1.

volcanoes erupt
How volcanoes erupt
Volcanic eruptions occur as a result of heat moving under Earth’s surface. They often begin
with an accumulation of gas-rich magma (molten underground rock) in reservoirs near Earth’s surface,
though they may be preceded by emissions of steam and gas from small vents in the ground.
Small earthquakes, which may be caused by a rising plug of dense, viscous magma oscillating against a
sheath of more permeable magma, may also signal volcanic eruptions, especially explosive ones.
In some cases, magma rises in conduits to the surface as a thin and fluid lava, either flowing out
continuously or shooting straight up in glowing fountains or curtains. The eruptions
of Hawaii’s volcanoes fall into this category. In other cases, entrapped gases tear the magma into
shreds and hurl viscous clots of lava into the air. In more violent eruptions, the magma conduit is
hollowed out by an explosive blast, and solid fragments are ejected in a great cloud of ash-laden gas
that rises tens of thousands of metres into the air. An example of this phenomenon is the 1980 eruption
of Mount Saint Helens. Many explosive eruptions are accompanied by a pyroclastic flow, a fluidized
mixture of hot gas and incandescent particles that sweeps down a volcano’s flanks, incinerating
everything in its path. If the expelled ash or gases collect on a high snowfield or glacier, they may melt
large quantities of ice, and the result can be a disastrous flood or landslide that rushes down a volcano’s
slopes.
Volcanic eruptions can also result in secondary damage, beyond the direct loss to life and
property from the eruption itself. Volcanic ash can cause respiratory illnesses such as silicosis and can
be particularly harmful to infants and people with chronic lung diseases. Gases such as hydrogen
chloride, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen fluoride can cause both short- and long-term problems.
Eruptions can cause economic harm that affects workers’ livelihoods and can force mass migrations of
people in affected regions. The 2010 eruption of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull also demonstrated the threat
posed to jet aircraft by high clouds of volcanic ash; this eruption led aviation authorities to ground
flights across northern and central Europe for several days.
1. The passage mainly idea? How volcanoes erupt
2. Conduits closest meaning to? Channels/tunnels/duct/pipeline(saluran)
3. Incandescent closest meaning to? Glowing
4. Incinerating closest meaning to? Destroy
5. Dense closest meaning to? Thick
6. What the meaning “Pyroclastic flow”? a fluidized mixture of hot gas and incandescent
particles that sweeps down a volcano’s flanks, incinerating everything in its path.
7. Permeable closest meaning to? Pervious
2. the volcanos krakatao (yang intan masuk)
Krakatoa, Indonesian Krakatau, volcano on Rakata Island in the Sunda Strait between Java
and Sumatra, Indonesia. Its explosive eruption in 1883 was one of the most catastrophic in history.
Krakatoa lies along the convergence of the Indian-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates, a
zone of high volcanic and seismic activity. Sometime within the past million years, the volcano built a
cone-shaped mountain composed of flows of volcanic rock alternating with layers of cinder and ash.
From its base, 1,000 feet (300 metres) below sea level, the cone projected about 6,000 feet (1,800
metres) above the sea. Later (possibly in 416 CE), the mountain’s top was destroyed, forming a caldera,
or bowl-shaped depression, 4 miles (6 km) across. Portions of the caldera projected above the water as
four small islands: Sertung (Verlaten) on the northwest, Lang and Polish Hat on the northeast, and
Rakata on the south. Over the years, three new cones were formed, merging into a single island. The
highest of the three cones rose to 2,667 feet (813 metres) above sea level.
The only confirmed eruption prior to 1883 was a moderate one in 1680. On May 20, 1883, one
of the cones again became active; ash-laden clouds reached a height of 6 miles (10 km), and explosions
were heard in Batavia (Jakarta), 100 miles (160 km) away, but by the end of May the activity had died
down. It resumed on June 19 and became paroxysmal by August 26. At 1:00 PM of that day the first of
a series of increasingly violent explosions occurred, and at 2:00 PM a black cloud of ash rose 17 miles
(27 km) above Krakatoa. The climax was reached at 10:00 AM on August 27,
with tremendous explosions that were heard 2,200 miles (3,500 km) away in Australia and propelled
ash to a height of 50 miles (80 km). Pressure waves in the atmosphere were recorded around the Earth.
Explosions diminished throughout the day, and by the morning of August 28, the volcano was quiet.
Small eruptions continued in the following months and in February 1884.
The discharge of Krakatoa threw into the air nearly 5 cubic miles (21 cubic km) of rock
fragments, and large quantities of ash fell over an area of some 300,000 square miles (800,000 square
km). Near the volcano, masses of floating pumice were so thick as to halt ships. The surrounding
region was plunged into darkness for two and a half days because of ash in the air. The fine dust drifted
several times around the Earth, causing spectacular red and orange sunsets throughout the following
year.
After the explosion, only a small islet remained in a basin covered by 900 feet (250 metres) of
ocean water; its highest point reached about 2,560 feet (780 metres) above the surface. As much as 200
feet (60 metres) of ash and pumice fragments had accumulated on Verlaten and Lang islands and on the
remaining southern part of Rakata. Analysis of this material revealed that little of it consisted of debris
from the former central cones: the fragments of old rock in it represented less than 10 percent of the
volume of the missing part of the island. Most of the material was new magma brought up from the
depths of the Earth, most of it distended into pumice or completely blown apart to form ash as the gas it
contained expanded. Thus, the former volcanic cones were not blown into the air, as was first believed,
but sank out of sight, the top of the volcano collapsing as a large volume of magma was removed from
the underlying reservoir.
Krakatoa was apparently uninhabited, and few people died outright from the eruptions.
However, the volcano’s collapse triggered a series of tsunamis, or seismic sea waves, recorded as far
away as South America and Hawaii. The greatest wave, which reached a height of 120 feet (37 metres)
and took some 36,000 lives in nearby coastal towns of Java and Sumatra, occurred just after the
climactic explosion. All life on the Krakatoa island group was buried under a thick layer of sterile ash,
and plant and animal life did not begin to reestablish itself for five years.
Krakatoa was quiet until December 1927, when a new eruption began on the seafloor along the
same line as the previous cones. In early 1928 a rising cone reached sea level, and by 1930 it had
become a small island called Anak Krakatau (“Child of Krakatoa”). The volcano has been active
sporadically since that time, and the cone has continued to grow to an elevation of about 1,000 feet
(300 metres) above the sea.
1. Basin closest meaning to? Cavity
2. Di bagian mana? as four small islands: Sertung (Verlaten) on the northwest, Lang
and Polish Hat on the northeast, and Rakata on the south. Lupa…
3. Krakatau menyebabkan bencana lain, apa itu? Seismic sea waves jawabannya
4. Plant and animal life did not begin to reestablish itself? Five years
5. Tentang apa artikel ini? The volcanoes
6. Dibagian mana gunung yang northwest? Verlaten
3. morning routine
How to find a morning routine that works for you
Here are three problems with mimicking other people’s morning routines: First, copying
what works for them doesn’t give you the flexibility to figure out what works best for you, the
life you have now, and the life you want to live. Second, some of their activities may be
insignificant and fail to have an impact on the rest of your day. And finally, you may feel
stressed out because you haven’t figured out what’s right for you, and so you may be left with an
unsettling feeling that you carry with you through the rest of the day.
Many humans have similar goals and aspirations, but not similar days and responsibilities.
I am realizing this more than ever now as my days and responsibilities are about to undergo a
massive shift.
After I give birth, I know it will be harder. And while I plan to go through that exercise
again, I thought I’d ask for expert advice. I reached out to behavioral scientist Katy
Milkman, author of “How to Change: The Science of Getting from Where You Are to Where You
Want to Be” and the James G. Dinan professor at the Wharton School of the University of
Pennsylvania.
“We know that if you want to build a new routine, you’ll need to plan it out in det ail,”
Milkman told me. “But research shows that when we make multiple detailed plans to achieve
multiple goals, instead of helping us, it hurts us.”
She advises we focus on prioritizing one new goal at a time and building out a plan for
achieving that goal when it comes to routines. “Say you want to meditate and exercise in the
morning and don’t do either now,” Milkman said. “It might be better to pick one to prioriti ze as
your new goal to add to your morning and make a detailed plan for when you’ll do it and where
you’ll do it.”
1. What is the passage discuss? How to find a morningroutine that works for you
2. Undergo closest meaning to? Experienced
3. Mimicking closest meaning to? Imitate
4. Figured out closest meaning to? Understand
5. Apa yang membuat unsettling feeling that you carry with you through the rest of
the day? May feel stressed out because you haven’t figured out what’s right for you
4. RMS Titanic (yang intan masuk)
RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner, operated by the White Star Line, that sank in the
North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage
from Southampton, England, to New York City, United States. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and
crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it the deadliest sinking of a single ship up to that time. It
remains the deadliest peacetime sinking of an ocean liner or cruise ship. The disaster drew public
attention, spurred major changes in maritime safety regulations, and inspired many artistic works.
RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and the second of
three Olympic-class ocean liners built for the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and
Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, the chief naval architect of the shipyard, died in the
disaster. Titanic was under the command of Captain Edward Smith, who went down with the ship. The
ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as hundreds of emigrants from
the British Isles, Scandinavia, and elsewhere throughout Europe, who were seeking a new life in the
United States and Canada.
The first-class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with a
gymnasium, swimming pool, smoking rooms, high-class restaurants and cafes, a Turkish bath, and
hundreds of opulent cabins. A high-powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending
passenger "marconigrams" and for the ship's operational use. Titanic had advanced safety features, such
as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, contributing to its reputation as
"unsinkable".
Titanic was equipped with 16 lifeboat davits, each capable of lowering three lifeboats, for a
total of 48 boats. However, she actually carried only 20 lifeboats, four of which were collapsible and
proved hard to launch while she was sinking (Collapsible A nearly swamped and was filled with a foot
of water until rescue; Collapsible B completely overturned while launching). Together, the 20 lifeboats
could hold 1,178 people—about half the number of passengers on board, and one-third of the number
of passengers the ship could have carried at full capacity (a number consistent with the maritime
safety regulations of the era). When the ship sank, the lifeboats that had been lowered were only filled
up to an average of 60%.
1. Liner closest meaning? Ship
2. Penumpang di titanic mau ngapain? Seeking a new life
3. Ada berapa kapal yang dioperasikan white star line? 3
4. Overturned closest meaning to? Reverse
5. Pineacle closest meaning? Top
5. borneo (yang intan masuk)
An overview on Borneo
Borneo, the third largest island in the world, was once covered with dense rainforests. With
swampy coastal areas fringed with mangrove forests and a mountainous interior, much of the terrain
was virtually impassable and unexplored. Headhunters ruled the remote parts of the island until a
century ago.
In the 1980s and 1990s Borneo underwent a remarkable transition. Its forests were leveled at a
rate unparalleled in human history. Borneo's rainforests went to industrialized countries like Japan and
the United States in the form of garden furniture, paper pulp and chopsticks. Initially most of the timber
was taken from the Malaysian part of the island in the northern states of Sabah and Sarawak. Later
forests in the southern part of Borneo, an area belonging to Indonesia and known as Kalimantan,
became the primary source for tropical timber. Today the forests of Borneo are but a shadow of those
of legend and those that remain are rapidly being converted to industrial oil palm and timber
plantations.
Oil palm is the most productive oil seed in the world. A single hectare of oil palm may yield
5,000 kilograms of crude oil, or nearly 6,000 liters of crude, making the crop remarkably profitable
when grown in large plantations. As such, vast swathes of land are being converted for oil palm
plantations. Oil palm cultivation has expanded in Indonesia from 600,000 hectares in 1985 to more than
8.6 million hectares by 2015, according to U.N. FAOSTAT.
Borneo, especially Kalimantan, has also been heavily affect by peat fires set for land-clearing
purposes. Millions of hectares of peat, scrub, degraded forest, and rainforest have gone up in flames
over the past 30 years.
Borneo's Geography
Borneo is the third largest island in the world, covering an area of 743,330 square kilometers
(287,000 square miles), or a little more than the twice the size of Germany. Politically, the island is
divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Indonesian Borneo is known as Kalimantan, while
Malaysian Borneo is known as East Malaysia. The name Borneo itself is a Western reference first used
by the Dutch during their colonial rule of the island.
Geographically the island is divided by central highlands that run diagonally from Sabah state
(Malaysia) in northeastern Borneo to southwestern Borneo, roughly forming the border between West
and Central Kalimantan (Indonesia). The range is not volcanic — the whole of Borneo has only a
single extinct volcano — but does feature the highest mountain in Southeast Asia: Mount Kinabalu in
Sabah, which reaches 4,095 meters (13,435 feet).
Borneo's forests are some of the most biodiverse on the planet, home to more than 230 species
of mammals (44 of which are endemic), 420 resident birds (37 endemic), 100 amphibians, 394 fish (19
endemic), and 15,000 plants (6,000 endemic). Surveys have found more than 700 species of trees in a
10 hectare plot — a number equal to the total number of trees in Canada and the United States
combined.
Several distinct ecosystems are found across Borneo. These are reviewed in WWF's "Borneo:
Treasure Island at Risk" report (2005).
1. Apa yang menyebabkan kebakaran? Land clearing
2. Siapa yang kasih nama borneo? The Dutch
3. Which part the most pf the timber was taken from? Malaysian part
4. Dense? Thick
5. Vast? Wide
6. bengkulu
Bengkulu, propinsi (or provinsi; province), southwestern Sumatra, Indonesia. It is bounded by
the Indian Ocean to the west and by the provinces of West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) to the
north, Jambi and South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) to the east, and Lampung to the southeast. The
province also includes the islands of Mega and Enggano in the Indian Ocean. The capital
is Bengkulu city.
The region formed part of the Buddhist Srivijaya empire in the 8th century. It became part of
the Hindu Majapahit empire of eastern Java in the 16th century. The first European visitors to the area
were the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch in 1596. The region gradually came under Dutch
possession, except for British occupation briefly in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Bengkulu city
and the surrounding area remained British until 1824, when the Dutch acquired it by treaty.
In 1946 the province was included by the Dutch in South Sumatra state, which became a
province of the Republic of Indonesia in 1950. In 1964 the province of Lampung was created from
roughly the southern third of South Sumatra, and in 1967 the province of Bengkulu was formed from
South Sumatra’s western coastal region.
The north–south-trending Bengkulu Mountains, which are surmounted by both active and
extinct volcanoes, run parallel to the coast and traverse the length of the province. Mount Seblat rises to
an elevation of 7,818 feet (2,383 metres), and Mount Kaba reaches 6,358 feet (1,938 metres). The
mountains are flanked by a strip of fertile coastal plain that is enriched from time to time by fresh
deposits of ash and lava. Rivers and streams, including the Selagan and Seblat rivers, flow
southwestward into the Indian Ocean.
In the early 21st century the indigenous Rejang and Serawai peoples were among Bengkulu’s
largest ethnic groups, together accounting for about two-fifths of the population. Roughly another fifth
of the population was Javanese. Such a strong Javanese presence was in large measure the result of
government-sponsored transmigration schemes undertaken throughout the 20th century. Notable
smaller minorities included Malay, Minangkabau, and Sundanese peoples. Arabs and Chinese lived in
the coastal areas. Islam was by far the predominant religion.
The province’s agriculture is based on shifting cultivation; rice, tea, coffee, copra, palm oil,
ebony, ironwood, and rubber are the major products. Industries and crafts include food processing,
textiles, wood carving, metalwork, leather, paper plaiting, and the manufacture of transport equipment.
Roads run parallel to the coast and connect the settlements of Muaraaman, Curup, Bengkulu, Manna,
and Bintuhan. Area 7,691 square miles (19,919 square km). Pop. (2000) 1,455,500; (2010) 1,715,518.
1. Surmounted closest meaningto? Overcome
2. 20% penduduk Bengkulu berasal dari etnis? Javanese
3. Kapan Bengkulu jadi milik Belanda? 1824
4. Kapan Bengkulu jadi provinsi? 1967
5. Notable? Prominent
7. bill gates (yang intan masuk)
Can you imagine life without the personal computer? Well, without two of Bill Gates's high
school teachers, that could be our world today. Gates's maths teacher, Fred Wright, asked himto push
himself just a little bit harder. Maybe that's why the founder of Microsoft sometimes slept under his
desk in the office instead of going home to relax after work. And his drama teacher, Anne Stephens,
helped him discover a love of the spotlight when she made the sometimes withdrawn schoolboy the star
of the school play. Gates thanked his teachers, saying, 'There's no way there would be a Microsoft
without them doing what they did.' And he's not the only one. Oprah Winfrey, talk show host, actress
and TV producer, was inspired by her fourth grade (age 9–10) teacher, Mrs Duncan. Because of her,
Oprah says, 'I felt I could take on the world. You did exactly what teachers are supposed to do. They
create a spark for learning that lives with you from then on. It's why I have a talk show today.
For some children, teachers are the only positively influential people in their lives. Antwone
Fisher, a best-selling writer, grew up in foster homes, and didn't have many adults that he could trust.
But a primary school teacher, Mrs Profitt, was the first adult he ever trusted. 'She spoke to all of us the
same way – with respect. No one spoke to me that way before. I think that being with her for three
years made all the difference.
1. Tentang apa the passage? Worls teacher day
2. Karena siapa TV produser sukses? Mrs. Duncan
3. Apayang yang dilakukan Mrs. Profit? She spoke to all of us the same way – with respect
4. Apa yang dilakukan drama teacher ke Bill Gates? Helped him to be good at public
speaking
5. Paragraf 1 soal apa? Teacher behind famous people
8. World cup
Captain Olga Carmona scored the only goal in the first half as Spain, robbed of some of their
best talent by a mutiny against coach Jorge Vilda only a few months ago and thrashed 4-0 by Japan in
the group stage, outplayed England to deservedly claim their first major title in only their third World
Cup.
Aitana Bonmati and Teresa Abelleira ran the game from the Spanish midfield and the margin of
victory would have been greater had England goalkeeper Mary Earps not saved a second-half penalty
from Jennifer Hermoso.
“It’s the best feeling of my life,” a tearful Hermoso said.
“We played the football we wanted to but I still think we are not aware of what we have achieved.”
Vilda became only the second male coach to win a major women’s tournament – the World Cup, the
Olympics and the Euros – since 2000.
“What we did, it’s difficult to achieve,” he said. “Very proud of this team, we have shown we know
how to play, that we know how to suffer, we have believed and we are world champions.”
England’s second defeat in 39 matches since Dutchwoman Sarina Wiegman took over as coach denied
them the chance to add a maiden world title to the European Championship crown they won last year.
“It’s really hard to take,” captain Millie Bright said. “We gave everything, in the first half we weren’t at
our best but in the second half we were back.
“There was a lot of belief, we have been 1-0 down, we never give in. We are absolutely heartbroken
but unfortunately we weren’t there today. The girls are unbelievable.”
1. Outplayed closest meaning to? Defeated
2. Trashed? Defeated
3. Vilda became only the second male coach to win a major women’s tournament-The
World Cup, the Olympics and the Euros since? 2020
4. Ditangan pelatih siapa Inggris kalah? Sarina Wiegman
5. Mutiny? Rebellion
9. education (masuk intan)
- benefit of education for individual and society
- hard study dan effort
- manfaat pendidikan untuk negara
- trace : follow
10. Tourism (masuk intan)
World Tourism Day on 27 September is about deciding the tourism we want for the future. That
means thinking not just about the economy but also about the impact on people and the planet.
Every year on 27 September the United Nations World Tourism Day is celebrated. It began in
1980, and the event is hosted by a different country or group of countries every year. On World
Tourism Day, the United Nations calls for investments in people and the planet, not just economic
productivity.
It may seem curious that tourism has its own special day, but maybe it's not so surprising when
you think of the enormous number of people employed in this sector. Tourism and travel is one of the
world's biggest industries. According to 2019 research, over 333 million people – that's about one in ten
working people worldwide – were employed in tourism and travel. Now, this huge global industry is
growing again after the pandemic, creating serious issues for people and the planet.
With mass tourism, fascinating places are becoming overwhelmed by millions of tourists.
Enormous tour buses block roads and make getting to school or work difficult for residents.
International chains take over from local businesses, tourist apartments take over from ordinary
housing, and rising prices force local people out of their homes.
Barcelona in Spain and Venice in Italy are two examples of places where the local population
have demanded that tourism is controlled more tightly. In Barcelona, regulations related to short-term
rental accommodation were introduced to help local people have access to flats. In Venice, the number
of large cruise liners entering the port is now controlled to protect the historic city and its natural
environment from further damage. Locals also complained about the huge crowds of cruise passengers,
who were putting pressure on the city's resources but contributing little to the economy. Maybe tourism
in the 21st century will continue to be regulated to protect people and local environments.
Mass tourism is bad news for our planet too. The industry destroys natural habitats to build
tourist facilities and consumes large amounts of energy and natural resources, such as land, soil and
water. Pollution is also a negative consequence of travel and tourism, including solid waste and sewage
pollution, noise pollution and air pollution. Carbon emissions from tourism are more than five per cent
of global emissions, and this figure is going up. The tourism and travel industry continues to
contribuste to the climate crisis.
1. Mass tourism? The business of providing holidays for very large numbers of people
2. When UN World Tourism Day started? Over 40 years
3. Where the large cruise ships were causing problems for both people and the
environment? Venice
4. Paragraph 6 tentang apa? The impact of tourism on energy consumption and pollution
5. Kenapa orang lokal pindah? Karena biaya hdup mahal
Reading lama
Passage 1:
Keyword: Inuit Art, Canadian Arctic (masuk intan)
Inspiration for the themes in Inuit art is intimately tied to personal experience of the
Canadian Arctic land and its animals, camp and family life, hunting , spirituality, and mythology.
In telling the story of their people through this wide array subject, inuits artists have created an
almost encyclopedic visual catalog of traditional (and to a lesser extent transitional and modern)
Inuit culture.
Animals play a vital role in the everyday lives of Inuit, and only in the past few decades
has the people’s absolute dependence on them lessened. Not too long ago, procuring food and
other necessities depended solely on successful hunts, which in turn depended upon proper
preparation and luck, in addition to the strict observance of taboos and respect for the sosul of the
prey. As a consequence, animals constitute the prime inspiration for many Inuit artists,
particularly in sculpture.
Based on years of observing and tracking prey, Inuit wildlife art shows a keen awareness
of the physical characteristics, habits, and seasonal changes in animals. Some artists display a
high degree of naturalistic detail, but others prefer to exaggerate certain physical attributes for
effect. In general, while most inuit artists strive for a realistic presentation, they seem more
concerned with capturing the essence of an animal’s spirit.
Animals may be portrayed singly, in small groups, or in scenes that involve both hunter
and prey. Pictorial arts often show the chase, while sculptures focus more on the final
confrontation of hunter and prey, often with considerable drama. The hunter may be human or
one of the great Arctic predators such as the polar bear, owl, hawk, or wolt.
Scenes of everyday life, which include camp scenes, games entertainment, are common
to all forms of Inuit art, and activities sre far more prevalent than modern aspects of Inuit
community life. Camp-related themes mostly potray woman engaged in domestic
contestsinvolve both individuals and the community, and drum dancing is a form of
entertainment that also has conciderable spiritual significance.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

The subject of Inuit art
2. The word “intimately” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
Closely
3. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is a true description of Inuit art?
It presents a nearly complete picture of Inuit life

4. The word “absolute” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

Total

5. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is most likely to be the
subject of an Inuit sculpture?
Inuit life in the past few decades

6. The word “tracking” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

Following

7. The word “exaggerate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

Enlarge

8. Try to archive

9. According to the third paragraph which of the following is the primary concern of most
Inuit artists?
Exaggerating physical characteristics for dramatic effect

10. According to the fifth paragraph, which of the following types of activities would be
LEAST likely to be represented in Inuit art?
a. Modern activities

11. According to the point the third paragraph…..

Revealiang the essence of the their subject spirit.
Passage 2:
Keyword: Forests migrated northward across Eurasia and North America (masuk intan)
About 1800 years ago, the glaciers then convering large portions of Earth’s surface began
to retreat, justa as they had done eighteen or twenty times before during the preceeding two
million years forests migrated northward across Eurasia and North America, while grasslands
became less extensive and the large animals associated with hem dwindled in number. Probably
no more than 5 million human existed throughout the world. Some of them lived along the
seacoasts, where animals that could be used as sources of food were locally abundant, others,
however, began to cultivate plants, thus gaining a new, relatively secure source of food.
The first deliberate planting of seeds was probably the logical consequence of a simple
series of events. For example, the wild cereals are weed, ecologically speaking, that is, they grow
readily on open or disturbed areas , patches of bare land where there are few other plants to
complete with them. People who gathered these grains regularly might have spilled some of
them accidentally near their campsides or planted them, and thus created a more reliable way to
sustain theselves. When this sequence was initiated, cultivation began. In places where wild
grains and legumens were abundant and readily gathered. Human would have remained for long
periods of time, eventually learning how to increase their yields by saving and planting seeds and
by watering and fertilizing them.
Thorough humans’ gradual selection of particular genetic variants of these plants, the
characteristics of the domesticated crops would have changed gradually, with more seeds
selected from plants with specifics characteristics that made the plants easier to gather, store or
use. For example, the stalk (rachis) breaks readily in the wild wheat and their relatives scattering
ripe seeds. In the cultivated species of wheat, the rachis is tough and holds the seeds until they
are harvested. Seeds held in this way would not be dispersed well in nature, but they can be
gathered easily by humans for food and replanting. As this selection process is continued, a crop
plant steadily becomes more and more ddependent on the humans who cultivate it, just as the
humans become more and more
1. The major subject of the passage is
Genetics variants of cultivated crops

2. The word “them” in line 6 refers to

Grassland
3. The word “dwindled” in line 6 is closest in meaning to
Decreased

4. The word “secure” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

Dependable

5. The word “deliberate” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

Intention

6. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that by accidentally spilling grains near
their campsites, early humans most likely learned
That grains could be used as a food source

7. The word ‘’initiated” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

Begun

8. According to the third paragraph what advantage do cultivated wheat species have
over wild wheat species?
Cultivated wheat stalks hold seeds so they can be gathered and replanted

9. It can be inferred that the cultivated crop plant becomes ‘’more and more dependent
on the humans who cultivate it” (line 33-34)
Its stalk needs to be strengthened
Passage 4:
(Masuk intan)
Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times,
most management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to
the early 1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915)
Taylor was the first person to study work scientifically. He is most famous for introducing
(5)techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systematically
specializing the work of operating employees and managers. Along with other pioneers
such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and
methods “scientific management’. At that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with
productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the
(10)expense of management, was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of
worker exploitation.
The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
The Gilbreths had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking
chores, this pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers
(15)could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by two of his children in their 1949
book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”.
The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and
special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and
also involved identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) – basic motions
(20)used in production jobs. Many of these motions and accompanying times have been used
to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an
industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a
product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead
to useful results unless all five work dimensions are considered: physical, psychological,
social, cultural, and power.
1. What is the passage primarily about?
The beginnings of modern management theory

2. The word “ which” in line 9 refers to

Philosophy
3. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that
Talor’s philosophy is different from the industrial norms

4. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

Predominant

5. According to the passage, Frank Gilbreth discovered how workers could eliminate waste
motion by
watching his children do their chores

6. The basic motions used in production jobs were given which one of following names by
Frank Gilbreth?
Therbligs

7. According to the passage, the time it takes a skilled worker to perform the motion of a
given job can be measured by using:
special tools

8. The word “motions” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

habits

9. Where in the passage does the author comment that the principles of scientific
management were often misunderstood?
Lines 6-10

10. The word “dimensions” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

Aspects

11. All of the following are true except

the beginnings of modern management thought commenced in the 19th century.
Passage 6:

(Masuk intan)
There are two main hypotheses when it comes to explaining the emergence of modern humans.
The ‘Out of Africa’ theory holds that homo sapiens burst onto the scene as a new species around
150,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa and subsequently replaced archaic humans such as the
Neandertals. The other model, known as multi-regional evolution or regional continuity, posits
far more ancient and diverse roots for our kind. Proponents of this view believe that homo
sapiens arose in Africa some 2 million years ago and evolved as a single species spread across
the Old World, with populations in different regions linked through genetic and cultural
exchange.

Of these two models, Out of Africa, which was originally developed based on fossil evidence,
and supported by much genetic research, has been favored by the majority of evolution scholars.
The vast majority of these genetic studies have focused on DNA from living populations, and
although some small progress has been made in recovering DNA from Neandertal that appears to
support multi-regionalism, the chance of recovering nuclear DNA from early human fossils is
quite slim at present. Fossils thus remain very much a part of the human origins debate.

Another means of gathering theoretical evidence is through bones. Examinations of early modern
human skulls from Central Europe and Australia dated to between 20,000 and 30,000 years old
have suggested that both groups apparently exhibit traits seen in their Middle Eastern and
African predecessors. But the early modern specimens from Central Europe also display
Neandertal traits, and the early modern Australians showed affinities to archaic Homo from
Indonesia. Meanwhile, the debate among paleoanthropologists continues, as supporters of the
two hypotheses challenge the evidence and conclusions of each other.

1. The passage primarily discusses which of the following

Two hypotheses and some evidence on the human origins debate

2. That fossils remain very much a part of the human origins debateThe word “emergence” in
line 1 is closest in meaning to
appearance
3. The word “proponents” in line 6 is closet in meaning to
Advocates

4. All of the following are true except

DNA studies offer one of the best ways in future to provide clear evidence.

5. The word “slim” in line 14 is closest in meaning to

small

6. Which of the following is not true

early modern human skulls all support the same conclusions

7. In line 18, the word “their ” refers to which of the following

central Europeans and Australians

8. Which of the following is NOT true about the two hypotheses

Both hypotheses regard Neandertals to be the predecessors of modern humans

9. It can be inferred from the passage that

there is little likelihood that the debate will die down

10. According to the passage, the multi-regional evolution model posits far more diverse
roots for our kind because
Populations in different regions were linked through genetic and cultural
exchange
Wind Machine (masuk intan)

- Future energy needs

- The are strong enough
- Manufactur/power
- Common
- An airplane propeller
- Machines
- They are large structure
- A sharp rise fossil prices
- Selected
- subtitute
Passage 7:
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the American colonies was the
slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew
over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North
America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanisms in little
more than a century.

In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline,
mostly in what is now New America, United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in
Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest England and France, particularly
England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods
were imported merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port
cities from where goods could be readily distributed to interior settlement. Here, too, were the
favoured locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York,
Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in
importance.

This was less true in the colonial South, where life centred on large farms, known as plantations,
rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline.
The local isolation and the economic self – sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the
development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were
located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day.
In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have it
front on a water highway.

When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as
large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it
had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until 1823, after the mechanization of the
spinning had weaving industries that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such
migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861 – 1865).
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
The evolution of cities in North America
2. The word “they” in line 4 refers to:
Cities

3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of
the following?
The pace of their development

4. The word “accordingly” in line 11 is closest in meaning to:

For that reason

5. According to the passage, early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic
coastline of North America due to:
Proximity to parts of Europe

6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared
which of the following for shipment to Europe?
Raw materials

7. According to the passage, all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced
the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the:
Relationships between plantation residents and city residents

8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern
cities were:
Smaller

9. The word “recorded” in line 26 is closest in meaning to:

Documented

10. The word “drawing” in line 27 is closest in meaning to:

Attracting
11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 28 – 29) because it was a
time of:
Increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
Passage 8:

After 1785, the production of children's books in the United States increased but remained
largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the first publisher to
produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimately, however, it was not the
cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author Maria Edgeworth who had the
strongest influence on this period of American children's literature. The eighteenth century had
seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of earlier American religious writings for
children, toward a more generalized moralism. Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked
on children's books as vehicles for instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a
moderate amount of fictional entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the
children's book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of
fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally
instructive enough to allay adult distrust of fiction.
American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812 with the
British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything, and the self-conscious new nation found
foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for the children of a
democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers of children's books
began to encourage American writers to write for American children. When they responded, the
pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive to most of them for both its
rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's, stories of willful children learning to
obey, of careless children learning to take care, of selfish children learning to "tire for others,"
started to flow from American presses, successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely
her lively style. Imitative as they were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable
from their British counterparts.
Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means disappeared, there was
much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of birth and work. The characters of
children in this fiction were serious, conscientious, self -reflective, and independent-testimony to
the continuing influence of the earlier American moralistic tradition in children's books.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
The development of children's literature in the United States

2. The publisher John Newbery is principally known for which of the following reasons?
 He published books aimed at amusing children rather than instructing them.
3. The word "notwithstanding" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
a. in spite of

4. The word "they" in line 9 refers to

Americans

5. The word "allay" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

Reduce

6. It can be inferred from the passage that American children's books sold before 1785 were
almost always
intended only for religious and moral instruction

7. By the end of the eighteenth century, the publishers of children’s looks in the United
States were most concerned about which of the following?
Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both
children and adults

8. The word "permeated" in line 15

spread through

9. According to the passage, American children's stories differed from their British
equivalents in that the characters in American stories were
rarely servants

10. The word" testimony to" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

evidence of
Passage 7:
Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation of its many small islands is the most distinctive
feature of the Pacific Ocean. Over 25,000 islands are scattered across the surface of the Pacific,
more than in all the other oceans combined, but their land area adds up to little more than
125,000 square kilometers, about the size of New York State, and their inhabitants total less than
two million people, about a quarter of the number that live in New York City. The oceanic
islands of the Pacific are some of the most isolated places on Earth. Many are uninhabitable, by
virtue of their small size and particular characteristics, but even the most favored are very
isolated fragments of land, strictly circumscribed by the ocean, strictly limited in terms of the
numbers of people they can support. This basic fact of environmental circumstance has been the
most pervasive influence in determining the social arrangements, and cultural practices of the
people that settled in the Pacific Islands.

The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime
colonization in human history. Contrary to the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki
expedition of 1946, the evidence of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and genetics now
shows quite conclusively that the Pacific Islands were not populated from tile east by South
Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current, but from the
west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to island out into the
Pacific. The process began over 40,000 years ago and reached Easter Island the most isolated
place on Earth-about 1.500 years ago. It ended about 1,000 years ago, when people first settled in
Hawaii and New Zealand.

Simply surviving those ocean crossings of indeterminate length, in open canoes, to arrive on the
shores of uninhabited and hitherto unknown islands, was a formidable achievement. But having
found an oasis of land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef, and landed, on its shores, the
survivors then faced a series of pressing problems for which solutions had to be found quickly if
the small group was to become a vigorous, self- sustaining island population.
1. The word "scattered" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
irregularly distributed

2. Why does the author mention New population of the Pacific York City in line 5?
To emphasize how small the population of the Pacific Islands is
3. The phrase "by virtue of" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
because of

4. The word "circumscribed" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

restricted

5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence used to determine the origins of
Pacific Islands people?
Oral histories

6. According to the-passage, where did the original inhabitants of the Pacific Islands come
from?
Asia

7. The word "It” in line 16 refers to

process

8. The word "indeterminate" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

uncertain

9. The passage is most likely followed by a discussion of

how settlers adapted to newly discovered Pacific Ocean Islands
Passage 8:
The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no linguistic
continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for Europe between
7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we cannot yet translate the Old
European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian,
and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of
bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century,
scholars could not decipher them. Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth
century provided a link: these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient
languages, Old Persian and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took
several decades, but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more
familiar Old Persian language.
Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops
unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried the same
message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic, a simplified form
of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several decades until the early
nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the Greek
inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta stone to chart correspondences
between Old European script and the languages that replaced it.

Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early third
millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions disrupted the Old
European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years As the Indo-Europeans
encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent upheavals. These severely
affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures abundantly employed script. The Old
European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although pockets of Old European culture remained
for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke completely different languages belonging to the Indo-
European linguistic family. The Old European language or languages, and the script used to write
them, declined and eventually vanished.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Reasons for the failure to understand the written records of Old European
culture
2. According to the passage, New Elamite is
a language that was understood by the late eighteenth century

3. According to the passage, scholars were able to decipher cuneiform script with the help
of
Old Persian

4. The word “fortuitous” in line 5 is closet in meaning to

Lucky

5. The word "them" in line 6 refers to

cuneiform tablets

6. When does the passage suggest that ancient Egyptian hieroglypttic script was finally
deciphered?
At around the same time as cuneiform script was deciphered

7. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Rosetta stone?
It contains two versions of hieroglyphic script.

8. The word "thwarted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

Frustrated

9. According to the passage, Indo-European incursions caused Old European populations to

change their ways of living obtaining food
(A) start recording historical events in Writing

10. The author mentions the Balkans in the passage in order to explain why
the use of the Old European script declined
Passage 9:
Lichens, probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not just on
rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the first life to
appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche. Unlike other members of
the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between two plants. The framework of a
lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that anchors the plant. The other component
is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed
throughout the fungus. Being green plants, algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using
energy from the Sun to manufacture their own food. The fungi are believed to supply water,
minerals, and physical support to the partnership.
Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce (as is often
the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that condition for prolonged
periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no rain at all, surviving on only
occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface of the plants at night. And unlike
most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong ultraviolet rays in the mountains.

Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old that they are
called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of these lichen colonies
have been established for an estimated 2,000 years. For decades, scientists wondered how the
offspring of an alga and a fungus got together to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they
would just happen to encounter one another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two
partners have never been separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off
by the wind or by animals; these toll or are blown to a new location.

1. Which of the following questions does the passage answer?

Where do lichens usually occur?
2. The word "hardiest" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
most vigorous

3. The word "framework" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

structure
4. The author mentions "the green film of plant life that grows on stagnant pools" (lines 5-6)
in order to explain
what algae are

5. It can be inferred from the passage that lichens use less energy and grow more slowly
when
the supply of water is inadequate

6. Which of the following term is defined in the passage?

"dew" (line 11)

7. The word "prolonged" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

extended

8. All of the following are mentioned in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT

They require large amounts of minerals to prosper.

9. What does the phrase "lichen colonies (line 15) suggest?

Many lichens live together in one area.

10. The word "encounter" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

meet

11. The word "these" in line 19 refers to

buds
 READING 4 (masuk dinda)
Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples of the Archaic era
(8,000- 1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of cultivation through their
intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In both areas, there was a well-established
ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that
could be adapted to newly cultivated foods. By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North
America had domesticated certain native plants, including
sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder; and squash or gourds of some kind.
These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet.The earliest
cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest and the Southeast, with
experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago
and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic”
is not used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence
changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period elsewhere in the world.
Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of the continent.
Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there is little evidence that
people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticated foods supplemented a continuing
mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants, Increasing predictability of food
supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal
and ceremonial plants rather than for food. One
archaeologist has pointed out that the early
domesticated plants were all weedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that
would form around human settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash,
and dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almost domesticated
themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them
and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main
experimenters with cultivation, because ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the
main collectors of plant food and had detailed knowledge of plants.

10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of
Archaic peoples?
Their development of agriculture

11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to

experimentation and domestication

12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?
4,000 to 2,000 years ago

13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

Sufficient
 14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for the
cultivation of plants in eastern North America?
Desire for the consistent availability of food

15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

instead of

16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to

provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate

17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to

grew well

18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all early
domesticated plants?
They were varieties of weeds.

19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who began
cultivating plants were
women
(masuk dinda)
Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United Statesduring the late
nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm tocity, within the United States. The
country had been overwhelmingly rural at theLinebeginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of
Americans living in large towns(5) or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow
remarkably after 1840,increasing from 11 percent that yearto 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by
1900.A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 hadbecome one with
545 such cities in 1900. ofthese, 26 had a population of more than100,000 including 3 that held more
than a million people. Much of the migration(10) producing an urban society came from smaller towns
within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American"settlers" on
America's "urbanfrontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.The growth of cities and
the process of industrialization fed on each other. Theagricultural revolution stimulated many in the
countryside to seek a new life in the city(15) and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large
concentrations of peopleneeded to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also
providedready and convenient markets for the products ofindustry, and huge contracts intransportation
and construction-as well as the expanded market in consumergoods-allowed continued growth of the
urban sector of the overall economy of the(20) Untied States.Technological developments further
stimulated the process of urbanization. Oneexample is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process
for manufacturing steel),which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining
of crudeoil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the(25) telephone,
brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to ruralAmericans and
helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every erathe lure of the city included
amajor psychological element for country people; thebustle and social interaction of urban life seemed
particularly intriguing to those raisedin rural isolation

34. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly
discuss?
The relationship between industrialization and urbanization

35. The word "influx" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

Arrival
36. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss
(A) foreign immigration

37. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?
Forty-six percent

38. The word "extraordinary" in line 12 is closet in meaning to

exceptional

39. The phrase "each other" in line 13 refers to

growth of cities and industrialization

40. The word "stimulated" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

motivated

Why does the author mention "electric lighting" and "the telephone" in lines 24-25?
41.
They are examples of the conveniences of city life

42. The word "them" in line 26 refers to

rural Americans

43.The word "era" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) period of time

44. The word "intriguing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

attractive
(masuk dinda)

Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials. It can becoloredor colorless,
monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent, or opaque.It is lightweight impermeable to
liquids, readily cleaned and reused, durable yetLine fragile, and often very beautiful Glass can be
decorated in multiple ways and its(5)optical properties are exceptional. In all its myriad forms -as table
ware, containers,in architecture and design -glass represents a major achievement in the history
oftechnological developments.Since the Bronze Age about 3,000 B.C., glass lias been used for making
variouskinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an alkali such as(10)soda or

potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the developmentof lead glass in the
seventeenth century. When heated, the mixture becomes soft andmalleable and can be formed by
various techniques into a vast array of shapes andsizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by
melting then cools to create glass, but incontrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for
instance), glass lacks the(15)crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains
the randommolecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools it, progressively stiffensuntil
rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals
customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily whendealt a blow. Why
glass deteriorates over time, especially when exposed to moisture,(20)and why glassware must
be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture torelease internal
stresses induced by uneven cooling.Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which
its viscosity changes as itturns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow
or"freeze" at specific temperatures glass progressively
softens as the temperature rises,(25)going through varying stages of
malleability until it flows like a thick syrup. Each stageof malleability allows the glass to be
manipulated into various forms, by differenttechniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the
shape achieved at that point Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques
than most othermaterials.\

Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in lines 1-5?
To show the versatility of glass

11. The word "durable"' in line3 is closest in meaning to

Lasting

12. What does the author imply about the raw materials used to make glass?
(A) They were the same for centuries.

13. According to the passage, how is glass that has cooled and become rigid different from
mostother rigid substances?
It has a random molecular structure.

14. The word "customarily" in line 17is closest in meaning to

usually
15. The words "exposed to" in line 19 are closest in meaning to
subjected to
 16. What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products
duringmanufacture?
the glass must be reheated and evenly cooled.
17. The word "induced" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
caused
18. The word "it" in line 22 refers to
glass
19. According to the passage, why can glass be more easily shaped into specific forms than
canmetals
It gradually becomes softer as its temperature rises.
(Masuk dinda)

1. The production of solar light and heat

2. Nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide
3. Are not as long
4. The x-ray part of spectrum
5. In my different direction
Listening 1
Part A

1. It makes no difference where the tickets are purshased

2. They’ll get picked when they turn certain color

3. The university has a list of rental properties

4. She agress with the man about judy’s appearance

5. Eating dinner

6. Notify the post office of his new adrees

7. His regular glasses are being repaired

8. Talk to dr. Boyd about an assigment

9. There is no orange juice in the machine

10. She won’t tell anyone about the man’s promotion

11. He has made other plans for lunch

12. Accepting the man’s apology

13. The man may use the telephone soon

14. Her lectures are interesting

15. Part of the exam was easiar than expected

16. He’s going to eat soon

17. She was able to do her banking

18. The man has already paid ti attend the conferrenc

19. She doesn’t know the way

20. He’d like to get a ride from the women

21. He’ll see the women at the dentist’s office

22. The should get more rest

23. The man will be able to go to the store before class

24. The women expected richard to be at home

25. The store will probably go out of bussines soon

26. The TV might not need to be find

27. Request a new chair for the women

28. His work is viewed favorably

29. The room is ready for the meeting

30. Wear something cool

Part B

31. To get help in finding a new collage

32. He may not able to transfer all his creadits

33. He doesn’t get along with his roommate

34. The housing office

35. Her novel has sold very well

36. A police officer

37. To learn how she writes so many books

38. To record ideas she has when she is not at her desk

Part c

39. Preparing for a hurricane

40. A government weather agency

41. Buy a supply of food and water

42. Gas stations might not be open

43. The introduction of mail delivery in rurals

44. It was run by private companies

45. Many post office locations were inconvenient

46. They thought it was unnecessary

47. A method of identifying minerals

48. Its relative hardness

49. Aplly the information

50. When it is scratched in different directions

Listening 2

PART A

1. The photographs are on the piano.

2. He was too mad to say anything when he left

3. She thinks the chair is actually comfortable.

4. The gardens are on the opposite side of the park.

5. He believes she’s going to leave tonight

6. He feels that he has wasted two days.

7. Her brother did the repair work.

8. Ninety minutes.

9. She doesn’t take her car to campus anymore.

10. Dancing provides good exercise too.

11. It’s not raining as hard now.

12. Robert didn’t help much with the project.

13. He won’t be teaching next semester

14. Send flowers to someone.

15. Have his watch repaired.

16. What form of transportation he’ll use there

17. He has plans for the rest of the weekend.

18. She doesn’t really like skating.

19. He can’t get a refund without receipt.

20. She enjoys eating at the Fisherman’s Grotto

21. Play the guitar while she sings

22. All of his apartment needs to be cleaned.

23. The acting seemed professional to him.

24. A can of paint.

25. The bananas aren’t ready to eat yet.

26. Some of the students thought the test was fair.

27. He always finds good places to eat.

28. Protect himself from the sun.

29. All the windows were locked.

30. He’s very friendly.

PART B DAN C

31. He had many broken bones

32. In a hospital

33. His two parachutes didn’t open

34. He jumped from the plane again

35. To inform the patient about how to deal with the illness

36. She read the X-ray

37. Curvature of the spine

Listening
1 The price was not too high
2 Go to work 30 Take a break
3 Leave immediately 31 How the metric system should be
4 He went to See the foreign student introduced in the United State.
advisor 32 Both the English system and the metric
5 It is the policy of the bank system are being used on sign, packages, and
- The man was not helpful at all weather reports.
6 Show a preliminary version to DR. Tyler 33 He thought that adult should use both
7 The students do not like DR. Clark system , but that children should be taught
8 they will be ready Saturday afternoon only the metric system.
9 34 Cooperative.
10 He is in class 35 To make a plane reservation.
11 Take the ten O'clock bus 36 The man can save money by staying an
12 An assignment extra night.
13 Make corrections on the original 37 Travel on May 19 as planned.
14 She was sally Harrison’s sister 38 Go to the travel agent’s office in the
– A restaurant afternoon.
15 She cannot find her pen 39 Technological developments.
16 john is usually late 40 Contact lenses.
17 She regrets the cost of their vacation 41 To monitor the condition of astronauts in
18 He got confused during the presentation spacecraft.
19 He want to get Janet’s opinion. 42 Astronauts made photographs of the
20 The baby is very active. Earth later used by archaeologists.
21 The experiment had unexpected results. 43 Orientation to San Francisco..
22 She does not put much effort in her 44 Yerba Buena.
studies. 45 Gold was discovered.
23 Buy some medicine. 46 Eighteen miles.
24 She will try her best. 47 The term “essay”.
25 She was ready to call Robert. 48 The general characteristics of essays.
26 The man must stop working. 49 It can be either prose or poetry.
27 The textbook may have been changed. 50 They will write their first essay.
28 Sally may prefer a different gift.
29 He cannot hear well.
STRUCTURE 8. Pioneer men and women endured terrible
(subjek soal dan jawabannya ada yang beda, tinggal hardships, and _____
menyesuaikan dengan soal dan jawaban di suliet) a. so do their children
b. neither did the children
1. The motorcyclist ____ he crossed the main c. also the childs
street. d. so did their children
a. looked with caution after 9. Last year Matt earned ____ his brother, who
b. had looked cautiously before has a better position.
c. was looked cautious when a. twice as much as
d. looks cautious when b. twice more than
2. Here ___ notebook and report that I c. twice as many as
promised you last week. d. twice as more as
a. is the 10. ______, he would have been able to pass the
b. are the exam.
c. was the a. If studied more
d. has been a b. IF he were studying to a greater
3. Neither Jane nor her brothers ___ a consent degree
form for tomorrows field trip. c. Studying more
a. need d. Had he studied more
b. needs 11. Mr.Duncan does not know ______ the lawn
c. is needing vower after they had finished using it.
d. has need a. where did they put
4. Cuba is ____ sugar-growing areas in the b. where they did put
world. c. where they put
a. one of the larger d. where to put
b. bone of largest 12. The facilities of the older hospital___
c. one of the largest a. is as good or better than the new
d. largest hospital
5. The skiers would rather ___ through the b. are as good or better that the bew
mountains than go by bus. hospital
a. to travel on train c. are as good as or better than the new
b. traveled by train hospital
c. travel by train d. are as good as or better than those
d. traveling by the train of the new hospital
6. That magnificent ______ temple was 13. Our flight from Jakarta to Bali was delyed
constructed by the Chinese. __ the heavy fog.
a. seven-centuries-old a. because of
b. seven-centurys-old b. because
c. old-seven-centuries c. on account
d. seven-century-old d. as result
7. There were two small rooms in the beach 14. The teacher suggested that her students ___
house, ___ served as a kitchen. experiences with ESP.
a. the smaller of which a. write a composition on their
b. the smallest of which b. to write composition about the
c. the smaller of them c. wrote some compositions of his or
d. smallest of that her
d. had written any compositions for his
15. Of the two new teachers, one is experienced c. more numerously
and ____ d. in greater numbers
a. the others are not 23. It was not until she arrived in class__
b. another is unexperienced realized she had forgotten her book
c. the other is not a. and she
d. other lacks experience b. she
16. George did not do well in the class because c. when she
___ d. that she
a. he studied bad 24. John has not been able to recall where ____
b. he was not good studywise a. does she live
c. he was a badly student b. she lives
d. he failed to study properly c. did she live
17. This university's programs ______ those of d. lived the girl
Harvard. 25. Ben would have studied medicine if he ___
a. come second after to a medical school.
b. are second only to a. could be able to enter
c. are first except for b. had been admitted
d. are in second place from c. was admitted
18. The more she worked _____ d. were admitted
a. the less she achieved 26. He entered a university_____
b. she achieved not enough a. when he had sixteen years
c. she did not achieve enough b. when sixteen years were his age
d. she was achieving less c. at the age of sixteen
19. _____ the best car to buy is a Honda. d. at age sixteen years old
a. Because of its durability and 27. The jurors were told to _____
economy. a. talk all they wanted
b. Because it lasts a long time, a it is b. make lots of expressions
very economical. c. speak freely
c. Because of its durability and it is d. talk with their minds open
economical. 28. Those students do not like to read novels
d. Because durably and economy wise _____ test books.
it is better than all the others. a. in any case
20. When Henry arrived home after a hard day b. forgetting about
at work, ______ c. leaving out of the question
a. his wife was sleeping d. much less
b. his wife slept 29. He ____ looked forward to the new venture.
c. his wife has slept a. eagerly
d. his wife has been sleeping b. with great eagernes
21. He gave ________ c. eagernessly
a. to the clas s a tough assignment d. in a state of increasing eagerness
b. the class a tough assignments 30. The families were told to evacuate their
c. a tough assignment for the class houses immediately _
d. an assignment very tough to the a. at the time when the water began to
classt go up to
22. People all over the world are starving b. when the water began to rise
______ c. when up was going the water
a. greater in numbers d. in the time when the water raised
b. in most numbers
31. Captain Henry, _____ crept slowly through c. in the areas of funding and
the underbrush. programming
a. being remote from the enemy, d. because the former receives money
b. attempting to not encounter the and has programs differently from
enemy, the latter
c. trying to avoid the enemy, 38. Manufacturers often sacrifice quality
d. not involving himself in the enemy, ______
32. Tommy was one ____ a. for a larger profit margin
a. of the happy childs of his class b. in place of to earn more money
b. of the happiest child in the class c. to gain more quantities of money
c. child who was the happiest of all the d. and instead earn a bigger amount of
class profit
d. of the happiest children in the 39. Automobile production in the United States
class ____
33. _____ he began to make friends more a. have taken slumps and rises in
easily. recent years
a. Having entered school in the new b. has been rather erratic recently
city, it was found that c. has been erratically lately
b. After entering the new school, d. are going up and down all the time
c. When he had been entering the new 40. John said that no other car could go ______
school, a. so fast like his car
d. Upon entering into the new school, b. as fast like his car
34. It is very difficult to stop the cultivation of c. as fast like the car of him
marijuana because _____ d. as fast as his car
a. it grows very carelessly 41. Her grades have improved, but only ____
b. or its growth without attention a. in a small amount
c. it grows well with little care b. very slightly
d. it doesnt care much to grow c. minimum
35. Many of the current international problems d. some
we are now facing ___ 42. While attempting to reach his home before
a. linguistic incompetencies the storm, ___
b. are the result of a. the bicycle of John broke down
misunderstandings b. it happened that John's bike broke
c. are because of not understanding down
themselves c. the storm caught John
d. lacks of the intelligent capabilities d. John had an accident on his
of understanding each other bicycle
36. Mr. Roberts is a noted chemist_____ 43. The changes in this city have occurred
a. as well as an effective teacher _____
b. and too a very efficient teacher a. with swiftness
c. but he teaches very good in addition b. rapidly
d. however he teaches very good also c. fastly
37. Public television stations are different from d. in rapid ways
commercial stations ______
a. because they receive money
differently and different types of
shows
b. for money and program types