The Language of Bits

Computer Architecture and Organization

Chapter 3 The Language of Bits

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 Outline

 Boolean Algebra
 Positive Integers
 Negative Integers
 Floating-Point Numbers
 Strings

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What does a Computer Understand ?
 Computers do not understand natural human languages, nor
programming languages
 They only understand the language of bits

Bit 0 or 1

Byte 08 or
bits1

Word 40bytes
or 1

kiloByte 1024 bytes

0 or 1

megaByte 1006 or
bytes
1

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 Number systems
 Is defined as a system of writing to express numbers.
 It is the mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set
by using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner.
 It provides a unique representation of every number and represents the
arithmetic and algebraic structure of the figures.
 It also allows us to operate arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.
 The value of any digit in a number can be determined by:
 The digit
 Its position in the number
 The base of the number system
 Types of Number Systems

 There are various types of number systems in mathematics.

The four most common number system types are:
1. Decimal number system (Base - 10)
2. Binary number system (Base - 2)
3. Octal number system (Base - 8)
4. Hexadecimal number system (Base - 16)
 Types of Number Systems (1)

Decimal Number System (Base 10 Number System)

 The decimal number system has a base of 10 because it uses ten digits from 0 to 9.
 In the decimal number system, the positions successive to the left of the decimal point
represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.
 This system is expressed in decimal numbers.
 Every position shows a particular power of the base (10).

Binary number system (Base - 2)

 The base 2 number system is also known as the Binary number system wherein, only
two binary digits exist, i.e., 0 and 1.
 Specifically, the usual base-2 is a radix of 2.
 The figures described under this system are known as binary numbers which are the
combination of 0 and 1.
 Types of Number Systems (2)
Octal Number System (Base – 8)
 In the octal number system, the base is 8 and it uses numbers from 0 to 7 to
represent numbers.
 Octal numbers are commonly used in computer applications.

Hexadecimal number system (Base - 16)

 In the hexadecimal system, numbers are written or represented with base 16.
 In the hexadecimal system, the numbers are first represented just like in the
decimal system, i.e. from 0 to 9.
 The numbers are represented using the alphabet from A to F.
 The below-given table shows the representation of numbers in the hexadecimal
number system.
 Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
 Quantities/Counting (1)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
 Quantities/Counting (1 of 2)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to decimal Conversion
Decimal-to-Binary
Conversion

Binary-to-Decimal
Conversion
 Binary to decimal Conversion

 Humans use base ten (or decimal), because we have ten fingers and
that digital electronics uses base-two (binary) because it only
understands two states; ON and OFF.
 For students to be able to analyze and design digital electronics,
they need to be proficient at converting numbers between these
two number systems.
 Base ten has ten unique symbols (0 – 9) while binary has two unique
symbols (0 – 1). Any number can represent a base and the number of
symbols it utilizes will always be that number.
 Binary to decimal Conversion
The Process : Weighted Multiplication
a) Multiply each bit of the Binary Number by it corresponding bit-weighting
factor (i.e. Bit-0→20=1; Bit-1→21=2; Bit-2→22=4; etc).
b) Sum up all the products in step (a) to get the Decimal Number.

Example:
Convert the decimal number 01102 into its decimal equivalent.

0 1 1 0
 0110 2 = 6 10
8 4 2 1
0 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 610
Review of Logical Operations
 A + B (A or B) A B A+B
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1

A B A.B
 A.B ( A and B) 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

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 Review of Logical Operations - II
A B A NAND B A B A NOR B

0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0

0 1 1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1 1 0

 NAND and NOR operations

 These are universal operations. They can be used to
implement any Boolean function.

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 Review of Logical Operations

 XOR Operation : (A B)
A B A XOR B

0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

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 De Morgan's Laws

 Two very useful rules

A + B = A.B

A.B = A + B

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 Binary Number System

 They would use a number system with

base 2.
Number in decimal Number in binary
5 101
100 1100100
500 111110100
1024 10000000000

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Hexadecimal and Octal Numbers

 Hexadecimal numbers
 Base 16 numbers – 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
 Start with 0x

 Octal Numbers
 Base 8 numbers – 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
 Start with 0

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 ASCII Character Set
 ASCII – American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
 It has 128 characters
 First 32 characters (control operations)
 backspace (8)
 line feed (10)
 escape (27)
 Each character is encoded using 7 bits

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ASCII Character Set
Character Code Character Code Character Code
a 97 A 65 0 48
b 98 B 66 1 49
c 99 C 67 2 50
d 100 D 68 3 51
e 101 E 69 4 52
f 102 F 70 5 53
g 103 G 71 6 54
h 104 H 72 7 55
i 105 I 73 8 56
j 106 J 74 9 57
k 107 K 75 ! 33
l 108 L 76 # 35
m 109 M 77 $ 36
n 110 N 78 % 37
o 111 O 79 & 38
p 112 P 80 ( 40
q 113 Q 81 ) 41
r 114 R 82 * 42
s 115 S 83 + 43
t 116 T 84 , 44
u 117 U 85 . 46
v 118 V 86 ; 59
w 119 W 87 = 61
x 120 X 88 ? 63
y 121 Y 89 @ 64
z 122 Z 90 ^ 94

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THE END

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