EE 6504

Electrical Machines-II
Mrs.P.Priyadharshini , AP/RMDEEE
 UNIT V
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR AND SPECIAL MACHINES
 CONSTRUCTION

STATOR: STATIONARY PART CARRIES SINGLE

PHASE WINDING
ROTOR: SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Stator : produces alternating flux which induceses emf in the rotor

Since rotor is closed there will be a flow of current which in induces rotor
flux.
Both the fluxes interact with each other but the net torque will be zero.

So the motor is not a self starting .

Why it is not a Self Starting Motor?
• Double Field revolving theory explains the
concept why single phase induction motor is not
self starting.
• The double-field revolving theory states that, any
alternating quantity (here, alternating flux) can
be resolved into two components having
magnitude half of the maximum magnitude of
the alternating quantity, and both these
components rotating in opposite direction.
DOUBLE FIELD REVOLVING THEORY
The components on both the directions are
equal and opposite in directions.
So the net torque created by the components is
canceled on both sides hence the net torque
is zero.
Hence the motor is not self starting.
 Starting methods of Single Phase
Induction Motor:
1.Split phase induction motor.
2.Capacitor start induction motor.
3.Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor
4.Shaded pole induction motor.
 Spilt Phase Induction Motor.
Stator Consists of Main Winding and Auxillary
Winding
Main Winding the reactance effect is more.
Auxillary winding the resistance is more.
So the fluxes created by the winding will have
the phase difference.
The two fluxes combined to produce the
revolving flux:
• Irun is the current flowing through the main or
running winding, Istart is the current flowing in
starting winding, and VT is the supply voltage.

SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

• The highly resistive winding the current is almost in phase
with the voltage and for highly inductive winding the current
lag behind the voltage by large angle.
• The applied voltage by very small angle and the running
winding is highly inductive in nature so, the current flowing in
running winding lags behind applied voltage by large angle.
The resultant of these two current is IT.
• The resultant of these two starting winding is highly resistive
so, the current flowing in the starting winding lags behind
current produce rotating magnetic field which rotates in one
direction. In split phase induction motor the starting and
main current get splitted from each other by some angle so this
motor got its name as split phase induction motor.
 Capacitor Start Induction Motor:
• Capacitor Start IM
The working principle and construction of Capacitor
start induction motors and capacitor start capacitor
run induction motors are almost the same.
So, in capacitor start inductor motor and capacitor
start capacitor run induction motor we are using
two winding, the main winding and the starting
winding. With starting winding we connect a
capacitor so the current flowing in the capacitor
i.eIst leads the applied voltage by some angle, φst.
CAPACITOR START INDUCTION MOTOR
• The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in
running winding lags behind applied voltage by an angle, φm. Now
there occur large phase angle differences between these two currents
which produce an resultant current, I and this will produce a rotating
magnetic field.
• Since the torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase
angle difference,which is almost 90o. So, these motors produce very
high starting torque.
• In case of capacitor start induction motor, the centrifugal switch
is provided so as to disconnect the starting winding when the motor
attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed but in case
of capacitor start capacitors run induction motor there is no
centrifugal switch so, the capacitor remains in the circuit and helps
to improve the power factor and the running conditions of single
phase induction motor.
 Shaded Pole Induction motor:
ACTION: When a single phase supply is given to the stator of shaded pole
induction motor an alternating flux is produced. This change of flux
induces emf in the shaded coil. Since this shaded portion is short circuited,
the current is produced in it in such a direction to oppose the main flux. The
flux in shaded pole lags behind the flux in the unshaded pole.
The phase difference between these two fluxes produces resultant rotating flux.
We know that the stator winding current is alternating in nature and so is
the flux produced by the stator current. In order to clearly understand the
working of shaded pole induction motor consider three regions-
• When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum
positive value.
• When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value.
• When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to zero.
 Equivalent Circuit
• The Equivalent circuit of a Single Phase Induction
Motor can be obtained by two methods named as the Double
Revolving Field Theory and Cross Field Theory. Firstly the
equivalent circuit is developed on the basis of double
revolving field theory when only its main winding is
energized.
• Considering the case when the rotor is stationary and only the
main winding is excited. The motor behaves as a single phase
transformer with its secondary short circuited. The equivalent
circuit diagram of the single phase motor with only its main
winding energized the is shown below
 Linear Induction Motor;
CONSTRUCTION:
• A linear electric motor's primary typically consists of a flat
magnetic core (generally laminated) with transverse slots that
are often straight cut with coils laid into the slots, with each
phase giving an alternating polarity so that the different phases
physically overlap.
• The secondary is frequently a sheet of aluminium, often with
an iron backing plate. Some LIMs are double sided with one
primary on each side of the secondary, and, in this case, no
iron backing is needed.
LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR
• PRINCIPLE:
• In this electric motor design, the force is produced by a linearly
moving magnetic field acting on conductors in the field. Any
conductor, be it a loop, a coil, or simply a piece of plate metal, that
is placed in this field will have eddy currents induced in it thus
creating an opposing magnetic field in accordance with Lenz's law .
The two opposing fields will repel each other, creating motion athe
magnetic field sweeps through the metal
• where fs is supply frequency in Hz, p is the number of poles,
and ns is the synchronous speed of the magnetic field in revolutions
per second.
• The travelling field pattern has a velocity of
• where vs is velocity of the linear travelling field in m/s, and t is the
pole pitch.
• For a slip of s, the speed of the secondary in a linear motor is given
by Vr= (1-s)Vs.
 Hysteresis Motor
• A Hysteresis Motor is a synchronous motor with a uniform air gap and
without DC excitation. It operates both in single and three phase supply.
The Torque in a Hysteresis Motor is produced due to hysteresis and eddy
current induced in the rotor by the action of the rotating flux of thes s stator.
• The working of the motor depends on the working of the continuously
revolving magnetic flux. For the split phase operation, the stator winding of
the motor has two single phase supply. This stator winding remains
continuously connected to the single phase supply both at the starting as
well as the running of the motor.
• The rotor of the motor is made up of smooth chrome steel cylinder and it
has no winding. It has high retentivity and because of this, it is very
difficult to change the magnetic polarities once they are caused by the
revolving flux of the rotor. The rotor of the hysteresis motor moves
synchronously because the pole of the motor magnetically locks with the
stator which has opposite polarities.
• Construction of Stator of Hysteresis Motor
• The stator of the hysteresis motor produces a rotating
magnetic field and is almost similar to the stator of the
induction motor. Thus, the stator of the motor is connected
either to single supply or to the three phase supply. The
three phase motor produces more uniform rotating field as
compared to that of the single phase supply. The stator
winding of the single-phase hysteresis motor is made
of permanent split capacitor type or shaded pole type.The
capacitor is used with an auxiliary winding in order to
produce a uniform field.

• Construction of Rotor of Hysteresis Motor

• The rotor of the hysteresis motor consists of the core of
aluminium or some other non-magnetic material which
carries a layer of special magnetic material. The figure
below shows the rotor of the hysteresis motor.
HYSTERESIS MOTOR
 Operation
• When supply is given applied to the stator, a rotating magnetic field is
produced. This magnetic field magnetises the rotor ring and induces pole
within it. Due to the hysteresis loss in the rotor, the induced rotor flux lags
behind the rotating stator flux. The angle δ between the stator magnetic
field BS and the rotor magnetic field BR is responsible for the production of
the torque. The angle δ depends on the shape of the hysteresis loop and not
on the frequency.
• Thus, the value of Coercive force and residual flux density of the magnetic
material should be large. The ideal material would have a rectangular
hysteresis loop as shown by loop 1 in the hysteresis loop figure. The stator
magnetic field produces Eddy currents in the rotor. As a result, they
produce their own magnetic field.
 Repulsion Motor:
• Repulsion Motor is a special kind of single phase AC
motor which works due to the repulsion of similar poles.
The stator of this motor is supplied with 1 phase AC
supply and rotor circuit is shorted through carbon brush.
• Construction of Repulsion Motor:
• The main components of repulsion motor are stator, rotor
and commutator brush assembly. The stator carries a
single phase exciting winding similar to the main winding
of single phase induction motor. The rotor has distributed
DC winding connected to the commutator at one end just
like in DC motor. The carbon brushes are short circuited
on themselves.
Working principle of Repulsion Motor:
• The basic principle behind the working of repulsion motor is
that “similar poles repel each other.” This means two North
poles will repel each other. Similarly, two South poles will
repel each other.
• When the stator winding of repulsion motor is supplied with
single phase AC, it produces a magnetic flux along the direct
axis as shown in figure above by arrow mark. This magnetic
flux when link with the rotor winding, creates an emf. Due to
this emf, a rotor current is produced. This rotor current in turn
produces a magnetic flux which is directed along the brush
axis due to commutator assembly. Due to the interaction of
stator and rotor produced fluxes, an electromagnetic torque is
produced.
REPULSION MOTOR
 Stepper Motor:
• A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that can
divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The shaft or spindle of a
stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command
pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence, and the motor's position can
be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism .
• Stepper motors may be used for locomotion, movement, positioning, and
many other functions where we need precise control of the position of a
shaft, lever or other moving part of a mechatronic device.
 Types of Stepper Motor.
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor:

• Variable-reluctance type stepper motors, that are the simplest

type of steppers, consist of a soft iron multi-toothed rotor and a
wound stator. When DC is applied to the stator windings, the
poles become magnetized. Rotation occurs when the rotor
teeth are attracted to the energized stator poles. Since the
magnets of the variable reluctance step motors are smaller and
lighter than those of permanent magnet step motors, they are
faster. The smaller the area between the rotor and thestator
gears of VR type stepper motors, the less the loss of the
magnetic force.
VARIABLE RELUCTANCE STEPPER MOTOR
Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
• The Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor has a stator construction similar
to that of the single stack variable reluctance motor. The rotor consists of
permanent magnet poles of high retentivity steel and is cylindrical in shape.
The concentrating windings on diametrically opposite poles are connected
in series to form a two phase winding on the stator.
• The rotor poles align with the stator teeth depending on the excitation of
the winding. The two coils AA’ connected in series to form a winding of
Phase A. Similarly the two coil BB’ is connected in series forming a phase
B windings.The figure below shows 4/2 Pole Permanent Magnet Stepper
Motor.
Hybrid Stepper Motor
• The word Hybrid means combination or mixture. The Hybrid Stepper
Motoris a combination of the features of the Variable Reluctance Stepper
Motor and Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor. In the center of the rotor, an
axial permanent magnet is provided. It is magnetized to produce a pair of
poles as North (N) and South (S) as shown
• The stator has 8 poles, each of which has one coil and S number of teeth. There are
40 poles on the stator, and each end cap has 50 teeth. As the stator and rotor teeth
are 40 and 50 respectively, the step angle is expressed as shown below.
• The rotor teeth are perfectly aligned with the stator teeth. The teeth of the two end
caps are displaced from each other by half of the pole pitch. As the magnet is
axially magnetized, all the teeth on the left and right end cap acquire polarity as
south and north pole respectively.
• The coils on poles 1, 3, 5 and 7 are connected in series to form phase A. Similarly,
the coils on the poles 2, 4, 6 and 8 are connected in series to form phase B.
• When Phase is excited by supplying a positive current, the stator poles 1 and 5
becomes South poles and stator pole 3 and 7 becomes north poles.
• Now, when the Phase A is de-energized, and phase B is excited, the rotor will turn
by a full step angle of 1.8⁰ in the anticlockwise direction. The phase A is now
energized negatively; the rotor moves further by 1.8⁰ in the same anti-clockwise
direction. Further rotation of the rotor requires phase B to be excited negatively.
• Thus, to produce anticlockwise motion of the rotor the phases are energized in the
following sequence +A, +B, -A, -B, +B, +A…….. For the clockwise rotation, the
sequence is +A, -B, +B, +A……..
• One of the main advantages of the Hybrid stepper motor is that, if the excitation of
the motor is removed the rotor continues to remain locked in the same position as
before the removal of the excitation. This is because of the Detent Torque produced
by the permanent magnet.
 SERVO MOTOR
Servo Motor – Types and Working Principle
• The servo motor is most commonly used for high technology devices in the
industrial application like automation technology. It is a self contained
electrical device, that rotate parts of a machine with high efficiency and
great precision. The output shaft of this motor can be moved to a particular
angle. Servo motors are mainly used in home electronics, toys, cars,
airplanes, etc.This article discusses about what is a servo motor, servo
motor working, servo motor types and its applications.
• Types of Servo Motor
• Servo motors are classified into different types based on their application,
such as AC servo motor, DC servo motor, brushless DC servo motor,
positional rotation, continuous rotation and linear servo motor etc. Typical
servo motors comprise of three wires namely, power control and ground.
The shape and size of these motors depend on their applications. RC servo
motor is the most common type of servo motor used in hobby applications,
robotics due to their simplicity, affordability and reliability of control by
microprocessors.
DC Servo Motor
• The motor which is used as a DC servo motor generally have a separate DC
source in the field of winding & armature winding. The control can be
archived either by controlling the armature current or field current. Field
control includes some particular advantages over armature control. In the
same way armature control includes some advantages over field control.
Based on the applications the control should be applied to the DC servo
motor. DC servo motor provides very accurate and also fast respond to start
or stop command signals due to the low armature inductive reactance. DC
servo motors are used in similar equipments and computerized numerically
controlled machines.
• AC Servo Motor
• AC servo motor is an AC motor that includes encoder is used with
controllers for giving closed loop control and feedback. This motor can be
placed to high accuracy and also controlled precisely as compulsory for the
applications. Frequently these motors have higher designs of tolerance or
better bearings and some simple designs also use higher voltages in order to
accomplish greater torque. Applications of an AC motormainly involve in
automation, robotics, CNC machinery, and other applications a high level
of precision and needful versatility