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    Magnetic Phenomena in Solids

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    oladiransamuel41

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    Magnetic Phenomena in Solids

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    6 views4 pages

    Magnetic Phenomena in Solids

    Uploaded by

    oladiransamuel41

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Magnetic Phenomena in Solids

    Introduction:
     Magnetic phenomena in solids arise from the interaction
    between magnetic moments of atoms or electrons
     Or arise from the motion of electric charges, primarily
    electrons.
     Magnetic moments can be due to electron spin, orbital
    motion, or both
     Magnetism is a fundamental force of nature, closely related
    to electricity.

    Key Concepts:
    1. Magnetic Field (B):
    o A region where magnetic forces are observed.
    Measured in Tesla (T).
    o Magnetic field lines run from north to south outside the
    magnet and vice versa inside.
    2. Magnetic Poles:
    o Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.
    o Like poles repel, and unlike poles attract.
    3. Magnetic Force on Moving Charges:
    o Charged particles (electrons, ions) experience a
    magnetic force when moving through a magnetic field.
    o Given by the formula: ⃗F =q ( ⃗v × ⃗B ) ,where q is the charge, ⃗v
    is the velocity of the particle and ⃗B is the magnetic
    field.
    4. Magnetic Dipole Moment:
    o A measure of the strength of a magnet.
    o Defined as ⃗m=I ⃗
    A , where I is the current and ⃗
    A is the
    area vector enclosed by the current loop.
    5. Magnetic Properties
    Magnetic susceptibility: measure of response to magnetic
    fields
    Magnetic moment: measure of strength and direction of
    magnetization
    Curie temperature: temperature above which
    ferromagnetism disappears
    Hysteresis loop: graph of magnetization vs. applied field,
    shows energy loss

    6. Magnetic Materials:
    Magnetic materials are substances that exhibit magnetic
    properties due to the alignment of magnetic moments (spins
    of electrons).
    These materials play crucial roles in various applications
    such as electronics, telecommunications, medicine (MRI),
    and more.
    o Paramagnetic Materials:
    o Weakly magnetized in the presence of an external
    magnetic field.
    o Have unpaired electrons with intrinsic magnetic
    moments.
    o Weakly attracted to magnetic fields.
    o Magnetic moment aligns with the applied field.
    o Examples: aluminum, platinum, oxygen gas.
    o Diamagnetic Materials:
    o Weakly repelled by a magnetic field.
    o Have no permanent magnetic dipole moment.
    o Induced magnetic moment opposes the applied
    magnetic field.
    o Examples: most materials, including water, wood, Cu,
    Au, most non-magnetic materials

    o Ferromagnetic Materials:
    o Retain magnetization when the external magnetic field
    is removed.
    o Strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic
    field.
    o Retain magnetization when the external field is
    removed.
    o Examples: iron, cobalt, nickel.
    Antiferromagnetic Materials:
    o Magnetic moments align antiparallel to each other.
    o Net magnetization is zero, but they exhibit magnetic
    ordering.
    o Examples: manganese oxide (MnO).
    Ferrimagnetic Materials:
    o Similar to ferromagnetic materials but with unequal
    magnetic moments.
    o Exhibit spontaneous magnetization.
    o Examples: ferrites (iron oxides with other elements like
    manganese, zinc).
    7. Electromagnetism:
    o A magnet produced by an electric current.
    o Magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wire:
    μo I
    B=
    2 πr

    o Magnetic field inside a solenoid: B=μ o∋¿ , where n is the


    number of turns per unit length.
    Applications:
     Electric Motors and Generators: Convert electrical
    energy into mechanical energy (motors) or vice versa
    (generators).
     MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Uses strong
    magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images of the
    organs in the body.
     Magnetic Storage Devices: Hard drives and magnetic
    tapes use magnetism to store data.
    Conclusion: Magnetic phenomena are integral to many aspects
    of modern technology and our understanding of the natural world.
    From basic magnetic fields to complex electromagnetism, these
    concepts form the basis of numerous practical applications and
    theoretical studies in physics and engineering.

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