EXPERIMENT No.

01
PREPERATION OF LYOPHILIC SOLUTION - EGG ALBUMIN

Aim
To prepare lyophilic sol of egg albumin.

Theory
Lyophilic sol can also be obtained from egg albumin present in eggs. When the egg albumin is mixed with
cold water, we get lyophilic sol. The sol obtained is very stable and is unaffected by the traces of impurities
present in it.

Materials Required
Glass rod, Filter paper, Porcelain dish, Beaker of about 50 to 250 mL, Tripod stand, Distilled water, Burner,
Pestle and mortar, Wire gauze, Funnel, NaCl, Fresh Eggs

Procedure:
1. With the help of a glass rod, break the outer shell of the egg and collect the colourless liquid (egg albumin)
and the yellow yolk in a porcelain dish.
2. Take a beaker of volume 250 mL and prepare 100 mL NaCl solution of 5% (w/v).
3. Pipette out the albumin and pour it into the beaker containing sodium chloride solution with constant
stirring.
4. Stir it for 15-20 minutes to ensure that the sol is prepared well.
5. With the help of filter paper and funnel, filter the contents of the beaker.
6. Label the filtrate as egg albumin sol.

Precautions:
1. The apparatus used for this experiment should be washed with distilled water and dried.
2. Always use distilled water to prepare egg albumin sol.
3. Egg albumin sol is prepared at room temperature as egg albumin precipitates at a higher temperature.
4. Make sure to separate the egg albumin and yellow yolk before mixing it with the sodium chloride solution.
5. Constantly stir the mixture in the beaker while adding egg albumin to prepare egg albumin sol.
 EXPERIMENT No. 02
PREPERATION OF FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE (MOHR’S SALT)

Aim
To prepare Mohr’s salt: ferrous ammonium sulphate from ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate in the
presence of acid.

Theory
The formula for ferrous ammonium sulfate is FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O. It is prepared by dissolving equimolar
mixture of hydrated ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate in water containing a little sulfuric acid. The
solution is subjected to crystallization, ferrous ammonium sulfate separates out from the solution. The
chemical reaction is given below.
FeSO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6H2O → FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O (Mohr’s salt)

The addition of sulfuric acid in this experiment prevents the hydrolysis of this salt. Ferrous ammonium sulfate
is a pale green crystalline compound which does not effloresce like ferrous sulfate. It is less readily oxidised
than FeSO4 and therefore, a better volumetric reagent in preference to ferrous sulfate.

Mohr’s salt is also called as double salt which contain more than one simple salt. It undergoes complete
dissociation in aqueous solutions. Mohr’s salt dissociates into Fe2+, NH4+, SO42- ions and give their individual
chemical test.
Mohr’s salt is light green transparent octahedral crystals. It is soluble in water giving acidic solution which
turns blue litmus paper red and gives effervescence with sodium bicarbonate evolving carbon dioxide.

Materials Required
Conical flask, Tripod stand, Burner, Funnel, Watch glass, Glass rod, Filter paper, Wire gauze, China dish,
Ferrous sulfate, Ammonium sulfate, Dilute sulphuric acid

Procedure
1. Weigh 7 g of ferrous sulfate and 3.5 g of ammonium sulfate separately.
2. Mix ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate in water in a beaker containing dilute sulphuric acid.
3. Gently warm the solution in order to get a clear solution.
4. Filter the solution in order to remove suspended impurities and concentrate the clear filtrate by heating it
china dish over a sand bath till the crystallization point is reached.
5. Stir the solution occasionally during heating.
6. Keep the solution undisturbed for slow cooling. After some time, crystal of ferrous ammonium sulfate
will get separated from the solution.
7. Separate the crystals by decantation from the mother liquor and wash the crystals with cold water.
8. Dry the crystals between the folds of filter paper or by spreading on a porous plate.

OBSERVATION
Colour of the Crystals: Light Green
Shape of the Crystals: Octahedral

Results
The yield of ferrous ammonium sulfate or Mohr’s salt is _______ gm.

Precautions
1 Allow slow cooling and do not disturb the solution during cooling in order to get good quality crystals.
2 During the process heating of the solution should be done in a short time only. Because prolonged heating
forms ferric ions along with ferrous ammonium sulfate.
3 Suppose if the solution is yellow instead of green the experiment should be repeated.
 EXPERIMENT No. 03
PREPERATION OF POTASH ALUM

Aim
To prepare potash alum from potassium sulfate and aluminium sulfate through crystallization.

Theory:
The formula for potash alum is K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. It is prepared by crystallizing the alum from a
concentrated solution containing equimolar amounts of potassium sulfate and aluminium sulfate. It is a
colourless, crystalline solid with a sour taste. The crystal of potash alum is octahedral. It is commonly known
as ‘fitkari’.

While dissolving aluminium sulphate in warm water a little amount of dilute sulphuric acid is added in order
to prevent the hydrolysis of this salt.
Chemical Reaction involved is
When a solution containing two inorganic salts in a definite proportion is allowed to crystallize a double slat
K2SO4(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) → K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H2O(s) (Potash Alum) is said to have separated. The name alum is given to the special series of double salts. Aluminium is the most
abundant metal and the recycling of aluminium products by melting and recasting into other metal products is
used in the production of various aluminium compounds. In that one of the most useful compounds is potash
alum.

Materials Required:
Potassium sulphate, Aluminium sulphate, Dil. sulfuric acid, Distilled water, Beaker, Conical flask, Tripod
stand, Funnel, Burner, China dish, Wire gauze, Filter paper

Procedure:
1. Weigh 12.5g of potassium sulfate and dissolved in a minimum quantity of distilled water in a beaker.
Stir to dissolve the crystals.
2. Take a conical flask, in that dissolve 50g of aluminium sulfate in warm water and add 3ml of dilute
sulphuric acid to make the solution clear.
3. Filter the solutions if it is not clear.
4. Mix the two clear solutions in a china dish.
5. Place the china dish on a wire gauze over a burner.
6. Stir the solution and concentrate the solution till the crystallization point is reached.
7. Place the solution over a beaker containing cold water for a few hours.
8. Crystals of potash alum will get separated, filter them from the mother liquor and wash them with a
small quantity of cold water.
9. Dry the crystals by pressing gently between the folds of the filter paper.
10. Weigh them on the chemical balance to know the yield.

Observation
Colour of the Crystals: Colourless
Shape of the Crystals: Octahedral
Expected Yield:

Results and Discussion:

The yield of Potash alum is _______ gm.

Precautions:
• To prevent hydrolysis of aluminium sulfate, dilute sulphuric acid should be added while preparing the
saturated solution.
• During crystallization do not disturb the solution.
• For dissolving salts always use warm water.
• The concentrated solution should be cooled slowly.
 EXPERIMENT No. 04
PREPERATION OF DIBENZAL ACETONE

Aim:
To prepare the organic compound Dibenzal acetone from benzaldehyde and acetone in the presence of sodium
hydroxide.

Theory
Aromatic aldehyde undergoes condensation reaction with aldehyde or ketone which contain alpha hydrogen
atoms in the presence of an alkali. This reaction is called Claisen-Schmidt reaction. According to claisen
aldehydes in the presence of sodium hydroxide can condense with another aldehyde or ketone eliminating a
water molecule. Thus, moles of benzaldehyde condense with one mole of acetone to give Dibenzal acetone.
In the same way, benzaldehyde condenses with acetaldehyde to give cinnamic aldehyde and one equivalent of
acetone to give benzal-acetone.
Benzaldehyde Acetone Dibenzal acetone Water
Materials Required
Benzaldehyde, Acetone, Sodium hydroxide solution, Methylated spirit, Dilute hydrochloric acid, Ether,
Beaker, Funnel, Conical flask, Filter papers

Procedure
1. Take a conical flask add 10ml freshly distilled benzaldehyde and 20ml of acetone.
2. Place the flask in cold water bath and then add 2.5ml sodium hydroxide drop wise with constant stirring.
3. Maintain the temperature at 30oC.
4. After the complete addition of sodium hydroxide stir the mixture for 2 hours.
5. Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the reaction mixture and then transfer to a 250ml separating funnel.
6. Add 20ml of chloroform/ether to the mixture and shake thoroughly.
7. Shake the mixture thoroughly, remove the organic layer and repeat the process twice.
8. Cool the mixture in ice-water. Dibenzal acetone separates initially as a fine emulsion and then forms
yellow crystals.
9. Distil the residual portion under pressure and collect the fraction boiling at 150oc.
10. Wash the pale-yellow crystals with cold water, dry and crystallize them with ethanol.

Observation
Colour of Crystals: Pale Yellow
Expected Yield: 4 gms

Results
The yield of Dibenzal Acetone is ______gm.

Precautions
1 Whenever vigorous reaction is taking place inside the flask, release the pressure from time to time by
opening the cork of the flask.
2 Temperature should not be raised beyond 30oC.
3 Ethanol and acetone should be kept away from the flame.
 EXPERIMENT No. 05
DETERMINATION OF ACID AND BASIC RADICAL IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN INORGANIC
SALT
Aim
To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State: Solid
Colour: White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, CO2+ are absent)
Odour: No characteristic odour (NH4+, S2-, CH3COO- absent)
Solubility: Soluble in Water
S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Salt solution + dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
(CO32-, CH3COO-, NO2-
, SO32-, S2-) absent
2 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Heat Reddish orange vapours Group B
which turn starch paper Br- may be present
yellow
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
3 AgNO3 Test: Yellow ppt. Br- confirmed
Salt Solution + AgNO3
Ppt. remains partially soluble
Dissolve ppt. in NH4OH
4 MnO2 Test: Orange red vapour of Br2 Br- confirmed
Salt Solution + MnO2 + Conc. H2SO4 +
Heat
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL
DRY TEST
5 Heat Test: At first the salt melted and
Heat a pinch of salt in a dry test tube finally infusible white
residual left
6 Charcoal Cavity Test: A pinch of salt At first the salt melted and May be salts of Al3+,
was taken in a charcoal cavity and was finally infusible white Zn2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,
heated in an oxidizing flame with the residual left Mg2+, Sn2+, etc
help of blow pipe
7 Co(NO3)2 Test: to the above residue Grey to black mass May be
add 1- 2 drops of Co(NO3)2 sol. and Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+
again heat in an oxidizing flame and
observe the colour of the residue
8 Flame Test: A pinch of salt was Pea green colour flame May be Ba2+
moistened with few drops on Conc.
HCl and a small amount of it was taken
at the tip of clean Pt wire are was
shown to an oxidizing flame

PRELIMINARY TESTS
9 Salt solution + NaOH + heat No smell of NH3 Zero Group NH4∓ is
absent
10 Salt solution + dil. HCl No white Ppt Group I (Pb2+) is absent
 11 To the above solution pass H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cu2+, As+3,
Cd+2, Pb+2) is absent

12 Boil the above solution NH4Cl(s) + Group III (Fe2+, Fe3+,

NH4OH in excess. Al3+) is absent
13 To above test tube pass H2S gas No ppt Group IV (Zn2+, Co+2,
Ni+2, Mn+2) is absent

14 Remove H2S gas by boiling. Add White ppt Group V (Ca2+, Ba2+,
[NH4]2CO3 to it. Sr2+) may be
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
15 Potassium chromate test: Yellow ppt Ba2+ is confirmed
1st part + K2CrO4
16 Ammonium sulphate Test: No ppt Sr2+ is absent
2nd part + (NH4)2SO4
17 Ammonium oxalate Test: 3rd part + No ppt Ca2+ is absent
ammonium oxalate (NH4)2C2O4

18 Flame test: Apple green flame Ba2+ is confirmed

Perform flame test with salt.

Result
2+
The given salts contain Br- as acidic radical and Ba as basic radical.
Therefore, the given salt is BaBr2.
 EXPERIMENT No. 06
DETERMINATION OF ACID AND BASIC RADICAL IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN INORGANIC
SALT
Aim
To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State: Solid
Colour: White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, CO2+ are absent)
Odour: No characteristic odour (NH4+, CH3COO–, S2– are absent)
Solubility: Soluble in Water

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Salt solution + dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
(CO32-, CH3COO-, NO2-
, SO32-, S2-) is absent
2 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas with pungent Group B
smell which gives dense Cl- may be present
white fumes of NH4Cl
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
3 AgNO3 Test: Curdy white ppt
Cl- is confirmed
Salt Solution + AgNO3 White ppt soluble in
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH NH4OH
4 Chromyl chloride Test: Reddish orange gas is
Salt + Solid K2Cr2O7 (1:2) + conc. Cl- is confirmed
H2SO4 + Heat evolved
Pass this vapour through NaOH
Solution becomes yellow
Add acetic acid and lead acetate to Yellow ppt of lead
yellow solution chromate is formed.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
DRY TEST
3+
5 Heat Test: Heat a pinch of salt in a dry At first the salt melted and May be salts of Al ,
test tube finally infusible white 2+ 2+ 2+
Zn , Sr , Ca , Ba ,
2+

residual left 2+ 2+
Mg , Sn , etc
6 Charcoal Cavity Test: A pinch of salt At first the salt melted and May be salts of Al3+,
was taken in a charcoal cavity and was finally infusible white residual Zn2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,
heated in an oxidizing flame with the left 2+ 2+
help of blow pipe Mg , Sn , etc
7 Co(NO3)2 Test: to the above residue Green mass 2+
add 1-2 drops May be Zn
of Co(NO3)2 sol. and again heat in an
oxidizing flame and observe the colour
of the residue
PRELIMINARY TEST
8 Salt solution + NaOH +heat No smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) is
absent
9 Salt solution + dil. HCl No white Ppt Group I (Pb2+) is absent
10 To the above solution pass H2S gas No ppt. Group II, (Cu2+, As+3,
Cd+2 , Pb+2 absent)
 11 Boil above solution to remove H2S and No ppt. Group III (Fe2+,
add NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH in excess. Fe3+, Al3+) is absent
12 To above test tube pass H2S gas White ppt is obtained Group IV (Zn2+) may be
Dissolve the white ppt in HCl and
divide it into 2 parts.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

13 K4[Fe(CN)6] Test : White ppt of zinc Zn+2 conformed

1st part + K4[Fe(CN)6] ferrocyanide
14 NaOH Test: Bluish white ppt. Zn+2 confirmed
2nd part + NaOH

Result
The given salts contain Cl- as acidic radical and Zn2+ as basic radical.
Therefore, the given salt is ZnCl2.
 EXPERIMENT No. 07
DETERMINATION OF ACID AND BASIC RADICAL IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN INORGANIC
SALT
Aim
To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State: Solid
Colour: Creamish White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, CO2+ are absent)
Odour: No characteristic odour (NH4+, CH3COO–, S2– are absent)
Solubility: Soluble in Water
2+
Flame Test: Dull Bluish white flame is obtained (Pb may be)

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Salt solution + dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
(CO32-, CH3COO-, NO2-
, SO32-, S2-) is absent
2 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Heat Brown coloured gas Group B
evolved NO- may be present

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL

3 Diphenyl amine Test: Deep blue coloured solution NO- is confirmed
salt + Concn H2SO4 + diphenyl amine
4 Ring Test: Brown ring is formed at the NO- is confirmed
Salt + Freshly prepared FeSO4 + Conc. junction of two liquids
H2SO4 along the side of the test tube
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL
DRY TEST
2+
5 Heat Test: Gives cracking sound May be Pb
Heat a pinch of salt in a dry test tube
2+
6 Charcoal Cavity Test: A pinch of salt Brown when hot and yellow May be Pb
was taken in a charcoal cavity and was when cold
heated in an oxidizing flame with the
help of blow
pipe
2+
7 Charcoal Reduction Test: White malleable bead with May be Pb
Salt and fusion mixture in 1:1 ratio was yellow incrustation
taken and was persistently heated in the
oxidizing flame and the metallic beads
were observed
PRELIMINARY TEST
8 Salt solution + NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group (NH4+) is
absent
9 Salt Solution + dil. HCl White ppt of PbCl2 is Group I (Pb2+) may be
Filter the above ppt and boil it with formed present
water and divide into parts.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
10 KI Test: Pb I2 (Yellow Ppt) Pb2+ is Confirmed
1st part + KI
11 K2CrO4 Test: Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 is Pb2+ is Confirmed
2nd part + K2CrO4 formed
Result
The given salts contain NO3– as acidic radical and Pb2+ as basic radical.
Therefore, the given salt is Pb(NO3)2.
 EXPERIMENT No. 08
DETERMINATION OF ACID AND BASIC RADICAL IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN INORGANIC
SALT
Aim
To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State: Solid
Colour: White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, CO2+ are absent)
Odour: No characteristic odour (NH4+, CH3COO–, S2– are absent)
Solubility: Soluble in Water
Flame Test: No characteristic flame is obtained (Pb2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ are
absent)

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Salt solution + dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
(CO32-, CH3COO-,
NO2-, SO32-, S2-) is
absent
2 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Heat No gas is evolved Group B
(Cl-, Br-, I-, NO-, C2O2-
) is absent
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
4 BaCl2 Test: White Ppt formed SO42- is confirmed
Salt Solution + BaCl2 solution
Ppt remains insoluble
Add dil. HCl or dil HNO3
5 Lead Acetate Test: White ppt. formed SO42- is confirmed
Salt Solution + lead acetate solution
Add ammonium acetate Solution Ppt becomes soluble
(CH3COONH4) to above ppt.
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL
DRY TEST
3+
6 Heat Test: Heat a pinch of salt in a dry At first the salt melted and May be salts of Al ,
test tube finally infusible white residual 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
left Zn , Sr , Ca , Ba ,
2+ 2+
Mg , Sn , etc.
7 Charcoal Cavity Test: A pinch of salt At first the salt melted and May be salts of Al3+,
was taken in a charcoal cavity and was finally infusible white 2+ 2+ 2+
Zn , Sr , Ca , Ba ,
2+

heated in an oxidizing flame with the residual left 2+ 2+

help of blow pipe Mg , Sn , etc.
PRELIMINARY TEST
6 Salt solution + NaOH +heat No smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) is
absent
7 Salt solution + dil. HCl No white Ppt Group I (Pb2+) is absent
8 To the above solution pass H2S gas No ppt. Group II, (Cu2+, As+3,
Cd+2 , Pb+2 absent)
9 Boil above solution to remove H2S and White ppt. Group III (Al3+) is
add NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH in excess. present
 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
10 Lake Test: A blue ppt. suspended in the Al3+ is Confirmed
To the salt solution few drops of blue colourless medium
litmus and excess NH4OH solutions are
added

Result
The given salts contain SO42- as acidic radical and Al3+ as basic radical.
Therefore, the given salt is Al2(SO4)3.
 EXPERIMENT No. 09
DETERMINATION OF ACID AND BASIC RADICAL IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN INORGANIC
SALT
Aim
To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State: Solid
Colour: White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, CO2+ are absent)
Odour: Smell of Ammonia (NH4+ may be present)
Solubility: Soluble in Water
Flame Test: No characteristic flame is obtained (Pb2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ are
absent)

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Salt solution + dil. H2SO4 Gas is evolved which turns Group A
lime water milky (CO32-) may be present
2 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Gas is evolved which turns (CO32-) may be present
lime water milky
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
3 dil. H2SO4 Test: Brisk effervescences which CO32- is confirmed
Salt Solution + dil. H2SO4 turns lime water milky
4 BaCl2 Test: White ppt. soluble in dil. CO32- is confirmed
Salt Solution + BaCl2 solution HCl
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL
DRY TEST
5 Heat Test: Characteristic pungent smell May be NH4+
Heat a pinch of salt in a dry test tube turns Nessler’s solution
brown
6 Soda lime Test: NH3 gas evolved with its May be NH4+
A small amount of salt was rubbed with characteristic smell
a little soda lime moistened with a few
drops of water
PRELIMINARY TEST
7 Salt solution + NaOH + Heat No smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) may
be present
8 Place a red litmus on the mouth of test Red litmus turns blue Zero group (NH4+) may
tube be present
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
9 Nessler Test: Reddish brown ppt is NH4+ is confirmed
Salt solution + NaOH + Nessler’s formed
reagent
10 NaOH Test: Smell of ammonia NH4+ is confirmed
Salt Solution + NaOH + Heat
white dense fumes of
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl NH4Cl are formed

Result
The given salts contain CO32- as acidic radical and NH4+ as basic radical.
Therefore, the given salt is (NH4)2CO3.
 EXPERIMENT No. 10
DETERMINATION OF FUNTIONAL GROUP PRESENT IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN ORGANIC
COMPOUND
Aim
To identify the functional group present in the given unknown organic compound.

Apparatus Required
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper litmus (blue) solution, dil. HCl, NaOH, Na metal, dil.
H2SO4,CH3COOH

Physical Properties
Physical State: Solid
Colour: Colourless
Odour: Spirit like
Solubility: Soluble in water
Fammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TEST

1 Organic compound + blue litmus No change -COOH or –OH (Phenol)

solution. group is absent
2 Organic compound + dil HCl + NaOH No ppt. or oily layer -NH2 group is Absent

CONFIRMATORY TEST

4 Ceric ammonium nitrate Test: Red colour -OH group is confirmed

Organic compound + ceric ammonium
nitrate
5 Ester Test: Fruity smell of ester. -OH group is confirmed
Organic compound + CH3COOH +
Conc. H2SO4 (1–2 drops) + Heat.

Result
The functional group present in organic compound is alcohol group (-OH).
 EXPERIMENT No. 11
DETERMINATION OF FUNTIONAL GROUP PRESENT IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN ORGANIC
COMPOUND
Aim
To identify the functional group present in the given unknown organic compound.

Apparatus Required
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus solution, 2,4-DNP, dil. HCl, NaOH, reagent,
Fehling solution, Schiff reagent.

Physical Properties
Physical State: Solid
Colour: Colourless
Odour: Pungent
Solubility: Soluble in water
Fammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)
LEFT SIDE ON WHITE PAPER WITH PENCIL ONLY

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TEST

1 Organic compound + blue litmus No change -COOH or phenolic

solution. group is
absent
2 Organic compound + NaOH + dil. HCl No ppt or oily layer -NH2 group absent
3 Organic comp + 2 ml 2,4-DNP shake Orange – red ppt. -CHO or >C=O group is
& allow it to stand. present

CONFIRMATORY TEST

4 Schiff's solution test: Pink colourObtained -CHO group is

Organic compound + 2 ml of Schiff's confirmed
reagent.
5 Fehling’s solution test: Red ppt. -CHO group is
Organic compound + Fehling’s confirmed
solution (A + B) + boil in a water bath

Result
The functional group present in organic compound is aldehydic group (-CHO).
 EXPERIMENT No. 12
DETERMINATION OF FUNTIONAL GROUP PRESENT IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN ORGANIC
COMPOUND
Aim
To identify the functional group present in the given unknown organic compound.

Apparatus Required
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper litmus (blue) NaHCO3, FeCl3 Solution, Phthalic anhydride,
Conc. H2SO4, NaOH

Physical Properties
Physical State: Solid
Colour: White
Odour: Phenolic Smell
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Fammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TEST

1 Organic compound + blue litmus Blue litmus turns red -COOH or

solution. phenolic – (OH) may be
2 NaHCO3 Test: No effervescence -COOH is absent
Organic compound + NaHCO3 Phenolic group may be
solution. present

CONFIRMATORY TEST

3 FeCl3 Test: Green blue orviolet Phenolic (-OH) group is

Organic compound + FeCl3 colouration confirmed
4 Phthalic Test: Intense green blue or red Phenolic (-OH) group is
Organic compound + pthalic acid + 2-3 colouration confirmed
drops
H2SO4 + Heat.
Then cool and dil. NaOH

Result
The functional group present in organic compound is phenolic group (-OH).
 EXPERIMENT No. 13
DETERMINATION OF FUNTIONAL GROUP PRESENT IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN ORGANIC
COMPOUND
Aim
To identify the functional group present in the given unknown organic compound.

Apparatus Required
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus solution, 2,4-DNP, dil. HCl, NaOH, sodium
nitropruside, meta dinitro benzene.

Physical Properties
Physical State: Liquid
LEFT SIDE ON WHITE PAPER WITH PENCIL ONLY Colour: Colourless
Odour: Nail polish remover like
Solubility: Soluble in water
Fammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TEST

1 Organic compound + blue litmus No change -COOH or phenolic

solution. group absent
2 Organic compound + NaOH + dil. HCl No ppt or oily layer -NH2 group bsent
3 Organic comp + 2 ml 2,4-DNP shake Orange – red ppt. -CHO or ketonic group
& allow it to stand. present.

CONFIRMATORY TEST

4 Organic compound + sodium nitro Red colour or winered Ketonic group is

prusside + 2– 3 drops of NaOH and colour confirmed.
shake.
5 Organic compound + meta Violet colour which fades on Ketonic group is
dinitrobenzene +NaOH standing. confirmed.

Result
The functional group present in organic compound is ketonic group (>C=O).
 EXPERIMENT No. 14
DETERMINATION OF FUNTIONAL GROUP PRESENT IN THE GIVEN UNKNOWN ORGANIC
COMPOUND
Aim
To identify the functional group present in the given unknown organic compound.

Apparatus Required
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus (blue), NaHCO3, conc. H2SO4, NH4OH, FeCl3.

Physical Properties
Physical State: Solid
Colour: White
Odour: Vinegar like
Solubility: Soluble in water
Fammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)

S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TEST

1 Litmus Test: Litmus solution turns from -COOH or – OH may be

LEFT SIDE ON WHITE PAPER WITH PENCIL ONLY Organic compound + 2 drops of litmus blue to red. present
solution.
2 Organic compound + NaHCO3 Colourless, odorless gas -COOH group or -OH
solution. with brisk effervescence. (phenol group) may be
present.

CONFIRMATORY TEST

3 Ester Test: Fruity smell of ester -COOH group is

Organic compound + C2H5OH + conc. confirmed
H2SO4
+ Heat
4 FeCl3 Test: Red colour appears -COOH group is
Organic compound + NH 4 OH + dil confirmed
FeCl3 solution.

Result
The functional group present in organic compound is carboxylic group (-COOH).
 EXPERIMENT No. 15
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE USING TITRATION
AGAINST OXALIC ACID OF STRENGTH M/10
Aim
To prepare a standard oxalic acid solution of M/10 and to determine the strength of a given potassium
The chemical reaction at room temperature is given below.
permanganate solution using prepared standard oxalic acid solution by titration.
Reduction Half reaction: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
Theory:
Oxidation Half reaction: 5(COOH)2 + 5[O] → 5H2O + 10CO2↑
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidising agent and in the presence of sulfuric acid it acts as a powerful
Overall reaction: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5(COOH)2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2↑
oxidising agent. In acidic medium the oxidising ability of KMnO4 is represented by the following equation.
In acidic solution,
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
The ionic equation involved in the process is given below.
Solution containing MnO4– ions are purple in colour and the solution containing Mn2+ ions are colourless and
Reduction Half reaction: [MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2
hence permanganate solution is decolourised when added to a solution of a reducing agent. The moment there
Oxidation Half reaction: [C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e–] x 5
is an excess of potassium permanganate present the solution becomes purple. Thus, KMnO4 serves as self-
Overall Ionic reaction: 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
indicator in acidic solution.

Potassium permanganate is standardized against pure oxalic acid. It involves a redox reaction. Oxalic acid is
The quantity of Oxalic acid required for the 250ml of the solution having a molarity of 0.1 M can be calculated oxidised to carbon dioxide by KMnO4, which itself gets reduced to MnO4.
as follows.
The molar mass of oxalic acid = 126 g/mol This titration cannot be carried out in the presence of acids like nitric acid or hydrochloric acid because itself
is an oxidising agent. So hydrochloric acid chemically reacts with KMnO4 solution forming chlorine which is
also an oxidising agent.
In order to prepare M/10 oxalic acid solution, 12.6 g of oxalic acid should be dissolved per litre of solution.
Materials Required:
Alternatively, 12.6 /4 = 3.15 g of oxalic acid crystals should be dissolved in water and the solution be made Oxalic acid, Potassium permanganate solution, 1.0M sulphuric acid, Chemical balance, Burette, Burette stand,
exactly 250 ml. Pipette, Conical flask, Funnel, Measuring flask, Weighing bottle, White tile, Burner, Wire gauze.
For the preparation of 1 litre of M/10 oxalic acid solution amount of oxalic acid required = 3.15g
Indicator:
KMnO4 acts as a self-indicator

End Point:
Colourless to permanent pale pink

Procedure:
(a) Preparation of 0.1M standard solution of oxalic acid
1 Weigh an empty watch glass using a chemical balance.
2 Weigh 3.15g of oxalic acid accurately in the watch glass.
3 With the help of a funnel transfer the oxalic acid into the measuring flask.
4 Now wash the funnel with distilled water without removing the funnel from the flask.
5 Make the solution up to the marked point with distilled water and make sure the oxalic acid is fully
dissolved.
6 This solution is 0.1M standard solution of oxalic acid.
(b) Titration of potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous ammonium sulfate (Mohr’s salt)
solution
1 Rinse the burette with the potassium permanganate solution and fill the burette with potassium permanganate
solution.
2 Fix the burette in the burette stand and place the white tile below the burette in order to find the end point
correctly.
3 Pipette out 20ml of 0.1M standard oxalic acid solution in a conical flask.
4 Add a test tube full of sulphuric acid in order to prevent oxidation of manganese to form manganese dioxide.
5 Heat the mixture upto 60oC before titrating with potassium permanganate.
6 Note down the initial reading in the burette before starting the titration.
7 The hot solution is titrated against potassium permanganate solution and simultaneously swirl the solution in the
flask gently.
8 Initially the purple colour of KMnO4 is discharged with oxalic acid. The appearance of permanent pink colour
reveals the end point.
9 Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.
10 Note down the upper meniscus on the burette readings. Record the reading in the observation table given below
in order to calculate the molarity of KMnO4 given.
OBSERVATION TABLE Result
Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is _________ moles/L
Volume of Burette Reading Volume of KMnO4 The strength of given potassium permanganate solution is _______ g/L
S. No.
Oxalic Acid (ml) Initial Final used (Final – Initial)
1 20 Precautions
2 20 1. Clean all the apparatus with distilled water before starting the experiment and then rinse with the
3 20 solution to be taken in them.
2. Rinse the pipette and burette before use.
4 20
3. Potassium permanganate is dark in colour, so always read the upper meniscus.
5 20 4. Use dilute sulfuric acid for acidifying the potassium permanganate.
5. Take accurate readings once it reaches the end point and don’t go with average readings.
6. Use antiparallex card or autoparallex card while taking the burette readings.
7. Do not use rubber cork burette as it can be attacked by KMnO 4.
CALCULATIONS 8. The strength of the unknown solution should be taken up to two decimal places only.

To calculate the strength of given KMnO4 in terms of molarity the following formula is used
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
Where a1 and a2 are stoichiometric coefficient of oxalic acid and KMnO 4 in a balanced chemical equation.
a1 = 2, a2 = 5
Where;
M2 and M1 are molarities of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid solutions used in the titration.
V2 and V1 are the volume of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid solutions used in the titration.

Therefore,
KMnO4 = Oxalic acid
5M2V2 = 2M1V1
M2 = (2M1V1/5M2V2)

The strength of KMnO4 is calculated by using the molarity.

Strength = Molarity x Molar mass
 EXPERIMENT No. 16
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE USING TITRATION
AGAINST OXALIC ACID OF STRENGTH M/20
Aim
To prepare a standard oxalic acid solution of M/20 and to determine the strength of a given potassium
The chemical reaction at room temperature is given below.
permanganate solution using prepared standard oxalic acid solution by titration.
Reduction Half reaction: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
Theory:
Oxidation Half reaction: 5(COOH)2 + 5[O] → 5H2O + 10CO2↑
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidising agent and in the presence of sulfuric acid it acts as a powerful
Overall reaction: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5(COOH)2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2↑
oxidising agent. In acidic medium the oxidising ability of KMnO4 is represented by the following equation.
In acidic solution,
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
The ionic equation involved in the process is given below.
Solution containing MnO4– ions are purple in colour and the solution containing Mn2+ ions are colourless and
Reduction Half reaction: [MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2
hence permanganate solution is decolourised when added to a solution of a reducing agent. The moment there
Oxidation Half reaction: [C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e–] x 5
is an excess of potassium permanganate present the solution becomes purple. Thus, KMnO4 serves as self-
Overall Ionic reaction: 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
indicator in acidic solution.

Potassium permanganate is standardized against pure oxalic acid. It involves a redox reaction. Oxalic acid is
The quantity of Oxalic acid required for the 250ml of the solution having a molarity of 0.05 M can be oxidised to carbon dioxide by KMnO4, which itself gets reduced to MnO4.
calculated as follows.
The molar mass of oxalic acid = 126 g/mol This titration cannot be carried out in the presence of acids like nitric acid or hydrochloric acid because itself
is an oxidising agent. So hydrochloric acid chemically reacts with KMnO4 solution forming chlorine which is
also an oxidising agent.
In order to prepare M/20 oxalic acid solution, 6.3 g of oxalic acid should be dissolved per litre of solution.
Materials Required:
Alternatively, 6.3 /4 = 1.575 g of oxalic acid crystals should be dissolved in water and the solution be made Oxalic acid, Potassium permanganate solution, 1.0M sulphuric acid, Chemical balance, Burette, Burette stand,
exactly 250 ml. Pipette, Conical flask, Funnel, Measuring flask, Weighing bottle, White tile, Burner, Wire gauze.
For the preparation of 1 litre of M/10 oxalic acid solution amount of oxalic acid required = 1.575 g
Indicator:
KMnO4 acts as a self-indicator

End Point:
Colourless to permanent pale pink

Procedure:
(c) Preparation of 0.05 M standard solution of oxalic acid
1 Weigh an empty watch glass using a chemical balance.
2 Weigh 1.575 g of oxalic acid accurately in the watch glass.
3 With the help of a funnel transfer the oxalic acid into the measuring flask.
4 Now wash the funnel with distilled water without removing the funnel from the flask.
5 Make the solution up to the marked point with distilled water and make sure the oxalic acid is fully
dissolved.
6 This solution is 0.05 M standard solution of oxalic acid.
(d) Titration of potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous ammonium sulfate (Mohr’s salt)
solution
1 Rinse the burette with the potassium permanganate solution and fill the burette with potassium permanganate
solution.
2 Fix the burette in the burette stand and place the white tile below the burette in order to find the end point
correctly.
3 Pipette out 20ml of 0.05 M standard oxalic acid solution in a conical flask.
4 Add a test tube full of sulphuric acid in order to prevent oxidation of manganese to form manganese dioxide.
5 Heat the mixture upto 60oC before titrating with potassium permanganate.
6 Note down the initial reading in the burette before starting the titration.
7 The hot solution is titrated against potassium permanganate solution and simultaneously swirl the solution in the
flask gently.
8 Initially the purple colour of KMnO4 is discharged with oxalic acid. The appearance of permanent pink colour
reveals the end point.
9 Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.
10 Note down the upper meniscus on the burette readings. Record the reading in the observation table given below
in order to calculate the molarity of KMnO4 given.
OBSERVATION TABLE Result
Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is _________ moles/L
Volume of Burette Reading Volume of KMnO4 The strength of given potassium permanganate solution is _______ g/L
S. No.
Oxalic Acid (ml) Initial Final used (Final – Initial)
1 20 Precautions
2 20 1. Clean all the apparatus with distilled water before starting the experiment and then rinse with the
3 20 solution to be taken in them.
2. Rinse the pipette and burette before use.
4 20
3. Potassium permanganate is dark in colour, so always read the upper meniscus.
5 20 4. Use dilute sulfuric acid for acidifying the potassium permanganate.
5. Take accurate readings once it reaches the end point and don’t go with average readings.
6. Use antiparallex card or autoparallex card while taking the burette readings.
7. Do not use rubber cork burette as it can be attacked by KMnO 4.
CALCULATIONS 8. The strength of the unknown solution should be taken up to two decimal places only.

To calculate the strength of given KMnO4 in terms of molarity the following formula is used
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
Where a1 and a2 are stoichiometric coefficient of oxalic acid and KMnO 4 in a balanced chemical equation.
a1 = 2, a2 = 5
Where;
M2 and M1 are molarities of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid solutions used in the titration.
V2 and V1 are the volume of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid solutions used in the titration.

Therefore,
KMnO4 = Oxalic acid
5M2V2 = 2M1V1
M2 = (2M1V1/5M2V2)

The strength of KMnO4 is calculated by using the molarity.

Strength = Molarity x Molar mass
 EXPERIMENT No. 17
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE USING TITRATION
AGAINST OXALIC ACID OF STRENGTH M/40
Aim
To prepare a standard oxalic acid solution of M/40 and to determine the strength of a given potassium
The chemical reaction at room temperature is given below.
permanganate solution using prepared standard oxalic acid solution by titration.
Reduction Half reaction: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
Theory:
Oxidation Half reaction: 5(COOH)2 + 5[O] → 5H2O + 10CO2↑
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidising agent and in the presence of sulfuric acid it acts as a powerful
Overall reaction: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5(COOH)2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2↑
oxidising agent. In acidic medium the oxidising ability of KMnO4 is represented by the following equation.
In acidic solution,
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
The ionic equation involved in the process is given below.
Solution containing MnO4– ions are purple in colour and the solution containing Mn2+ ions are colourless and
Reduction Half reaction: [MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2
hence permanganate solution is decolourised when added to a solution of a reducing agent. The moment there
Oxidation Half reaction: [C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e–] x 5
is an excess of potassium permanganate present the solution becomes purple. Thus, KMnO4 serves as self-
Overall Ionic reaction: 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
indicator in acidic solution.

Potassium permanganate is standardized against pure oxalic acid. It involves a redox reaction. Oxalic acid is
The quantity of Oxalic acid required for the 250ml of the solution having a molarity of 0.025 M can be oxidised to carbon dioxide by KMnO4, which itself gets reduced to MnO4.
calculated as follows.
The molar mass of oxalic acid = 126 g/mol This titration cannot be carried out in the presence of acids like nitric acid or hydrochloric acid because itself
is an oxidising agent. So hydrochloric acid chemically reacts with KMnO4 solution forming chlorine which is
also an oxidising agent.
In order to prepare M/40 oxalic acid solution, 3.15 g of oxalic acid should be dissolved per litre of solution.
Materials Required:
Alternatively, 3.15 /4 = 0.787 g of oxalic acid crystals should be dissolved in water and the solution be made Oxalic acid, Potassium permanganate solution, 1.0M sulphuric acid, Chemical balance, Burette, Burette stand,
exactly 250 ml. Pipette, Conical flask, Funnel, Measuring flask, Weighing bottle, White tile, Burner, Wire gauze.
For the preparation of 1 litre of M/10 oxalic acid solution amount of oxalic acid required = 0.787 g
Indicator:
KMnO4 acts as a self-indicator

End Point:
Colourless to permanent pale pink

Procedure:
(e) Preparation of 0.025M standard solution of oxalic acid
1 Weigh an empty watch glass using a chemical balance.
2 Weigh 0.787 g of oxalic acid accurately in the watch glass.
3 With the help of a funnel transfer the oxalic acid into the measuring flask.
4 Now wash the funnel with distilled water without removing the funnel from the flask.
5 Make the solution up to the marked point with distilled water and make sure the oxalic acid is fully
dissolved.
6 This solution is 0.025M standard solution of oxalic acid.
(f) Titration of potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous ammonium sulfate (Mohr’s salt)
solution
1 Rinse the burette with the potassium permanganate solution and fill the burette with potassium permanganate
solution.
2 Fix the burette in the burette stand and place the white tile below the burette in order to find the end point
correctly.
3 Pipette out 20 ml of 0.025 M standard oxalic acid solution in a conical flask.
4 Add a test tube full of sulphuric acid in order to prevent oxidation of manganese to form manganese dioxide.
5 Heat the mixture upto 60oC before titrating with potassium permanganate.
6 Note down the initial reading in the burette before starting the titration.
7 The hot solution is titrated against potassium permanganate solution and simultaneously swirl the solution in the
flask gently.
8 Initially the purple colour of KMnO4 is discharged with oxalic acid. The appearance of permanent pink colour
reveals the end point.
9 Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.
10 Note down the upper meniscus on the burette readings. Record the reading in the observation table given below
in order to calculate the molarity of KMnO4 given.
OBSERVATION TABLE Result
Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is _________ moles/L
Volume of Burette Reading Volume of KMnO4 The strength of given potassium permanganate solution is _______ g/L
S. No.
Oxalic Acid (ml) Initial Final used (Final – Initial)
1 20 Precautions
2 20 1. Clean all the apparatus with distilled water before starting the experiment and then rinse with the
3 20 solution to be taken in them.
2. Rinse the pipette and burette before use.
4 20
3. Potassium permanganate is dark in colour, so always read the upper meniscus.
5 20 4. Use dilute sulfuric acid for acidifying the potassium permanganate.
5. Take accurate readings once it reaches the end point and don’t go with average readings.
6. Use antiparallex card or autoparallex card while taking the burette readings.
7. Do not use rubber cork burette as it can be attacked by KMnO 4.
CALCULATIONS 8. The strength of the unknown solution should be taken up to two decimal places only.

To calculate the strength of given KMnO4 in terms of molarity the following formula is used
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
Where a1 and a2 are stoichiometric coefficient of oxalic acid and KMnO 4 in a balanced chemical equation.
a1 = 2, a2 = 5
Where;
M2 and M1 are molarities of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid solutions used in the titration.
V2 and V1 are the volume of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid solutions used in the titration.

Therefore,
KMnO4 = Oxalic acid
5M2V2 = 2M1V1
M2 = (2M1V1/5M2V2)

The strength of KMnO4 is calculated by using the molarity.

Strength = Molarity x Molar mass