EEE Transducers

TRANSDUCERS
PRESENTATION
BY: P. R. Rajeev
M.Tech
WHAT IS A TRANSDUCER
?
◻ A transducer is a device which transforms a non-
electrical physical quantity (i.e. temperature,
sound or light) into an electrical signal (i.e.
voltage, current,
capacity…)
◻ In other word it is a device that is capable of
converting the physical quantity into a
proportional electrical quantity such as voltage
or current.
Pressure Voltage
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
TRANSDUCERS
• Transducer contains two parts that are closely
related to each other i.e. the sensing element
and transduction element.
• The sensing element is called as the sensor. It is
device producing measurable response to
change in physical conditions.
• The transduction element convert the sensor
output to suitable electrical form.
TRANSDUCERS SELECTION
FACTORS
1. Sensitivity: transducer must be sensitive

The enough to produce
detectable
2. Operating
output. Range: The transducer should maintain the range
requirement and have a good resolution over the entire range.
Accuracy: High accuracy is assured.
4.
5. Cross sensitivity: It has to be taken into account when

measuring mechanical quantities. There are situation where the
actual quantity is being measured is in one plane and the
transducer is subjected to variation in another plan.
6. Errors: The transducer should maintain the
expected input-output relationship as described by
the transfer function so as to avoid errors.
1. Operating Principle: The transducer are many times selected on
the basis of operating principle used by them. The operating
principle used may be resistive, inductive, capacitive ,
optoelectronic, piezo electric etc.
7. Transient and frequency response : The transducer
should meet the desired time domain specification like peak
overshoot, rise time, setting time and small dynamic error.
8. Loading Effects: The transducer should
impedancehaveandalow output
high impedance
input to avoid loading
9. effects.
Environmental Compatibility: It should
transducer
be selected to work that
assured under specified
the environmental
conditions maintains its input- output relationship and does
not break down.
10. Insensitivity to unwanted signals: The transducer should be
minimally sensitive to unwanted signals and highly sensitive
to desired signals.
CLASSIFICATION
OF TRANSDUCERS
• Analog and digital transducers.

• Primary and secondary
transducer.
• Transducers and inverse
transducers.
• On the basis of transduction
principle used.
• Active and Passive Transducers
ANALOG AND DIGITAL
TRANSDUCERS
Transducers ,on the basis of nature of output signal, may be
classified into analog and digital transducers.
◻ Analog transducers converts input signal into output signal,

which is a continuous function of time such as THERMISTOR
,strain gauge, LVDT , thermocouple etc.
◻ Digital transducers converts input signal into the output signal
in the form of pulses e.g. it gives discrete output. These
transducers are becoming more popular nowadays because of
advantages associated with digital measuring instruments and
also due to the fact that digital signals can be transmitted over
a long distance without causing much distortion due to
amplitude variation and phase shift.
PRIMARY TRANSDUCERS
transducers on the basis of methods of applications, may be
classified into primary and secondary transducers.
◻ When the input signal is directly sensed by the

transducers and physical phenomenon is
converted into the electrical form directly then
such a transducer is called the primary
transducer.
◻ For example: A THERMISTOR used for the
measurement of temperature fall I this
category. The THERMISTOR senses the
temperature directly and causes the change
in resistor with the change in temperature.
SECONDARY
TRANDUCERS
◻ When the input signal is sensed first by some
detector or sensor and then its output being of
some form other than input signal is given as
input to a transducer for conversion into electrical
from, them such a transducer falls in the
category of secondary transducers.
◻ For example , in case of pressure measurement ,
bourdon tube is a primary sensor which converts
pressure first into displacement, then the
displacement is converted into an output voltage
by an LVDT. In this case LVDT is a secondary
transducer.
TRANSDUCERS
◻ Transducers as already defined , is a device

that converts a non electrical quantity into an
electrical quantity. Normally a transducer and
associated circuit has a non electrical input
and an electrical output.
◻ For example : a thermocouple , photo
conductive cell pressure gauge , strain
gauge.
INVERSE TRANSDUCERS
◻ It is a device that converts an elkectrical

quantity into a non electrical quantity .it is a
precision actuator having an electrical input
and a low power non electrical output.
◻ For example a piezoelectric crystal and
translational and angular moving coil elements
can be employed as inverse transducers. A
most useful application of inverse transducers
is in feed back measuring systems.
ON THE BASIS OF TRANSDUCTION
PRICIPLE USED
◻ Resistive Transducers.
◻ Capacitive Transducers.
◻ Inductive Transducers.
◻ Voltage and current Generating
Transducers.
ACTIVE
beTRANSDUCERS
Transducers on the basis of methods of energy conversion used, may
classified into active and passive transducers.
◻ Self generating type transducers i.e the transducers

which develop their output in the form of electrical
voltage or current without any auxiliary source.
◻ Normally such transducers give very small output,
therefore, use of amplifier becomes essential.
◻ For example TACHO generators used for
measurements of angular velocity, thermocouples
used for measurement of temperature,
piezoelectric crystal used for measurement of
force.
CLASSIFICATION OF
ACTIVE
TRANSDUCERS
PASSIVE
TRANSDUCERS
◻ Transducers in which electrical parameters i.e
resistance, inductance or capacitance changes
with the change in input signal, are called the
passive transducers. These transducers require
external power source for energy conversion. In
such transducers electrical parameters i.e
resistance inductance or capacitance causes a
change in voltage ,current or frequency of the
external power source.
◻ For example resistive capacitive inductive
transducers.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PASSIVE
TRANSDUCERS
THERMISTO
R
Resistance
Temperature
A THERMISTOR is a type of resistor whose resistance varies
significantly
with temperature. Semi-conductor thermistors have a Negative Temperature
Coefficient
(NTC). i.e. as temperature increases, the resistance decreases.
The word is a contraction of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely
used
STRAIN
GUAGE
◻ The Strain Gauge is an
example of a passive
transducer that uses electrical
resistance variation in wires to
sense the strain produced by
a force on the wire. It is a very
versatile detector and
transducer for measuring
weight, pressure, mechanical
force or displacement.
Strain gauge: how they look like

The construction of a bonded strain gauge
shows a fine wire looped back and forth on a
mounting plate, which is usually cemented to
the element that undergoing stress.
FROM THE EQUATION OF
RESISTANCE,
◻ R = resistance ◻ A = the area of the

◻ ρ = specific resistance of conductor in square
the conductor material meters
◻ L = the length of ◻ When a strain produced
the conductor in by a force is applied on
meters the wires, L increase
and A decrease.
THERMOCOUPLE
As the junction temperature increases a small voltage is created in the loop. The
voltage produced at the junction of the dissimilar metals is due to a
phenomenon called the
“Seebeck Effect”.
•The higher the temperature at the junction, the greater the voltage produced
by that junction.
•The relationship between voltage and temperature is constant and therefore will
PROS AND CONS
Pros
◻ ▫ They are inexpensive.
◻ ▫ They are rugged and reliable.
◻ ▫ They can be used over a wide temperature

range.
Cons
◻ ▫ low output voltage
◻ ▫ low sensitivity
◻ ▫ non-linearity
◻ ▫ electrical connections
Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (lVDT)
• Passive inductive transducers require an external
source of power.
•The Differential transformer is a passive inductive
transformer, well known as Linear Variable
Differential Transformer (LVDT).
It consists basically of a primary winding and two
secondary windings, wound over a hollow tube and
positioned so that the primary is between two of its
secondaries.
•An iron core slides within the tube and therefore

affects the magnetic coupling between the primary
and two secondaries.
• When the core is in the centre , the voltage
induced in the two secondaries is equal.
•When the core is moved in one direction of centre,
the voltage induced in one winding is increased and
that in the other is decreased. Movement in the
opposite direction reverses this effects.s
ADVANTAGE
S
◻ It has high accuracy and good stability.
◻ Easy to fabricate and install.
◻ The transfer characteristics is linear.
◻ Input is directly proportional to output.
◻ They can withstand high temperature.
◻ It consume very less power.
◻ It has low hysteresis loss and good
repeatability.
◻ Rugged construction.
◻ Its output is very high.
DISADVANTAGE
S
◻ LVDT is proof to errors due to temperature.
◻ For getting the appreciable differential
output relatively large displacement is
required .
◻ LVDT is sensitive to straight magnetic fields.
◻ The dynamic response is limited for LVDT
due to mass of core.
THANK YOU
Querie
s

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TRANSDUCERS

1. Sensitivity: transducer must be sensitive

5. Cross sensitivity: It has to be taken into account when

• Analog and digital transducers.

◻ Analog transducers converts input signal into output signal,

◻ When the input signal is directly sensed by the

◻ Transducers as already defined , is a device

◻ It is a device that converts an elkectrical

◻ Self generating type transducers i.e the transducers

Strain gauge: how they look like

◻ R = resistance ◻ A = the area of the

◻ ▫ They are rugged and reliable.

◻ ▫ They can be used over a wide temperature

•An iron core slides within the tube and therefore

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