S I

trategic ntervention M aterial

For Reading and writing skill

Coherence
and

Cohesion
Geneta, Jomari M.

Bajio, Sarah Mae F.

11-STEM-APHRODITE
 This Strategic Intervention Material for
Reading and Writing Skill is a property of
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 Guide Card

OBJECTIVE
By
:the end of this lesson, students will be able to define and
identify the importance of cohesion and coherence in writing and
use strategies to achieve them in their own writing.

Hi! I’m Po and

this is Master
Shifu! And we will
be your trusted
We expect you
companion along
to have fun
with everyone along the way as
else from the you learn new
Valley of Peace things.
towards your
GOOD LUCK!
journey on
learning new
topics in Reading
and Writing
Skills.

CONTENTS:
A. ACTIVITY CARD B.ASSESSMENT CARD D. REFERENCE CARD
Activity 1: Sentence Connecting Assessment 1 E. ANSWER KEYS
Activity 2: Gap-Filling Assessment 2
Activity 3: Cohesion Practice C. ENRICHMENT CARDS
Activity 4: WORD HUNT Enrichment 1: Cohesion Essay

Enrichment 2: Coherent Essay

Are you ready to learn new things with
this strategic intervention material?

Challenge yourself with the different

tasks you will encounter and discover
new knowledge!

And you shall reap what you sow!

Let’s begin your journey!!

Put your signature

here to confirm
you accept the
challenge

__________________
___

Guide Card
 What is Coherence and
Cohesion?

Coherence and cohesion are two important concepts

in communication, both in written and spoken forms.
Coherence refers to the quality of being clear, logical,
and consistent, so that the message can be easily
understood by the audience. Cohesion, on the other hand,
refers to the use of linguistic devices, such as linking
words, pronouns, and repetition of key terms, to connect
ideas and create smooth transitions between sentences
and paragraphs.

In other words, coherence focuses on the big

picture of a communication, making sure that the
ideas flow in a logical and meaningful way, while
cohesion focuses on the smaller details of how the
ideas are connected and presented. Coherence and
cohesion are both essential in effective
communication, as they help to ensure that the
message is conveyed clearly, and the audience can
easily follow and understand it.
 What is Coherence and
Cohesion?

Here are some strategies for achieving coherence and

cohesion in writing and speaking:

1. Organize your ideas: Make sure your ideas are organized and
flow logically. Use an outline or a mind map to help you organize
your thoughts and ideas before you start writing or speaking.

2. Use topic sentences: Use topic sentences to introduce new

ideas and to link them to the previous ones. This helps to create a
smooth transition between ideas.

3. Use transition words: Use transition words to connect

sentences and paragraphs. Some examples of transition words
include "however," "in addition," "therefore," "moreover,"
"furthermore," and "consequently."

4. Use pronouns: Use pronouns to refer back to previously

mentioned nouns. This helps to avoid repetition and create a sense
of cohesion.

5. Use repetition: Use repetition of key terms to emphasize

important ideas and to create a sense of unity and coherence.

6. Check for consistency: Check your writing or speaking for

consistency in terms of tone, voice, and point of view. This helps to
create coherence and to avoid confusion for the audience.
 How are coherence and cohesion
similar and different?

Cohesion is just the individual parts that are collected

together and are stick together for representation. Coherence is
the attribute that is decided by the end-user or reader, which
determines whether the content seems meaningful, understanding
and useful.

It is important for the parts of a written text to be

connected together. Another word for this is cohesion. This word
comes from the verb cohere, which means 'to stick together'.
Cohesion is therefore related to ensuring that the words and
sentences you use stick together.

Repeated words/ideas

One way to achieve cohesion is to repeat words, or to repeat

ideas using different words (synonyms).
 How are coherence and cohesion
similar and different?

Reference words

Reference words are words which are used to refer to

something which is mentioned elsewhere in the text, usually in a
preceding sentence. The most common type is pronouns, such as
'it' or 'this' or 'these'. Study the previous example again. This
time, the reference words are shown in bold.

Transition signals

Transition signals, also called cohesive devices or linking

words, are words or phrases which show the relationship between
ideas.

Coherence can be improved by using an outline before writing

(or a reverse outline, which is an outline written after the writing
is finished), to check that the ideas are logical and well organized.
Asking a peer to check the writing to see if it makes sense, i.e.
peer feedback, is another way to help improve coherence in your
writing.
 ACTIVITY CARD 1

Activity 1: Sentence Connecting

Put the following jumbled sentences in the correct order to create a
cohesive paragraph. Add transition words and phrases from the box to help
connect the sentences. Write your answer on the given sheet below.

However

Despite this
Greetings young
one! Here’s your In fact
first activity in this
journey! Good 1. Tom loves to play video games.
Luck!

2. He spends hours every day in front of his computer.

3. He often forgets to eat or take breaks.

4. He has a lot of fun playing with his online friends.

5. Tom has become quite skilled at his favorite game.

Answer
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The correct order of the sentences is based on the logical flow of ideas in the paragraph. To
create coherence and cohesion, the sentences are connected using transition words and phrases. For
example, the transition word "however" is used to contrast the second and third sentences, while
the transitional phrase "despite this" is used to connect the third and fourth sentences. The final
sentence provides a conclusion and reinforces the topic sentence.
 Congratulations on completing your first activity! Did you know that by
applying coherence and cohesion strategies to your writing and speaking tasks
and evaluating your own work, you can improve your communication skills and
effectively convey your ideas to your audience? A more reason for you to
continue this journey. Well then, go for it! There are still more waiting for you!

CHALLENGE
JADE
PALACE
Locked

Locked
Locked
Locked
Locked

Activity 1:
Sentence Locked
START Connecting

Locked

Journey Map
 ACTIVITY CARD 2

Activity 2: Gap-Filling

Directions: Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words or phrases

to create a coherent paragraph. Choose the correct answer on the box.

•stimulating

•immerse

•keeps

•making

•learn
Reading is a fantastic pastime that has many benefits.
Firstly, it helps to improve vocabulary and comprehension
skills, (1) ________ it easier to communicate with others.
Secondly, it can reduce stress and anxiety by allowing
readers to (2) ________ themselves in another world.
Thirdly, reading can be a great way to (3) ________ about
different cultures and perspectives. Fourthly, it can enhance
creativity by (4) ________ the imagination. Finally, reading
can be a lifelong activity that (5) ________ the mind active
and engaged.
 ACTIVITY CARD 3

Activity 3: Cohesion Practice

Directions: Identify the cohesive device used in each

sentences. Explain how each cohesive device contributes to the
coherence of the text. Write your answer on the sheet below.

1. The concert was amazing. It was sold out and the audience was
really enthusiastic.

2. I love to read. However, I don't have much time for it these

days.

3. The new teacher is very strict. She gives a lot of homework,

but she's also very helpful

. Answer
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 Coherence and
Cohesion is an essential
quality for academic
writing. In academic writing,
the flow of ideas from one
sentence to the next should
be smooth and logical.
Without cohesion, the
reader will not understand
the main points that you are
trying to make. It also
hampers readability.
 ASSESSMENT CARD 1
Assessment 1: Cohesion Practice

Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to

your answer.
I. Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following refers to the quality of being clear,

logical, and consistent in communication?

a. Cohesion

b. Grammar

c. Coherence

d. Syntax

2. Which of the following refers to the use of linguistic

devices to connect ideas and create smooth transitions in
communication?

a. Syntax

b. Cohesion

c. Coherence

d. Punctuation
 ASSESSMENT CARD 1
Assessment 1: Cohesion Practice
1.Directions: Choose the letter that
corresponds to your answer.

I. Multiple Choice Questions:

3. What is the difference between coherence and cohesion?

a. Coherence focuses on the details of how ideas are connected,

while cohesion focuses on the big picture of communication.

b. Coherence and cohesion are the same thing.

c. Coherence focuses on the big picture of communication, while

cohesion focuses on the details of how ideas are connected.

d. Coherence and cohesion are unrelated concepts in

communication.

4. Which of the following strategies can be used to achieve

coherence and cohesion in writing and speaking?

a. Organize your ideas.

b. Use topic sentences.

c. Use transition words.

d. All of the above.

 ASSESSMENT CARD 1

Assessment 1: Cohesion Practice

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE it's wrong.

II. True or False:

1. Coherence focuses on the big picture of a communication,

making sure that the ideas flow in a logical and meaningful way.

2. Cohesion focuses on the larger details of how the ideas are

connected and presented.

3. Coherence is more essential in effective communication than

cohesion.

4. In achieving coherence and cohesion in writing and speaking

make sure your ideas are organized and flow logically.

5. Checking your writing or speaking for consistency in terms of

tone, voice, and point of view helps to create coherence and to
avoid confusion for the audience.

Answer

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

5
 North
Journey Map

West East

South

CHALLENGE
JADE
PALACE
Locked

Locked Assessment
Part 2
Locked Assessment
Part 1

Activity 1: Activity 3:
Sentence Cohesion
START Connecting Practice
Activity 2:
Gap-Filling

Great Job! You have successfully reached the first

checkpoint! For sure Master Shifu is proud of
you!

However, you’re still in the middle of this journey

and there are still many trials and challenges
waiting for you out there. Good Luck!
 Enrichment Card

Enrichment Card #1: Cohesive Essay

Cohesive devices are words, phrases, or other language

features that help connect and relate different parts of a
text. They help create a logical flow between sentences,
paragraphs, and ideas, and can make writing more coherent
and easier to understand. Here are some different types of
cohesive devices:

1. Pronouns: Words such as "it," "they," and "them"

can refer back to a noun previously mentioned in the
text, helping to avoid repetition and connect ideas.

Example: John and Sarah went for a walk. They

enjoyed the fresh air and sunshine.

2. Conjunctions: Words such as "and," "but," "or," and

"because" can link different ideas together, showing
their relationship to each other.

Example: The weather was cold and windy, but the

sun was shining.

3. Adverbs and adverbial phrases: Words such as

"however," "meanwhile," and "in addition" can help link
sentences or paragraphs, indicating a change or
addition to the previous idea.

Example: The first step is to gather all the necessary

materials. Meanwhile, you should also prepare the
workspace.
 Enrichment Card

Enrichment Card #1: Cohesive Essay

4. Repetition: Repeating words or phrases can help

create a sense of cohesion and unity, particularly in
longer texts.

Example: The city was noisy. Cars honked and

screeched. People shouted and laughed.

5. Synonyms: Using synonyms or related words can

help connect different ideas and avoid repetition

Example: The book was fascinating. It was full of

interesting stories and engaging characters.

6. Reference words: Words such as "this," "these,"

and "that" can refer back to a previously mentioned
idea, helping to connect it to the current discussion

Example: The author's argument was compelling. This

was supported by several examples from real life.

To make sure you have understood the lesson. Here's Viper

together with Tigress to train your knowledge.

Think about the things, peoples,

foods, places or anything that makes
you happy. Make a simple essay about
it, use at least three different
cohesive devices on your essay.
Underline all the words under
cohesive devices and list what kind
of cohesive device you used.
 ACTIVITY CARD 4

Activity 4: WORD HUNT

Directions: Find the words related to Cohesion and

Cohesive from the Crossword Puzzle below and encircle
them. Let the words at the right side be your guide.

P R O N O U N S
R A S D F G H N
Pronouns
E A J K R L Z O
Reference
F B D V E C X I
Synonym
E N C V P M Q T Conjunction
R R O T E E W C Cohesion
E T H N T R P N Coherent
N Y E E I Q B U Repetition
C U S R T A R J Adverb

E I I E I Z X N
U O O H O S W O
S Y N O N Y M C
F T G C B Y H N
 Enrichment Card

Enrichment Card #2: Coherent Essay

Transitional Words and Phrases

Transitional words and phrases are important tools

for achieving coherence in writing. They help to
connect ideas, show the relationships between
them, and guide the reader through the text.

Transitional words and phrases can be used to

show:

1. Sequence: Firstly, secondly, finally, next, then,

afterward, etc.

Example: Firstly, I woke up, then I brushed my

teeth, and finally, I had breakfast.

2. Addition: Also, in addition, furthermore,

moreover, etc.

Example: I love ice cream. In addition, I

also enjoy cake and cookies.

3. Contrast: However, on the other hand,

nevertheless, nonetheless, etc.

Example: He is a great athlete. However, he

struggles with his academics.
 Enrichment Card

Enrichment Card #2: Coherent Essay

4. Cause and effect: Therefore, as a

result, consequently, hence, etc.

Example: I forgot my keys. As a result, I

had to call a locksmith.

5. Comparison: Similarly, likewise, in the same

way, etc.

Example: She enjoys hiking. Similarly, her

brother also loves to hike.

6. Emphasis: Indeed, in fact, of course, etc.

Example: She is an excellent musician. Indeed,

she has won many awards for her performances.

By using transitional words and phrases, you can create a

coherent and easy-to-read piece of writing that flows smoothly
from one idea to the next.

Now it’s your turn!

Directions: Choose one of the various transitional

words and phrases under coherence. Write a simple
essay about your chosen topic using the transitional
words and phrases you have chosen.
 Enrichment Card

Enrichment Card #2: Coherent Essay

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 From all the tasks you had encounter, you might want to consider checking your
status on the Journey Map right now.

North
Journey Map
West East

South

CHALLENGE
JADE
PALACE
Enrichment
Card 2:
Coherent
Essay

Activity
Assessment
Card 4:
WORD HUNT Enrichment
Part 2
Card 1:
Cohesive
Assessment
Essay
Part 1

Activity 1: Activity 3:
Sentence Cohesion
START Connecting Practice
Activity 2:
Gap-Filling

Good Job Young Fella!! You’re one step closer to your goal right
now!! However, there still the Challenge Stage and it was heavily
guarded by General Kai! Be careful on your way and Good Luck! We
are hoping for your SUCCESS!!
 Are you here to pass and go to the Jade Palace???

If so, then you must pass through me! You must Defeat me first!!

IT’S A DO OR DIE!

Design this Page in any way you like as long as

it describes all you had learnt from the past
activities and lessons.
Congratulations on defeating General Kai! You have successfully entered Jade Palace!!

REFERENCE CARD

Concepts of Coherence and Cohesion

1. Coherence refers to the clarity and logical connection of ideas

in a text. It means that each idea and sentence is relevant to
the main topic and supports the overall argument. A coherent
text is easy to follow and understand.

2. Cohesion refers to the way different parts of a text are

linked together. It includes the use of cohesive devices such as
transitional words, pronouns, and repetition to create a smooth
flow of ideas. A cohesive text feels integrated and seamless.

3. To improve coherence, it is important to create an outline or

plan before writing. This helps to organize your ideas and ensure
that each paragraph has a clear focus that contributes to the
overall argument.

4. Cohesive devices such as transitional words and phrases can

be used to connect ideas and create a logical progression.
Examples include "however," "in addition," and "therefore."

5. Pronouns like "it," "they," and "these" can also be used to

refer back to previously mentioned ideas and create a sense of
continuity.

6. Repetition can be used as a cohesive device to reinforce key

ideas and create a sense of unity in the text. However, it should
be used sparingly to avoid becoming redundant.

7. In summary, both coherence and cohesion are important for

effective writing. A well-organized and connected text is easier
to understand and more persuasive to readers.
 REFERENCE CARD

Concepts of Coherence and Cohesion

Coherence and Cohesion are achieved when

ideas are logically, clearly, and smoothly
linked to one another; without it, the
reader may not be able to comprehend your
composition. Although these two concepts are
interrelated, they are distinct.

Coherence occurs when ideas are connected at the

conceptual level or idea level. It can be seen through well-
defended arguments and organized points.

Unlike coherence, cohesion is the connection of ideas at

the sentence level. It can readily be seen in a text through
the smooth flow of the sentences and the connection of the
ideas. Cohesion can be applied using three techniques.

The first one is through the use of pronouns to

refrain from using a specific word repeatedly.

The second technique is through the use of

transitional devices to connect sentences with linked
ideas.

The last technique employs a repetition of

keywords to tie up the paragraphs subtly.
 REFERENCE CARD

Concepts of Coherence and Cohesion

Text without Coherence and Cohesion Text with Coherence and Cohesion

Amelia Earhart was a legendary woman Amelia Earhart was a legendary woman
who made her name in aviation by setting who made her name in aviation by setting
various records. In 1928, she became various records. In 1928, she became
famous as the first woman who flew famous as the first woman who flew
across Atlantic Ocean. She was only a across Atlantic Ocean. However, during
passenger, with pilot Wilmer Stultz and this trip she was only a passenger, with
co-pilot/mechanic Louis Gordon manning pilot Wilmer Stultz and co-
the controls. In 1932, she flew on her pilot/mechanic Louis Gordon manning
own over the Atlantic. She flew from the controls. In 1932, she finally got to
Honolulu Hawaii to Oakland California. fly on her own over the Atlantic. She set
She became the first person to fly over another record when she flew from
both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Honolulu Hawaii to Oakland California
Between 1930 and 1935, Earhart set in 1935, thus becoming the first person to
seven women’s speed and distance fly over both the Atlantic and pacific
aviation through different aircrafts. She Oceans. Between 1930 and 1936, Earhart
disappeared in 1837 while attempting to set seven women’s speed and distance
fly around the world. On board her plane aviation through different aircrafts.
was her only crew member, Fred
Noonan. Extensive search efforts were
not able to find a trace of both aviators.

Remember the following when trying to evaluate if your text has cohesion
and coherence:

A text with cohesion but no coherence is difficult to follow.

A text with coherence but no cohesion has no definite point.

A text with both cohesion and coherence is logically sequenced and

stays on topic.
 JADE PALACE

Dear Young Adventurer,

A Letter of Congratulatory to you Young

Adventurer!

You have successfully finished this

Journey through your Strength and
Intelligence. May you carry upon your next
upcoming journeys the knowledge and new ideas
you have gained.

There might be another trials, obstacles

and challenges that you will encounter in the near
future but don’t stop DREAMING and
BELIEVING and you shall ACHIEVE your
goals through your HARDWORK!!

Sincerely Yours,

People from the Valley of Peace

 ANSWER KEY CARD

ACTIVITY 1: ACTIVITY 2: GAP- ACTIVITY 3: COHESION PRACTICE

SENTENCE FILLING
1. Cohesive device: pronoun "it"
CONNECTING
1. Making
Explanation: The pronoun "it" refers back to "the
Tom loves
2. Immerse concert," making the connection between the two
to play video
games. He spends sentences clear.
3. Learn
hours every day
in front of his 4. Stimulating 2. Cohesive device: conjunction "however"
computer.
However, he often 5. Keeps Explanation: The conjunction "however" shows
forgets to eat or contrast, which helps to connect the two sentences.
take breaks.
Despite this, he 3. Cohesive device: conjunction "but"
has a lot of fun
playing with his Explanation: The conjunction "but" shows contrast,
online friends. which helps to connect the two sentences.
ENRICHMENT 1&2
In fact, Tom has Additionally, the use of the pronoun "she" helps to
become quite maintain coherence by referring to the teacher
skilled at his ANSWERS MAY
previously mentioned.
favorite game. VARY.

ASSESSMENT 1&2
P R O N O U N S
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
R A S D F G H N
E A J K R L Z O 1. C

F B D V E C X I 2. B

E N C V P M Q T 3. C

R R O T E E W C 4. D.

E T H N T R P N II. TRUE OR FALSE

N Y E E I Q B U 1. TRUE

C U S R T A R J 2. FALSE

E I I E I Z X N 3. FALSE

U O O H O S W O 4. TRUE

S Y N O N Y M C 5. TRUE

F T G C B Y H N
ACTIVITY 4: WORD HUNT