Introduction Multiplication Division Square Roots . . .

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Vedic Mathematics Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks

Uwe Wystup

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uwe.wystup@mathfinance.com

March 2010
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Introduction Multiplication Division Square Roots . . . Contact Information

1. Introduction
veda (Sanskrit) means: knowledge Veda Upaveda Ayurveda Gandharvaveda Dhanurveda

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Rigveda Samaveda Yajurveda

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Atharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Table 1: Vedas and Upavedas (supplementary vedas)

1.1. The 16 Sutras are part of a Parisista (Appendix) of the Atharvaveda

1. By one more than the one before 2. All from 9 and the last from 10
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3. Vertically and crosswise 4. Transpose and apply 5. If the Samuccaya is the same it is zero 6. If one is in ratio the other is zero

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7. By addition and by subtraction 8. By the completion or non-completion 9. Dierential calculus 10. By the deciency

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11. Specic and general

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12. The remainders by the last digit

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13. The ultimate and twice the penultimate

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14. By one less than the one before 15. The product of the sum 16. All the multipliers

1.2. Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji Maharaja

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Explained the sutras in his books (e.g. [2]). Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji Maharaja (March, 1884 - February 2, 1960) was the Jagadguru (literally, teacher of the world; assigned to heads of Hindu mathas) of the Govardhana matha of Puri during 1925-1960. He was one of the most signicant spiritual gures in Hinduism during the 20th century. He is particularly known for his work on Vedic mathematics.

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2. Multiplication
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Figure 1: Vertically and Crosswise

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2.1. Example with working base 10 9 7 6 / 1 3 3 7 6 4 3 /1 2 = 42 3 13 + 12 + 15 / 2 6 8 3 12 + 2 10 / 2 4

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= 63
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= 156

= 96

Reason: (x + a)(x + b) = x(x + a + b) + ab Origin of the -sign comes from this method

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2.2. Example with working base 100 91 9 4 36 111 + 109 + 120 / 9 99 97 11 108 + 105 / 3 24 8

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96 87 /

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= 8736

= 12099

= 10476

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2.3. Other working bases (division case) 100/2=50 49 49 2)48 24 / / 1 01 01 46 2)50 25 1 100/2=50 54 + / / 4 16 16 4

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= 2401

= 2484

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2.4. Other working bases (multiplication case) 10 2=20 19 19 2)18 36 / / 1 1 1 48 6)50 300 1 10 6=60 62 + / 2 / 2 12 4 4 2

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= 361

= 2976

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2.5. Exercise: Multiply the following mentally

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a 667 998 b 78989 99997 c 1222 1003

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3. Division
Find the exact decimal representation of
1 . 19

Using the Ekadhika Purva Sutra it is easy:

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. 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1

/ 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1
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1 1

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Start with 1 and then work from right to left multiplying by 2. . 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8

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1 1 1 1

/ 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 1 1 1

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 A further shortcut is the insight that

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. 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 + 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 = 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

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The same works for all periodic decimals, e.g. . 1 4 2

1 7

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+ 8 5 7 = 9 9 9

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4. Square Roots (Vargamula)

Square numbers only have digit sums 1, 4, 7, 9 and they only end in 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 0. If the given number has n digits, then the square root will contain n or n+1 digits. 2 2 Systematic computation of an exact square root requires the Dvandvayoga (Duplex) process.

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4.1. Duplex Process (Dvandvayoga) D(4) D(43) D(137) D(1034) D(10345) Got it? = = = = = 16 24 23 8 19 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

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4.2. Square Root of a Perfect Square Find 1849. Group in pairs, taking a single extra digit on the left as extra digit. 1 8) 4 8 4 2 9

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4 is the largest integer whose square does not exceed 18. 18/4 is 4 with remainder 2. The divisor 8 is two times 4.

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Next we divide 24 by the divisor 8. This gives 3 remainder 0, placed as 1 8) 8 4 2 4 3 0 9

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Now we see 09 and we deduct from this the duplex of the last answer gure 3, i.e. 09 D(3) = 09 32 = 09 9 = 0. This means that the answer is exactly 43.

1 6)
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3 6 4 3

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3 is the largest integer whose square does not exceed 13. 13/3 is 3 with remainder 4. The divisor 6 is two times 3. Next we divide 46 by the divisor 6. This gives 7 remainder 4, placed as 1 3 6 4 3 7 4 9

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6)

49 D(7) = 0, so 37 is the exact square root of 1369.

4.3. Larger Numbers

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2 10)

9 4 5

7 .

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2 10)
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9 4 5

3 3 4

7 .

37 D(4) = 37 16 = 21 = 2 10 + 1.

2
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9 4 5

3 3 4

7 1 2.

10)

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16 D(42) = 16 16 = 0 = 0 10 + 0. 2 10) 9 4 5 4 3 3 2. 7 1 0 6 0 4

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4 D(420) = 4 4 = 0. Complete.

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4.4. General Square Roots Find the rst 5 gures of the square root of 38:

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3 12)

8 . 0 2 6 . 1 8

0 7 6

0 10 4

0 8 4

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5. Contact Information
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Uwe Wystup MathFinance AG Mainluststrae 4 60329 Frankfurt am Main Germany +49-700-MATHFINANCE

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http://www.mathfinance.com/wystup/papers.php http://www.mathfinance.com/seminars/vedic.php

References
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[1] Datta, B. and Singh, A.N. (1962). History of Hindu Mathematics. Asia Publishing House, Calcutta. [2] Maharaja, Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (1992). Vedic Mathematics, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd, Delhi. [3] Schonard, A. and Kokot, C. (2006). Der Matheknller. http://www. u matheknueller.de. [4] Williams, K.R. (2002). Vedic Mathematics - Teachers Manual. Advanced Level. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi. http://www.mlbd.com

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Index
Introduction Multiplication Division Square Roots . . . Contact Information

division, 11 duplex, 15 dvandvayoga, 15 multiplication, 5 square root, 14 sutras, 3 vedas, 2

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