“I am engineer so ,I will make you

engineer’’.
Electrical & Electronics Measurement (313334)
Class:- EE-3k
Presented by :- G.P.WANKHADE
Chapter No: 04
Ch no: 4 Transducer and pressure
Measurement
Syllabus
4.1 Instrumentation System - Block diagram, function of each block.
4.2Difference between sensors and transducer with examples.
4.3 Classification of transducer.
4.4 Electrical Transducers: a) Resistive transducers - Linear and Angular
potentiometers, strain gauge, load cell b) Capacitive transducer. c) Inductive
transducer - LVDT, RVDT.
4.5 Working of piezoelectric transducer, classification, examples.
4.6 Pressure measurement: Pressure and its units, types - Absolute, Gauge,
Atmospheric, Vacuum. .
4.7Classification of Pressure measuring devices
4.8 Method of pressure measurement - Bourdon tube with LVDT as
secondary transducer .
 Basic concept :
• A system can be defined as an arrangement of elements or
a group of elements which works together to provide some
form of output or final output/ product by processing the
given inputs or raw materials.
• i.e. vbkcoe system(students,staff,canteen,account section)
 Instrumentation system block
diagram
1. Primary sensing element :
Primary sensing element is also known as sensor.
Basically transducers are used as a primary stage element.
Here, the physical quantity (such as temperature, pressure etc.) are sensed and then converted into
suitable form of electrical signal
2. Variable conversion element :
The output of the primary sensing element may be in any form of electrical signal viz. voltage,
frequency.
The signal may not be in a suitable form for the next stage of the system. eg the signal is in analog
form and next stage of system requires digital signal. So a converter (Analog to Digital converter) is
needed
3.Variable manipulation element:
This is for changing the numerical value of the signal.
e.g. an electronic amplifier takes small voltage signal at input side and converts it to
large voltage signal at output side.
This stage also includes signal conditioning i.e. distortion due to noise is removed.
It also involves amplification, attenuation etc.
4.Data transmission element :
When elements of an instrument are physically separated, it becomes necessary to
transmit data.
So data transmission element is used.
e.g. remote control of T.V. The control signal is sent from remote handset through
infrared waves to the receiver attached to T.V. set and thus control is possible.
5.Data presentation element :
The information about the quantity under measurement has to be
displayed in a proper form.
The information provide must be in a proper form to the personnel or
intelligent instrumentation system.
This function is done by data presentation system.
 What is a transducer?
 A transducer:
IT is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another.
Common examples include loudspeakers, thermometers
 Measurand : Quantity under measurmant.
 Most of the quantity are non electrical so it measuremt by convert into
electrical signal
 The process of converting energy from one form to
another is known as transduction.
 active transducer.
• The type of transducer which does not require external power supply to produce
the output signal is known as an active transducer.
• Active transducer is also known as self-generating transducer.
• This transducer draws the energy required to work directly from the physical
quantity which is to be measured.
• Active transducer produces an output signal of very low amplitude. Therefore, it
requires amplification.
• The common examples of active transducers include piezo-electric crystals,
thermocouple, tachogenerator, photovoltaic cell, etc.
• Examples of passive transducers are potentiometer, thermistor, differential
transformer, photomultiplier tube, etc.
Example: The Piezo electrical crystal is the example of the natural active transducer.
The crystal has the property of producing the output voltage when the external
force applied to them.
The piezoelectric crystal is placed between the two metallic electrodes.
When the force applied to the crystal, the voltage induces across it.
When some pressure or stress is applied to the surface of the piezo-electric crystal,
the dimensions of the crystal change and an electric charge voltage will be
developed across certain surfaces of the piezo-electric crystal.
 Passive transducer
 The type of transducer that requires an addition source of power to
work is known as a passive transducer.
 Passive transducer is also known as externally powered transducer.
 Passive transducer draws energy to work from an external source of
power.
 Passive transducer naturally produces an output signal of high
amplitude, hence it does not require amplification of output signal.
 Examples of passive transducers are potentiometer, thermistor,
differential transformer, photomultiplier tube, etc.
 primary transducer
• primary transducer:
Input signal is directly sensed by the transducer and converted
into another signal directly, then such a transducer is called a
primary transducer.
For example, thermistor used for temperature measurement.
When temperature variation occurs, the resistance of
thermistor also varies. Thus, temperature can be measured in
terms of resistance.
The primary transducers are the mechanical
devices that make up this system. Example-The
Bourdon's Tube.
 secondary transducer
• secondary transducer :
Those transducer which converts the output of primary
transducer into an required (electrical ) output such
transducer called secondary transducer.
The mechanical signal is converted to an electrical signal
by the secondary transducer.
The output signal's magnitude is determined by the
mechanical signal input.
In following diagram shown secondary transducer LVDT
 Analog and Digital Transducers

• Transducers, on the basis of nature of output signal, may be classified

into analog and digital transducers.
• Analog transducer :converts input signal into Analouge output’ signal
which is a continuous function of time.
such as thermistor, strain gauge, LVDT, thermo-couple etc.
• Digital transducer converts input signal into the digital output signal
of the form of pulse .
e.g. it gives discrete output.
 Transducers and Inverse Transducers.
• Transducer: is a device that converts a non-electrical quantity into an
electrical quantity.
• Normally a transducer if a non-electrical input and an electrical
output, for example a thermo-couple, photoconductive cell, pressure
gauge, strain gauge etc.
• An inverse transducer: is a device that converts an electrical quantity
into a non-electrical quantity.
 Electrical Transducer?

• An electrical transducer is a device that converts a form of energy into an

electrical signal.
• these transducers are classified into resistive, capacitive and inductive.
• The resistive type mainly includes a thermistor, resistance strain gauge, and
photoconductive cell. The inductive type includes LVDT and capacitance
includes photoemissive.

Advantages of electrical transducer

1. These devices are designed to provide accurate and consistent readings under a wide
range of environmental conditions
2. They are also extremely durable and can withstand harsh conditions without
damage.
3. high accuracy and reliability.
4. Effect of friction is minimum.
5. Small power is needed for operation.
 What is Resistive Transducer?

• The resistive transducer can be defined as; the resistance of a

transducer can be changed due to the effects of the environment.
• that converts a physical quantity, such as pressure, temperature, or
displacement, into an electrical signal by changing the resistance of a
circuit.
• Here, the resistance change can be calculated with the help of
measuring devices.
• The main purpose of this transducer is to measure physical quantities
such as vibration, displacement, temperature, etc.

• R = ρL/A
• In resistive transducers, any one of the above parameters on RHS gets varied
due to applied input signal and hence resistance (R) change.

There are number of ways in which resistance can be changed by a physical

phenomenon.

In linear and rotational Potentiometer (POT), change in length causes change

in resistance. This property can be used for measuring displacement and
rotation.

In strain gauges, change in strain on conductor causes change in resistance.

This property can be used for measurement of force, pressure, displacement.
 Resistive position transducer
• These transducers work on the principle of the length of a conductor
which is directly proportional to the conductor’s resistance & it is
inversely proportional to the conductor’s area.
• Resistive Transducer Circuit
• The best example of this circuit is the sliding contact device. The circuit
diagram of this is shown below.
• The sliding contact of this transducer mainly includes a long conductor
whose length can be changed.
• One side of the conductor is connected whereas another side of
the conductor can be connected to a slider which moves through the
conductor’s full-length.
• The displacement of the object can be calculated by connecting it to the
slider.
V0\vt=R2\R1+R2
Types of inductive transducers, which are used to
measure displacement, position, or motion.
• A transducer that works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction or transduction mechanism is called an inductive
transducer.
• A self-inductance or mutual inductance is varied to measure
required physical quantities
• L = μN2A/l
• μN2A/l is change due to due to applied voltage,hence
inductance change.
(a) Variable Inductance Type:-
Input signal (displacement) causes the wiper to slide on the coil turns, varying
the number of turns and hence increase the inductance.
- The coil can be air-cored or iron-cored.
.
(b) Variable Permeability Type:-
The coil is wound on a hollow former with a sliding iron core.-
Movement of the iron core changes the permeability (μ) and
hence change occur inductance
(c) Variable Reluctance Type:-
The coil is wound on a 'C'-shaped iron core.
Input signal (displacement) causes movement of the iron piece,
changing the reluctance (S) of the magnetic circuit.
We know that ,With increased air gap, the increased reluctance of
magnetic circuit,
The reluctance is inversely proportional to the inductance (L = N²/S).
These types of inductive transducers are commonly used in
measurement systems to detect changes in displacement, position, or
motion..
 Capacitive Transducer
• Working Principle of Capacitive Transducer:
o The working principle revolves around the basic formula for
capacitance C=εA/d,
1. where ε is the permittivity,
2. A is the overlapping plate area
3. d is the distance between plates.
o Any factor affecting these parameters causes the capacitance to
change.
o .The equations below express the capacitance between the plates of a
capacitor
Linear Variable Differential
Transformer
• LVDT stands for Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It is a type of
transducer that converts mechanical displacement into an electrical
signal.
• It’s a passive inductive transducer.
• There is 1 primary wdg ,2 sec wdg are arrange on
• The primary coil is excited by an AC signal, causing a magnetic field to
induce voltages in the secondary coils.
• The voltage output is proportional to the displacement of the core.
• If core at exact center position then flux link with both sec wdg is same.
• Then e1=e2
• Displacement of the core towards one secondary causes an increase in
the amplitude of voltage in that winding and a corresponding decrease
in amplitude of voltage in other winding
• When core is moved towards left from central/null position, the
portion of the core in the vicinity of S₁ increases, therefore, flux
linkage with secondary winding S_{1}*in increases and induced e,
increases.
• When core is moved towards left from central/null position,
therefore, flux linkage with secondary winding S{1}*in increases and
induced e, increases.
LVDTs several advantages
• 1. High accuracy and precision.
• 2. Low noise and high signal-to-noise ratio.
• 3. less friction.
• 4. Robust and durable construction.
• 5. Low power consumption.
 applications
1.Position sensing
2. Displacement measurement
3. Vibration monitoring
4. Acceleration measurement
5. Pressure measurement
 Rotary Variable Differential
Transformer.
• RVDTs consist of a primary coil and two secondary coils, wrapped
around a magnetic core.
• The primary coil is excited by an AC signal, causing a magnetic field to
induce voltages in the secondary coils.
• The voltage output is proportional to the rotation of the core.
• Variation in vtg as lvdt.
• The force applied is perpendicular to the surface of objects
per unit area.
• The basic formula for pressure is F/A (Force per unit area).
• Unit of pressure is Pascals (Pa).
• P is the pressure, measured in units like pascals (Pa),
pounds per square inch (psi), or atmospheres (atm)
• Types of Pressures are:
1 Absolute
2 Atmospheric
3 Differential
4 Gauge Pressure
• There are four different kinds of pressure, such as:
1.Absolute pressure: The pressure of having no matter or a
complete vacuum inside a place is called absolute
pressure.
2.Differential pressure: A measurement of the elevation of
a fluid in a device is called differential pressure.
3. 3.Atmospheric pressure: The weight of the air above a
surface exerts a force per unit area against a surface is
called atmospheric pressure.
• It increases with altitude, meaning that the pressure is
higher at sea level than at higher elevations
4.Gauge pressure: The pressure as calculated in relation to
the atmospheric pressure is called gauge pressure.
 Pressure classification
1. Vacuum pressure:Those pressure it has range beetween 0 to 1
ATM that pressure is called as vaccum pressure.
2. Low Pressure: Those pressure it has range beetween 1 atm - 10
bar that pressure is called as vaccum pressure.
3. Medium Pressure: Those pressure it has range beetween 10 bar -
50 bar that pressure is called as Medium Pressure
4. High Pressure: Those pressure it has range beetween 50 bar - 100
bar that pressure is called as High Pressure
5. Very High Pressure: Those pressure it has range beetween 100 bar -
250 bar bar that pressure is called as Very High Pressure
6. Ultra High Pressure: Those pressure it has range above 250 bar bar
that pressure is called as Ultra High Pressure
 Types of Bourdon Tube

1. C-Type Bourdon Tube :

used to indicate gauge pressure throughout
the oil gas industry.
2. Spiral Bourdon Tube
It is mainly used in low- pressure application
3. Helical Bourdon Tube:
used to move the slider of a potentiometer and
so give an electrical output related to the
pressure
 Types of Bourdon Tube
1.C type bourdon tube 2.Spiral Bourdon Tube 3.Helical
Bourdon Tube
C type bourdon tube with LVDT