A PROJECT REPORT

ON

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BRIDGE

Submitted for partial fulfillment of the academic regulations of SBTET for the award
of

DIPLOMA
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted
By
G.SRIKANTH 19248-C-310

Under the esteemed guidance of

MS. K. VAISHNAVI
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLAGE MEDBOWLI,

MEERPET, SAROORNAGAR, HYDERABAD.
 TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLAGE
MEDBOWLI, MEERPET, SAROORNAGAR, HYDERABAD.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RCC
BRIDGE” submitted by

G.SRIKANTH 19248-C-310

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of DIPLOMA IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING to the State Board of Technical Education & Training is a report of
bonafide work carried out by them during the academic year 2021-22.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Ms K. VAISHNAVI Mr. G.VERANNA

PROJECT WORK INCHARGE PRINCIPAL

Mr. H.MAHESH Mr.Dr P.VENKAT RAM REDDY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this project work gives us an opportunity to convey our gratitude to all
those who have helped us to reach a stage where we have the confidence to launch Our
career in this competitive world in the field of Civil Engineering.

Our honest thankfulness to our Project Work Incharge Mr. H.MAHESH Assistant
professor , Incharge HOD for his kind help and for giving us the necessary guidance and
valuable suggestions in completing this project work and in preparing this report.
We express our sense of gratitude to our Internal Guide Ms K. VAISHNAVI Assistant
Professor Civil Engineering, when encouraged us to select this project and helped us in
completion of this project with providing necessary facilities.

We are very greatful to Mr G.VERANNA Head of the Civil Engineering Department

for his valuable suggestions & encouragement during the course of Project.
We express our sincere thanks to Mr Dr. P VENKAT RAM REDDY PRINCIPAL of Teegala
Krishna Reddy Engineering College , for his valuable guidance and timely suggestions
during the entire duration of the project work.
We take the opportunity to express our gratitude to the management, teaching and
nonteaching staff of TKEM for their kind cooperation during the period of our study.
Finally We would like to thank our parents and friends for their continuous encouragement
and support during the entire course of this project.
 DECLARATION

We hereby Declare that the project entitled “DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RCC
BRIDGE”, Submitted in partial fuifillment for requirement for the award of DIPLOMA IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING. The report is based on the project work done entirely by us and not
copied from any other source.

BY

G.SRIKANTH 19248-C-310
 ABSTRACT

A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a water body, valley
and rail) without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing
passage over the obstacle, which is usally something that is otherwise difficult or impossible
to cross. Military bridges are portable, so that they may be easily moved to where they need.
This makes them much more complex than most civilian bridges. The main components of
bridge is the foundation, substructure and superstructure. Abutments are the elements which
are provided at the ends of a bridge. They absorb many forces placed on the bridge and acts
as a retaining walls that prevent the earth under the approach to the bridge from moving. Slab
bridge is the most commonly used bridge. It can be used in a place where the span is not so
long.
 INTRODUCTION

• A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle without blocking the way
underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle,
which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross.
• Obstacle such as water, road, railway, valley, etc..,
• There are many different designs of bridges, each serving a particular purpose and
applicable to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on factors such
as the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed
and anchored, and the material used to make it.
• It is built to be strong enough to safely support its own weight as well as the weight of
anything that should pass over it.
• If it carries road traffic or railway traffic or a pipe line over a channel or a valley:
Bridge.
• If it carries the traffic or pipe over a communication system like roads or railways:
Fly-over/Over-Bridge.
• Bridge (several small spans) constructed over a busy locality, a valley, dry or
wetland, or forming a flyover to carry the vehicular traffic: Viaduct.

1
 History

• History of bridges begins with a tree log accidentally fallen across water courses.
• Natural rock arches formed due to erosion beneath. (Arch Bridge)
• Climbers suspended above a deep gorge. Hanging creepers from one tree (Banyan
trees) to other, by tying a bunch of long creepers with the trees situated on either side
of water course.
• The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans. The Romans built
arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or
destroy earlier designs. Some stand today. An example is the Alcantara Bridge, built
over the river Tagus, in Spain. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the
variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana,
consisted of water, lime, sand, and volcanic rock. Brick and mortar bridges were built
after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost.

2
TYPES OF BRIDGES :

 Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) bridge

 Suspension bridge
 Truss bridge
 Cantilever bridge
 Arch bridge
 Cable – stayed bridge

3
1. REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (RCC) BRIDGE :

• A RCC is a monolithic structure that is poured in place. Forms are placed, the
reinforcing steel is placed into the forms and a concrete mix is poured into the
forms. The rebar extends beyond the form to allow connection to the next section
to be poured.

• As the concrete has low tensile strength and ductility so reinforcement is used
whuch has high tensile strength.

• RCC bridge means concrete with steel embedded in it. The purpose of steel is to
take the tensile forces occuring due to the externalloads, because concrete is
strong in compression, but weak in tension. To overcome this weakness steel is
provided in it. So it is clear that steel is strong in tension. Concrete without steel
embedded in it is

called PCC ( PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE).

4
2. SUSPENSION BRIDGE :

• A suspension bridge carries vertical loads through curved cables in tension. These
loads are transferred both to the towers, which carry them by vertical compression
to the ground, and to the anchors which must resist the inward and sometimes
vertical pull of the cables.

• The anchors are made from solid concrete blocks. The cables transfer the loads
into compression in the two towers. Usually this type of bridge can span
20007000 feets.

• In suspension bridge, the deck slab is suspended using ropes, chains, or high
tensile strength steel cables.

• Care must be taken to ensure that it does not move excessively under loading. The

deck therefore must be either heavy or stiff or both.

• The first modern examples of this type of bridge were built in the early 1800s.

5
3. TRUSS BRIDGE :

• A superstructure of the truss bridge is constructed by using trusses which are

comprised of many small elements forming triangular trusses.

• Truss is used because it is a very rigid structure and it can transfer the load from a
single point to a much wider area.

• A single-span truss bridge is like a simply supported beam because it carries

vertical loads by bending. Bending leads to compression in the top chords tension
in the bottom chords, and either tension or compression in the vertical and

diagonal members, depending on their orientation.

• Trusses are popular because they use a relatively small amount of material to
carry relatively large loads.

• A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently.

6
4. CANTILEVER BRIDGE :

• The cantilever bridge is constructed using a cantilever span, i.e the span is
supported at one end and free at other end. Usually, two cantilever parts are joined

to make the roadway.

• Large cantilever bridges designed to handle road or rail traffic using trusses built
from structural steel.

• It can have span distance of over 1,500 feet (460 m), and can be more easily
constructed at difficult crossings by virtue of using little or no falsework.

• The cantilevers carry their loads by tension in the upper chords and compression
in the lower ones.

• The most famous early cantilever bridge is the Forth Bridge. This bridge held the
record for longest span in the world for twenty-nine years.
 7
5. ARCH BRIDGE :

• An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch.
Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially
into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side.

• The arch bridge consists of a curve shaped abutment at each end. Generally, the

roadway of the bridge lies on the arch structure.

• The span of arch bridges is normally up to 800 feet and is made of stone, steel, or

concrete.
• The structure itself normally requires less material than a beam bridge of the same
span.

• There are few types of truss bridge :

 Hinge-less arch bridge

 Two hinged arch bridge

 Three hinged arch bridge

 Tied arch bridge

8
6. CABLE - STAYED BRIDGE :

• Cable – stayed bridges are similar to suspension bridges as they also use cables
but in a different form. They consists of fewer cables and the height of the tower
is greater than the suspension bridge.

• The towers transfer the cable forces to the foundations through vertical
compression. The tensile forces in the cables also put the deck into horizontal
compression.

• A distinctive feature are the cables or stays, which run directly from the tower to
the deck, normally forming a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the
modern suspension bridge, where the cables supporting the deck are suspended
vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge and running.

• The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and
shorter than suspension bridges.
 9

10
COMPONENT PARTS OF BRIDGE :

• Foundation
• Substructure
 Abutments
 Piers
 Pier caps
• Superstructure
 Bearings
 Deck
 Parapet walls
 Median

10


• FOUNDATION :

 A foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground,

transferring loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally

considered either shallow or deep.

 Purpose of foundation :
 To distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid
overloading the underlying soil
 To anchor the structure against natural forces including earthquakes, floods,
droughts and wind.
 To provide a level surface for construction.

 To anchor the structure deeply into the ground, increasing its stability and
preventing overloading.
 To prevent lateral movements of the supported structure.

 Requirements of a godd foundation :

 The design and construction of foundation is done such that it can sustain as
well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the soil. This transfer has to
be carried out without resulting in any form of settlement that can result in any
form of stability issues for the structure.
 The location of the foundation choosen must be an area that is not affected or
influenced by future works or factors.
 11
ABUTMENT :
 It is a structure mostly used for bridges and dams as a substructure at the ends of a
bridge span or dam and on that superstructure is rest.

 A bridge with a single span has two abutments that offer vertical and lateral
support. It also plays the role of retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the
earthen fill of the bridge approach.
An abutment may be used for the following:

 To transfer loads from a superstructure to its foundation elements

 To resist or transfer self weight, lateral loads and wind loads
 To support one end of an approach slab
 To maintain a balance in between the vertical and horizontal force components of
an arch bridge.


12

PIERS :

 Piers provide intermediate support between two bridge spans. Bridge piers mainly
support the bridge superstructure element and transfer the load to the foundation.

 Pier must be strong to handle the horizontal as well as lateral. Piers are known as
compression members of the bridge.

 The simplest cross section of the pier is square, or rectangular, but other shapes
are also common. They are found in different shapes, depending on the type, size,

and dimensions of the superstructure.

 Piers are generally constructed of masonry or reinforced concrete. Since piers are
one of the most visible components of a bridge, the piers contribute to the esthetic
appearance of the structure.

15


PIER CAP :

 The upper or bearing part of a bridge pier, usually made of concrete or hard stone;
designed to distribute concentrated loads evenly over the area of the pier.

 Bridge pier caps are horizontal structural members used for transferring bridge
deck loads to the piers, before they are transferred to the foundation.

 Pier caps must be designed to resist the actions transferred from traffic, self
weight of bridge deck, wind actions, or accidental actions due to vehicle impact.

14
BEARINGS :

 A bearing is provided between the bridge girder and the pier cap. The main
function of the bearing to allow free movement or vibration of the top
superstructure and reduce effect stress to reach the bridge foundation.

 There are several different types of bridge bearings which are used depending on a
number of different factors including the bridge span, loading conditions, and
performance specifications.
FUNCTIONS OF BEARING IS :

 They transfer the forces from bridge superstructure to substructure. Maily two
types of loads : vertical loads such as the structures weight and vehicle load, and
lateral loads including earthquakes and wind forces.

 They permit movements like translation and rotation in between girders and pier
caps of bridges to accommodate movements such as thermal expansion.

 It simplifies the load transfer mechanism and hence, making analysis easier.

17

DECK :

 Its top surface of bridge roadway on vehicle travel. It is made of concrete or a

bituminous road.

 A deck is the surface of a bridge. A structural element of its superstructure, it may

be constructed of concrete, or wood. Sometimes the deck is covered by a railroad
bed and track, asphalt concrete, or other form of pavement for ease of vehicle
crossing.

 When a bridge deck is installed in a through truss, it is sometimes called a floor

system.

 A deck bridge is one in which the deck itself is the main structural element, itself
carrying the roadway.

16

PARAPET WALLS :

 A parapet is a barrier that is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace,
balcony, walkway or other structure.

 Parapets on bridges and other highway structures (such as retaining walls) prevent
users from falling off where there is a drop.

 It may also be meant to restrict views to prevent rubbish passing below, and to act
as noise barriers.

 When a vehicle collides with a parapet, there are several possible outcomes that
depend on a number of factors, including the strength and rigidity of the parapet,

the speed of the collision, the angle of incidence, vehicle weight and the centre of

gravity of the vehicle relative to parapet’s height.

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
MEDIAN :

 Road median is the portion in between the dual carriage way which separates the
traffic flow in opposite direction.
PURPOSE OF ROAD MEDIAN IS :

 To avoid from accidents.

 Place provided for the pedestrians to pass the road.
 To install lighting system.
 To install traffic signs and traffic signals.
 It provides to avoid from glare of lights from the opposite traffic.
 Sometimes in rural areas, we can park on medians in case of emergency.
TYPES OF ROAD MEDIANS:

1. Traversible

2. Barrier

3. Detering

 TRAVERSIBLE: The medians on which vehicles can move in case of emergency

it is caled as traversible road median

 BARRIER : The median on which vehicles cannot approach is known as barrier

median. It is made of concrete.

 DETERING : Artificial median which may be removed in case of any emergency


18

21
METHODOLOGY :

 Site selection

 Excauvation of pits

 Preparing mat foundation and laying foundation

 Laying of columns

 Constructing beams

 Placing of slab

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 SITE SELECTION :

 A site which is on a straight reach of the drainage should be selected. The curved
reach of drainage should be avoided as much as possible.
 The stream at bridge side should have permenant, firm, straight and high banks.
 The site should be sufficiently away from the confluence point.
 There should be no scouring and silting of stream at the bridge site.
 A site which offers a square footing should be selected as far as possible.
 The site which offers more advantageous foundation condition should be
preferred.
 The site should not interfere adversly with any other bridges, weirs, regulators,
dams, etc in the vicinity.
 There should be a minimum obstruction to natural waterway at the bridge site.
 The stream at the bridge site should be free from costly river training works.
 The bridge should provide proximity to the direct alignment of the communication
route to be served.

20
 EXCAUVATION OF PITS :

 First soil is filled in the selected area for construction of bridge.

 Then soil is compacted to remove air voids in the soil and it is compacted untill
the soil becomes hard.
 Now after soil becoming hard then calculated where the pits has to be dug and
how many pits has to be dug.
 After calculation pits has been dug for lying the foundation in it.
 Make sure that their shold be no soil is present in the excauvated pits to lay
columns.

21
 PREPARATION OF MAT FOUNDATION :

 A raft or mat foundation is a large continuous rectangular or circular concrete

slab that carries the entire load of the superstructure and spreads it over the
whole area beneath the building. It is considered as one type of shallow
foundation and is useful in controlling the differential settlement.

CONSTRUCTION OF MAT FOOTING :

 Remove dirt and excavate soil to a uniform and flat level.

 The foundation bed is then compacted by ramming.
 Then, a waterproof plastic sheet is laid over the earth.
 After that, pour around 7cm layer of plain cement concrete to create a
perfectly flat and level base for the foundation.
 Lay reinforcement on spacers over the foundation bed. Reinforcements are
provided in both directions in the form of steel mesh. Two meshes are
reinforced at the top and bottom of the foundation to balance upward and
downward bending forces.
 After all the steel has been put in place, concrete is poured to the desired
thickness.

22
 LAYING OF COLUMNS :

 After lying mat foundation the reinforced steel is prolonged from base of the mat
to the column.
 Ties are inserted in between the column.
 Ties are inserted for gaining strength for column also to hold the longitudinal bars
in position withot bending.
 After providing sufficient ties for the column shuttering is placed four sides of the
column.
 After shuttering M30 concrete is mixed well and poured partly in the provided
shuttering. Tampering is done when the concrete is pourted partly.
 After pouring concrete then it is kept undisturbed for 1 whole day.
 Next day the shutters are removed and water is poured to the columns at regular
time interval.

23
 CONSTRUCTING BEAMS :

 A structural member of reinforced concrete placed horizontally to carry loads over

openings. Because both bending and shear in such beams include tensile stresses,
steel reinforcing tremendously increases beam strength.
 Beams are constructed up on the columns before lying the deck to resist the
weight of the loads that are acting on the bridge.
 Beams are constructed horizontally on both the corners of the column through the
bridge.
 Shutters are provided and reinforing steel is provided in between the shutters,
concrete is poured and after 1 day the shutters are removed and curing is done to
the beams.

 PLACING OF SLAB :

 Now on the beams deck is provided for the transportation of vehicles.

 Reinforcing steel is prepared in the shape of deck (Rectangle) and placed on the
beams accordingly.
 Again shutters should be provided under the deck and a large quantity concrete is
prepared and poured into the reinforcing steel and tampered very well without
forming air bubbles.
 After providing concrete it is done smoothly and levelled on all sides equally
without any slopes or bends.
 After 2 days shutters are removed and curing is done at regular time interval to
become strong.
 After providing deck parapet walls are provided at the ends of the deck and a
median is provided at the middle of the deck to restrict the vehicles from
accidents.
 After everything is provided again 2 columns are laid in between the median and
cables are provided from the 2 columns.

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 ADVANTAGES OF BRIDGE :

 RCC has too many advantages when compared with its disadvantages.

 Strength :
In the price range of RCC, it gives very good strength in both, compression and
tension.
 Durability :
RCC structures are enough durable, if they are laid and used properly, they can
last upto 100 years.
 Economy :
RCC is cheaper when compared with other construction materials like Steel and
prestressed concrete. In future, the maintenance cost of RCC is also very low. So
in all aspects, we can say that RCC is an economical construction material.
 Convenience :
RCC can be prepared and moulded easily, at the site of construction. Also, the
materials required for preparing RCC can be transported easily.
 Availability
Raw materials required for preparing RCC (like cement, sand, aggregates,
admixtures and steel bars) are easily available everywhere at a fair cost.
 Mouldability
RCC structures can be moulded at any shape and size as per architectural
requirement. For this, it needs good formwork and architectural design.
 Fire Resistance
RCC structures are more fire resistant comparatively to other construction
materials like wood, Steel, etc.
 Permeability
RCC structures are impermeable to moisture if some major attempts have been
made during its building.
 Sesmic resistance
Properly designed and executed RCC structures are resistant to major vibrations
like earthquake or vibration produced due to other factors like moving train etc.

25
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOADS ACTING ON THE BRIDGE :

 Dead load
 Live load
 Wind load
 Seismic loads

 DEAD LOAD :

 The dead load is nothing but a self-weight of the bridge elements. The different
elements of bridge are deck slab, wearing coat, railings, parapet, stiffeners and
other utilities. It is the first design load to be calculated in the design of bridge.

 LIVE LOAD :

 The live load on the bridge, is moving load on the bridge throughout its length.
The moving loads are vehicles, Pedestrians etc. but it is difficult to select one
vehicle or a group of vehicles to design a safe bridge.
 So, IRC recommended some imaginary vehicles as live loads which will give safe
results against the any type of vehicle moving on the bridge. The vehicle loadings
are categorized in to three types and they are

 IRC class AA loading

 IRC class A loading
 IRC class B loading

 WIND LOAD :

 Wind load also an important factor in the bridge design. For short span bridges,
wind load can be negligible. But for medium span bridges, wind load should be
considered for substructure design. For long span bridges, wind load is considered
in the design of super structure.

 SEISMIC LOAD :

 When the bridge is to be built in seismic zone or earthquake zone, earthquake loads
must be considered. They induce both vertical and horizontal forces during
earthquake. The amount of forces exerted is mainly depends on the self-weight of
the structure. If weight of structure is more, larger forces will be exerted.

26
MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE :

S. NO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OBSERVED VALUES

1. Grading Zone 3.80
2. Finess modulus 2.66
3. Water absorption 1.13

Specific gravity of GGBS

5% replacement of cement
4.84x5/100=0.242gms of GGBS admixture

Cement :
4.85-0.242=4.60kgs
10% replacement of cement
4.85x10/100=0.485gms of GGBS admixture

Cement :
4.85-0.485=4.365kgs
15% replacement of cement
4.85x15/100=0.727gms of GGBS admixture

Cement :
4.85-0.727=4.123kgs

MIX DESIGN BASED ON IS :10262 – 2009 :

Mix design of M30 grade concrete (using POZZOLANA PORTLAND
CEMENT )

1. Stipulations for proportioning

o As per IS1026:2009 mix proportions for sample for M30

grade of concrete sample
o Type of cement – ppc-53 grade o Maximum nominal size
og aggregate – 20mm o Minimum cement content –
320kg/m3 o Maximum water content ratio (w/c) – 0.45 o
Workability – 100mm o Exposure conditions-severe o
Method of concrete placing – hand o Degree of
supervision – good o Type of aggregate – angular o
Maximum cement content – angular

27
2. TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS :

o Cement used : PPC 53 grade o Specific

gravity of cement : 3.2 o Specific gravity of
coarse aggregate : 2.63 o Specific gravity of
fine aggregate : 2.77

3. TARGET MEAN STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING :

Fck = Fck + 1.65s

Where,
Fck = Target compressive strength at 28 days
Fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S = Standard deviation
From above table Standard deviation, S = 5
Therefore, target strength = 30 + 1.65 X 5 = 38.25 N/mm2

4. SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO :

o From table No. 5 of IS:456-2000, maximum water cement ratio = 0.45

5. SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT:

o Maximum water content = 186 liters (for 25 mm – 50mm slump range

and for 20mm aggregates)
o Estimated water content for 75-100 slump = 197 liters

6. CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT : o

Water cement ratio = 0.45
o Cement content = 1970/0.45=437.77 kg/m3 >320 kg/m3 (Given) o
From Table No 5 of IS:456, minimum cement content for moderate
exposure condition = 320 kg/m3.

Hence OK

28
7. PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE :

o From Table No 3, volume of coarse aggregate

corresponding to 20mm size aggregate and fine
aggregate for Water cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60
o Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.61 o Volume of fine
aggregate = 1-0.61=0.39

8. MIX CALCULATIONS :

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows.

a) Volume of concrete = 1m3
b) Volume of cement = Mass of cement / specific gravity of cement X
(1/1000)
c) Volume of water = Mass of water / specific gravity of water X
(1/1000)
d) Volume of all in Aggregate = [a-(b + c)]=[1-(0.136+0.197)]
d = 0.667m3.
e) Mass of coarse aggregates = d x volume of C. A x specific gravity of
CA = 0.667x0.61x2.63x1000 = 1070.06 kg
f) Mass of fine aggregates = d x volume of F. A x specific gravity of FA
= 0.667x0.39x2.77x1000 = 720.56 kg

9. MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRAIL NUMBER 1 :

o Cement = 43.77 kg/m3 o Water = 2.17 liters o Fine

aggregate = 720.56 kg o Coarse aggregate = 1070.06 kg
o Water cement ratio = 0.45 o Volume of cube =
0.15x0.15x0.15
=3.375x10-3 m3

FOR CUBE 1 :

o Cement = 437.77x0.15x0.15x0.15 = 1.47 kg o Fine

aggregate = 720.56x0.15x0.15x0.15 = 2.43 kg o Coarse
aggregate = 1070.06x0.15x0.15x0.15 = 3.61 kg o Water
= 197x0.15x0.15x0.15 = 0.66 kg

29
FOR 3 CUBES + 10% WASTAGE :

o Cement = 437.7x3x0.15x0.15x0.15 = 4.432 kgs

= 0.4432+4.432 = 4.875 kgs o Fine aggregate
= 720.56x3x0.15x0.15x0.15 = 7.29 kgs
= 0.729+7.29 = .019 kgs
o Coarse aggregate = 1070.06x3x0.15x0.15x0.15 = 10.83
= 1.08+10.83 = 11.1 kgs
o Water = 197x3x0.15x0.15x0.15 = 1.99 liters
= 0.199+1.99 = 2.189 liters

30