capacity.
• There is a negligible armature reaction and flux distortion and hence the speed
torque curve of the motor is linear.

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Applications
The characteristics of the PCB motor, i.e. the high torque and inertia ratio makes the motor
suitable for controlling applications. The various usage of the motor is as follows: -
• Used in high-speed tape readers.
• PCB motor is used in X-Y recorders, point to point tool positioner.
• Used in robots and other servo drives.
• It is also suitable for heavy-duty drives such as lawn mowers.
Stepper Motor

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Switched Reluctance motors It operates on the principle that forces are established that
tend to cause iron poles carrying a magnetic flux to align with each. One form of reluctance
motor is shown in cross section in the figure. The rotor consists of four iron poles with no
electrical windings. The stator has six poles each with a current-carrying coil. In the condition
represented in the figure, current has just been passed through coils a and a′, producing a
torque on the rotor aligning two of its poles with those of the a-a′ stator. The current is now
switched off in coils a and a′ and switched on to coils b and b′. This produces a counter
clockwise torque on the rotor aligning two rotor poles with stator poles b and b′. This process
is then repeated with stator coils c and c′ and then with coils a and a′. The torque is dependent
on the magnitude of the coil currents but is independent of its polarity. The direction of
rotation can be changed by changing the order in which the coils are energized. Reluctance
motors can have other pole configurations, such as eight stator poles and six rotor poles.

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Variable Reluctance Motor

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Hysteresis Motor

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