Histology of The Nervous System

HISTOLOGY OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Neuroanatomy-Second Semester: A.Y. 2023-2024
HISTOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

TARGET
Enumerate the different functions of
cellular organelles in a neuron.
Classify neurons according to their

histology and function.
Illustrate how neural communication and

synapses occur with how the pathway
functions.
Recognize the different histological stains

used to prepare neurons and other
significant neurologic tissues.
HISTOLOGY
is the study of the plant and
animal cells, tissues, and organs
as seen through the use of either
light or electron microscope.
It also examines the correlation

between structure and function.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
is the system that is made up
of the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves.
is the control center and
communication network.
shares in the maintenance of
homeostasis with the
endocrine system.
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE CELL

NEURON
Are the cells that transmit
nerve impulses in the
form of electrochemical
changes and the basic
unit of the nervous
system. It is a specialized
cell to transmits
information throughout
the body.

NERVE
a whitish fiber or bundle of fibers in the body made up of
several neuron cells that transmit impulses of sensation to the
brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles
and organs.

NEUROGLIA CELLS
are cells that
support and
protect
neurons.
STRUCTURE OF NEURONS
NEURON
is composed
of a cell body
with a nucleus
and other
intracellular
organelles.
PARTS NEURON
NUCLEUS
is an oval-shaped
membrane-bound
structure found in the
soma or body of the
neuron. It contains
the nucleolus and
chromosomes,
necessary for the
coded production of
proteins within the
cell.
PARTS NEURON
CELL BODY (SOMA)
this is where the
nucleus of neurons
is embedded. It
contains genetic
information,
maintains the
neuron's structure,
and provides
energy to drive
activities.
PARTS NEURON
AXON
is a long, thin,
tail-like structure
that connects
neurons (nerve
cells) so that they
can
communicate.
AXON
PARTS NEURON
DENDRITES
are fibrous roots that
branch out from the cell
body. Like antennae,
dendrites receive and
process signals from the
axons of other neurons.
These are the receptive
areas of neurons means
they receive information
from other neurons.
PARTS NEURON
AXON HILLOCK
is a long projection of a
neuron that carries
the outbound neuronal
cell signals as opposed
to dendrites, it
controls the initiation
of an electrical impulse
based on the inputs
from other neurons or
the environment.
PARTS NEURON
TERMINAL BUTTONS
small knobs at the
end of an axon that
release chemicals
called
neurotransmitters.
It converts an
electrical signal into
a chemical signal.
PARTS NEURON
MYELIN SHEATH
is an insulating
layer, or sheath
that forms around
nerves. It allows
electrical
impulses to
transmit quickly
and efficiently
along the nerve
cells.
PARTS NEURON
NODE OF RANVIER
regions that are
not insulated by
myelin sheath
makes the
generation of a
fast electrical
impulse along the
axon.
KINDS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS

NEUROGLIA CELLS
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendroglia
3. Microglia cells
4. Ependymal cells
5. Schwann cells
6. Satellite cells

ASTROCYTES
are star-shaped cells that wrap
around neurons to support the brain
and spinal cord and connect neurons
to blood vessels.
form a supporting network in the brain
and spinal cord. They attach neurons
to their blood vessels, thus helping
regulate nutrients and ions that are
needed by the nerve cells.
that function in the blood-brain
barrier to prevent toxic substances
from entering the brain.

OLIGODENDROGLIA
look like small astrocytes. They form
connective-like tissue rows for support
and form fatty myelin sheaths on the
neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
They also provide support by forming
semirigid connective-like tissue rows
between neurons in the brain and spinal
cord. They produce myelin sheaths on
the neurons of the brain and spinal cord
of the CNS.
provide support and connection.

MICROGLIA CELLS
are small cells that do phagocytosis of
microbes and cellular debris.
are small cells that protect the CNS and
whose role is to engulf and destroy
microbes like bacteria and cellular
debris.
involved in the phagocytosis of
unwanted substances.
resident cells of the brain that regulate
brain development, maintenance of
neuronal networks, and injury repair.

EPENDYMAL CELLS
line the fluid-filled ventricles of the
brain. Some produce cerebrospinal
fluid and others with cilia move the
fluid through the CNS.
found in the lining of the cavities in
the brain and spinal cord.
controlling the production and flow
of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain
metabolism, and waste clearance

SCHWANN CELLS
from myelin sheaths around
nerve fibers in the peripheral
nervous system.
located only in the PNS and
makes up the neurilemma
and myelin sheath.
play essential roles in the
development, maintenance,
function, and regeneration
of peripheral nerves.

SATELLITE CELLS
very young muscle
had abundant
cytoplasm which was
rich in organelles.
supply nutrients to
the surrounding
neurons and also
have some structural
function.
CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS
NEURON CELLS
1. Unipolar
2. Bipolar
3. Pseudounipolar
4. Multipolar
UNIPOLAR
neurons have only one has one
nerve process extending from the
cell body: an axon that extends
into dendrites.
process extending from the cell
body which then branches into a
central branch that functions as an
axon and a peripheral branch that
functions as a dendrite. Most
sensory neurons are unipolar
neurons.
BIPOLAR
neurons have one dendrite and
one axon.
play a crucial role in translating
responses to light into a neural
code for vision.
They are found in the retina of the
eye, the inner ear, and in the
olfactory area of the nose.
PSEUDOUNIPOLAR
neurons develop as bipolar
neurons but eventually merge to
form a unipolar neuron.
It carries information about touch,
vibration, proprioception, pain, and
temperature.
MULTIPOLAR
neurons develop as
bipolar neurons but
eventually merge to form
a unipolar neuron.
It carries information
about touch, vibration,
proprioception, pain, and
temperature.
can receive impulses
from multiple neurons via
dendrites.
FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

RECEPTORS
detect stimuli in our
environment.
is the cellular
structure (part of the
cell) which binds
certain molecules.
Its role is to catch
the signaling
molecule.

SENSORY OR AFFERENT NEURONS
Sensory or afferent neurons
receive the impulse directly
from the receptor site.
nerve fibers responsible for
bringing sensory
information ( vision,
hearing, smell, or taste, as
well as the sense of touch,
pain, and temperature)
from the outside world into
the brain.
They are unipolar neurons.

SENSORY OR AFFERENT NEURONS

INTERNUNCIAL OR ASSOCIATION NEURONS
are found in the brain and
spinal cord. They transmit the
impulse for interpretation and
processing.
They are multipolar neurons.
acts as a “middle-man”
between afferent, or sensory,
neurons, which receive signals
from the peripheral nervous
system, and efferent, or motor,
neurons, which transmit signals
from the brain.
INTERNUNCIAL
OR
ASSOCIATION
NEURONS

MOTOR OR EFFERENT NEURONS
bring about the reaction to
the stimulus.
They are multipolar
neurons.
nerve fibers responsible for
carrying signals from the
brain to the peripheral
nervous system to initiate
an action.
taking messages from the
CNS to the muscles and
glands to affect movement.

MOTOR OR EFFERENT NEURONS
NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

NEURAL COMMUNICATION
also known as an electrochemical event.
This is the process wherein
1. the dendrites contain receptors (proteins on the cell surface where
neurotransmitters attach) for neurotransmitters released by nearby
neurons.
2. If the signals received from other neurons are sufficiently strong, an action
potential will travel down the length of the axon to the terminal buttons ( at
the end of the axon responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons)
3. Resulting in the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse (microscopic
gaps that permit a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical
signal to another neuron).




SYNAPSES
an area where the terminal
branches of an axon are
close to but not touching
the dendrites of another
neuron.
is a very small space

between two neurons and is
an important site where
communication between
neurons occurs.

SYNAPSES
Once neurotransmitters
are released into the
synapse, they travel across
the small space and bind
with corresponding
receptors on the dendrite
of an adjacent neuron.

SYNAPSES
When an impulse reaches the
axon terminals, it triggers the
release of neurotransmitter-
like acetylene into the
synaptic cleft which allows
the impulse to travel across
the synapse.
Other neurotransmitters in
the body are epinephrine or
adrenaline, norepinephrine,
serotonin, dopamine, and
endorphins.

SPECIAL STAINING IN NEUROLOGICAL HISTOLOGY

BICHROMES
combine a basic dye
(toluidine blue)
showing basophilic
structures (Nissl's
body, the nucleus)
and an acidic
cytoplasmic dye.
SPECIAL STAINING IN NEUROLOGICAL HISTOLOGY

SILVER IMPREGNATIONS
Silver impregnation stain kit,
equipped with reagents for reticular
fibers detection.
Reticular fibers are present in
connective tissue or other organs
like the spleen; they make a thin
reticular structure, which supports
any single cell.
ASSESSMENT
A. COMPLETION
Direction: Fill in the blank spaces with the correct term.
1. A nerve is a bundle of _______.

2._______________ detect stimuli in our environment.
3.____________ are star-shaped cells that wrap around neurons to
support the brain and spinal cord and connect neurons to blood vessels.
4._______ is the system that comprises of brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
5. Cells that support and protect neurons are _____________.
ASSESSMENT
B. MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Match the term on the right with the definition on the left.
Column A Column B
1. Oligodendroglia a. Made up of several neuron cells that transmit impulses of

2. Unipolar sensation to the brain or spinal cord.
3. Nerve
b. Are extensions of the cell body and are the receptive areas of
4. Dendrites
neurons.
5. Multipolar
c. Neurons have only one process extending from the cell body.
d. Form connective-like tissue rows for support and form fatty

myelin sheaths on the neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
e. Are neurons that have several dendrites and one axon

ANSWER KEY
A. COMPLETION
Direction: Fill in the blank spaces with the correct term.
NEURON CELL/FIBER
1. A nerve is a bundle of _______._____________
RECEPTORS
2._______________ detect stimuli in our environment.
ASTROCYTES are star-shaped cells that wrap around neurons to
3.____________
support the brain and spinal cord and connect neurons to blood vessels.
NERVOUS SYSTEM is the system that comprises of brain, spinal cord, and
4.______________
nerves.
NEUROGLIA CELLS
5. Cells that support and protect neurons are _____________.
ANSWER KEY:
B. MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Match the term on the right with the definition on the left.
Column A Column B
a. Made up of several neuron cells that transmit impulses of

D 1. Oligodendroglia
sensation to the brain or spinal cord.
C 2. Unipolar b. Are extensions of the cell body and are the receptive areas of
neurons.
A 3. Nerve
c. Neurons have only one process extending from the cell body.
B 4. Dendrites
d. Form connective-like tissue rows for support and form fatty
myelin sheaths on the neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
E 5. Multipolar
e. Are neurons that have several dendrites and one axon
CASE STUDY
DRUGS
Three high school students are being
evaluated by healthcare providers at a
drug rehabilitation clinic that serves
adolescents. Maurice a 16-year-old boy,
appears agitated and restless. He tells
his healthcare provider that he is
having muscle spasms. Upon
examination, the care providers note
that Maurice has a rapid heart rate and
dangerously high blood pressure.
CASE STUDY
DRUGS
Roselle a 14-year-old girl is being
reassessed following a visit to the
emergency room last night.
According to her ER records,
Roselle was at a party with her
friends when she suddenly had a
seizure. Her records also
document that she had an
abnormal heart rate upon
admission.
CASE STUDY
DRUGS
Gio a 16-year-old boy was also
admitted to the ER the night
before. His parents found him lying
on the bed in a deep sleep. When
they could not wake him up, they
rushed him to the hospital where
he had a convulsion. After that, his
parents found a hidden
medication in his room that his
mother had used after having
surgery.
CASE STUDY
QUESTIONS
1. What type of drug do you think Murice might be using?
2. What will be the long-term cause of this drug?
3. What drug can cause Rosselle to have seizures and abnormal
heart rates?
4. Why do users show dramatic “High” when using drugs?
5. Do you think the drug Gio used is legal or illegal, does it depend on
the circumstances?
REFERENCES
·https://sciencing.com/electrical-impulse-moves-down-axon-6258.html
·Nervous System: What It Is, Parts, Function & Disorders (clevelandclinic.org)
·https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557663/#:~:text=Medical%20Histology%20is%20the%20microscopic
,the%20tissue%20may%20have%20undergone.
·https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557663/#:~:text=Medical%20Histology%20is%20the%20microscopic
,the%20tissue%20may%20have%20undergone.
·https://www.physio-
pedia.com/Interneurons#:~:text=Interneurons%20acts%20as%20a%20%E2%80%9Cmiddle,to%20communica
te%20with%20one%20another.

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HISTOLOGY OF

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

HISTOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Classify neurons according to their

Illustrate how neural communication and

Recognize the different histological stains

HISTOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

It also examines the correlation

HISTOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE CELL

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE CELL

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE CELL

KINDS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS

KINDS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS

KINDS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS

KINDS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS

KINDS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS

KINDS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS

KINDS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

is a very small space

NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

NEURAL COMMUNICATION AND SYNAPSES

SPECIAL STAINING IN NEUROLOGICAL HISTOLOGY

SPECIAL STAINING IN NEUROLOGICAL HISTOLOGY

1. A nerve is a bundle of _______.

1. Oligodendroglia a. Made up of several neuron cells that transmit impulses of

d. Form connective-like tissue rows for support and form fatty

e. Are neurons that have several dendrites and one axon

a. Made up of several neuron cells that transmit impulses of

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