Chemistry Practical 2024-25

ACHARIYA SIKSHA MANDIR
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL MANUAL 2024-25
URUVAIYAR
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INDEX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREPARATION OF LYOPHILIC SOLUTION .................................................................................................. 3
PREPARATION OF LYOPHOBIC SOLUTIONS .............................................................................................. 3
PREPARATION OF MOHR’S SALT ............................................................................................................. 4
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON RATE OF REACTION .............................................................................. 5
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF REACTION .................................................................................. 6
SEPARATION OF CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN AN INORGANIC MIXTURE CONTAINING TWO CATIONS....... 7
DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION/ MOLARITY OF KMNO4 SOLUTION BY TITRATING IT AGAINST A
STANDARD SOLUTION OF OXALIC ACID .............................................................................................. 8
STANDARD SOLUTION OF FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE ............................................................ 10
LEAD NITRATE ...................................................................................................................................... 12
AMMONIUM CARBONATE .................................................................................................................... 15
ALUMINIUM SULPHATE ........................................................................................................................ 17
ALUMINIUM NITRATE ........................................................................................................................... 20
ZINC SULPHATE .................................................................................................................................... 22
BARIUM CHLORIDE. .............................................................................................................................. 24
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE ....................................................................................................................... 27
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ........................................................................................................................ 29
TEST FOR ORGANIC COMPOUND-1 ....................................................................................................... 32
TEST FOR FOOD SAMPLE-1 .................................................................................................................... 35
TEST FOR FOOD SAMPLE-2 .................................................................................................................... 36
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PREPARATION OF LYOPHILIC SOLUTION
AIM
To prepare a colloidal solution of starch.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Beaker, distilled water, glass rod, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, filter paper, funnel, starch powder
etc.
THEORY
Starch forms a hydrophilic colloidal solution. On heating, the formation of the solution is accelerated.
Starch is a polysaccharide, which on hydrolysis yields molecules of β-glucose. The molecules of starch remain
suspended in the solvent. The colloidal particles cannot be seen by the naked eye but can be seen with the
help of an ultramicroscope. Starch forms hydrophilic colloidal solution at 100°C.
PROCEDURE
1. Boil about 100 ml of distilled water in 250 ml beaker.
2. Take 2 g of starch in a china dish and make a paste using distilled water.
3. Add the paste to the boiling water with constant stirring.
4. Boil the contents for 5 minutes.
5. Cool to room temperature and filter.
6. The filtrate so obtained is a colloidal solution
PRECAUTIONS
Use distilled water for the preparation of the solution.
Make a fine paste of starch.
Boil water before adding the paste.
Stir continuously while boiling.
RESULT
The prepared solution is a colloidal solution of starch.
PREPARATION OF LYOPHOBIC SOLUTIONS

AIM
To prepare a colloidal solution of iron hydroxide [Fe(OH)3].
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Beaker, glass rod, Bunsen burner, distilled water, ferric chloride etc.
THEORY
The ferric hydroxide solution is a lyophobic solution. It is prepared by hydrolysis of ferric chloride
with boiling water. The process involves peptization method.
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+ 3H Boil + 3HCl
FeCl3 2O Fe(OH)3
Red sol
Fe(OH)3 is a brown precipitate which on fresh preparation, adsorbs Fe+3 ions on its surface and the
precipitate breaks into particles of colloidal dimension.
The origin of a similar charge repels the particles and they form a solution preventing their coagulation. The
hydrochloric acid tends to destabilize the solution and hence it is separated from the solution by dialysis.
PROCEDURE
1. Take 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker and boil it.
2. Add FeCl3 solution to the boiling water dropwise with constant stirring.
3. Continue heating till a deep brown solution of Fe(OH)3 is obtained.
4. Cool and filter.
5. The filtrate is Fe(OH)3 solution.
PRECAUTIONS
Add FeCl3 by a dropper.
HCl so formed must be removed by dialysis otherwise it will coagulate the solution.
Use a clean apparatus.
RESULT
The prepared solution is a colloidal solution of [Fe(OH)3].
PREPARATION OF MOHR’S SALT

AIM
To prepare crystals of Mohr's salt.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Beakers (250 ml), china dish, burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, funnel, glass rod etc .,
Ferrous sulphate FeSO4. 7H2O = 7g,
(Green vitriol)
Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4= 3.5g,
Conc. H2SO4, (1-2 ml) to check hydrolysis.
THEORY
Mohr's salt is prepared by dissolving equimolar quantities of green vitriol and ammonium sulphate
in water.
FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O
(Molar mass 278 g) (Molar mass 132 g) (Molar mass 392 g)
PROCEDURE
1. Measure and weigh the exact amount of (NH4)2SO4 and FeSO4. 7H2O in different beakers. Dissolve
ammonium sulphate in 20 ml of water. Add 2-3 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid before adding
water to the ferrous sulphate crystals to prevent hydrolysis, then add 20 ml of hot water.
2. Mix the two solutions and filter to remove suspended impurities.
3. Transfer the filtrate in a china dish and heat to concentrate it one-fourth. Check the crystallisation
point.
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4. Keep the china dish in the water bath. Light greenish crystals of both salts appear at the bottom of
the china dish.
5. Decant the mother liquor and dry the crystals between the folds of filter paper.
OBSERVATIONS
1. Weight of crystals obtained = 18.6 g.
2. The shape of crystals = Monoclinic.
3. Colour of crystals = Light green.
PRECAUTIONS
Use unoxidised light green ferrous sulphate to prepare Mohr's salt. On exposure to air, green FeSO4
changes to brown ferric sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 .
Add conc. H2SO4 to prevent hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate solution.
RESULT
The 18.6 g of Mohr's salt crystals are prepared by the process of crystallisation.
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON RATE OF REACTION

AIM
To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between the effect Na2S2O3 (sodium
thiosulphate) and hydrochloric acid.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
5 conical flasks (250 ml), beaker (250 ml), burette, burette stand, pipette, white tile, stopwatch, M/30
hypo solution and 1 M hydrochloric acid solution.
THEORY
As per the observations, the rate of reaction increases with the concentration of reactants. According
to the law of mass action, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the product of the molar
concentration of reactions.
Hypo solution reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a colloidal solution of sulphur.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCI(aq) 2NaCI(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
The colloidal solution has a milky or turbid appearance. The rate of reaction can be determined by noting
the time required for the formation of sulphur solution. The effect of the change is determined by changing
the concentrations of Na2S2O3 and HCI acids.
PROCEDURE
1. Take five conical flasks and label them as A, B, C, D and E.
2. Now, put 50 ml, 40 ml, 30 ml, 20 ml and 10 ml of hypo solution in these flasks using a burette.
3. Also add 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml and 40 ml of water to flasks B, C, D and E respectively and leave 'A' as such.
4. Keep one of the flasks on a marked tile.
5. Now arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure. Use the burette to add 10 ml of 1 M HCl into the
conical flask and switch on the stopwatch.
6. Now as the mark disappears with the formation of sulphur in the solution, stop the stopwatch
immediately and note the time.
7. Repeat the process with each flask and record the observations.
8. To study the effect of concentration of HCI in the conical flask, take different volumes of HCI and add a
fixed amount of hypo solution from the burette and record similar observations.
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OBSERVATIONS
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF CONC. Na2S2O3 (HYPO)
TIME TAKEN
VOLUME ADDITION OF VOLUME
CONICAL TO FORM ‘S’
OF M/30 WATER OF HCl
FLASK SOLUTION
HYPO (ml) (VOLUME) (ml) ADDED (ml)
(sec)
A 50 0 10 55
B 40 10 10 62
C 30 20 10 69
D 20 30 10 77
E 10 40 10 83
Concentration of each flask is changed and hence the time (t) differs.
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF CONC. HCl
TIME TAKEN TO
VOLUME VOLUME OF VOLUME OF
CONICAL FOR SOL
OF HCl WATER M/30
FLASK FORMATION
(ml) (ml) Na2S2O3 (ml)
(sec)
A 25 25 10 55
B 20 30 10 64
C 15 35 10 73
D 10 40 10 82
E 5 45 10 91
Use equation to find new molarity.

RESULT
It is observed that when the concentration of reactants (either hypo or HCl) is maximum then the
time taken for the mass to become invisible is minimum. Hence the rate of reaction is the highest.
Rate α [ Concentration of reactant ]
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF REACTION

AIM
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions between sodium thiosulphate and
hydrochloric acid.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, pipette, 100 ml conical flask, measuring cylinder,
stopwatch, thermometer, M / 20 Na2S2O3 solution, 1 M HCI.
THEORY
The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the temperature. With the increase in temperature
the kinetic energy of the molecules increases and hence the fraction of molecules showing effective collisions
increases, thereby increasing the rate of reaction. For every 10° rise in temperature, the rate of reaction
increases and the rate constant changes with temperature for a particular reaction.
The rate of reaction between hypo solution and hydrochloric acid also increases with an increase in
temperature.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCI(aq) 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 +S
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The rate of reaction can be studied by measuring the time taken for precipitation of sulphur to make
solutions opaque.
PROCEDURE
1. Take 25 ml of M/20 NaS2O3 solution in a conical flask and place the flask on a tile which has been
marked. Note the temperature of the solution.
2. Now add 10 ml of HCl from the burette and start the stopwatch. Note the time taken for the mark to
become unreadable, i.e. formation of 'S' in the solution which makes the solution opaque.
3. Take another 25 ml of M/20 Na2S2O3, solution in a conical flask and heat the flask to about 40°C. Note
the temperature of the solutions and repeat the process.
4. Do this process at raised temperatures 45°C, 50°C, 55°C and note the time required for the formation
of sulphur in solution. Record the observations.
OBSERVATION
TIME TAKEN
VOLUME OF VOLUME OF 1M TEMPERATUR
FOR
FLASK HYPO M/20 HCl ADDED E
REACTIONS(SEC
(ml) (ml) (°C)
)
A 25 10 35 56
B 25 10 40 64
C 25 10 45 72
D 25 10 50 80
E 25 10 55 88
RESULT
THE RATE OF REACTION INCREASES WITH TEMPERATURE.
SEPARATION OF CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN AN INORGANIC MIXTURE CONTAINING TWO CATIONS
AIM
Separation of the constituents of a mixture of inorganic compounds containing two cations, Pb2+ and
Cd2+, using chromatographic technique.
THEORY
In this case the two cations to be separated are colourless. therefore, a developer is needed. In
the present case, ammonium sulphide (NH4)2S, can be used to locate the position of these ions on
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chromatographic paper or plate
MATERIAL REQUIRED
Whatman’s filter paper, No. 1 of size 4 cm 17 cm, Gas jar of size 5 cm 20 cm, Rubber cork fixed
with hook in the center, Test tubes, 1–2% solution of Pb(NO3 )2 and Cd(NO3)3, Ethanol, 6.0 M
HNO3
PROCEDURE
(i) Procure a Whatman No. 1 filter paper of size 4 cm 17 cm. With the help of a pencil, mark a line
at a distance of 3 cm from one of the ends of this paper.
(ii) Put a spot of the mixture on the marked line with the help of a fine capillary.
(iii) Hang the filter paper in a jar containing a mixture of ethanol, 6.0 M HNO3 and distilled water,
in the ratio 8:1:1.
(iv) Keep the jar as such till the mobile phase (solvent) rises up to two third of the length of the
paper.
(v) Remove the filter paper from the jar, mark the solvent front.
(vi) Spray ammonium sulphide solution on the chromatography paper to obtain spots of yellow and
black colour. Mark the position of spots with a pencil and allow the paper to dry.
(vii) Measure the distance moved by the solvent front and the different spots of the cations with
respect to the reference line. This distance is the shortest distance between the reference line and
the centre of different spots.
(viii) Record the observations in tabular form as in Table 5.2. Calculate the Rf value for each cation.
Table 5. 2 : Separation of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions by paper chromatography
Distance travelled by Distance travelled
Rf
S.No Ion componentsfrom by the solvent from
value
reference line / cm reference line / cm
1 Pb+2 8.7 11.5 0.75
2 Cd+2 9.9 11.5 0.86
RESULT
1. Rf values of Pb2+ ions is 0.75
2. Rf values of Cd2+ ions is 0.86
TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS

STANDARD SOLUTION OF OXALIC ACID
AIM
To determine the concentration / molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a 0.05 M
standard solution of oxalic acid.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
Measuring flask (250 mL), Burette (50 mL), Burette stand, Pipette, Conical flask, Funnel, Weighing
bottle, Glazed tile (white), Burner, Wire gauze, Chemical balance, Oxalic acid, Potassium permanganate
solution, 1.0 M Sulphuric acid
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THEORY
Preparation of 0.05 M standard solution of oxalic acid
Molar mass of a oxalic acid =126
Strength =Molarity X Molar mass
𝟏𝟏
=𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 x 126= 6.3 g/liter
6.3
Amount of oxalic acid required for 100ml = 10 = 0.63 𝑔𝑔 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
Steps to Prepare Standard Solution
 Weigh exactly 0.63 g on a watch glass.
 Transfer to volumetric flask.
 Dissolve it in minimum amount of water and make up the volume to the etched mark in 100 ml
volumetric flask.
 This is prepared M/20 oxalic acid solution to be used as standard solution.
The oxidizing action of KMnO4 in the acidic medium can be represented by the following
equation:
MnO4 – + 8H+ +5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O
The acid used in this titration is dilute Sulphuric acid.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
REDUCTION HALF REACTION :
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5 [O]
OXIDATION HALF REACTION :
60° C
[H2C2O4 + [O] 2CO2 + H2 O] × 5
NET REACTION
2KMnO 4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 K2SO 4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10 CO2
IONIC EQUATION
Reduction half reaction : [ MnO4 – + 5e– + 8H + Mn+2 + 4H2 O ] X 2
Oxidation half reaction : [ C2 O4–2 2CO2 + 2e– ]X5
Net reaction: 2 MnO4– + 5C2 O42– + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2 O
Indicator: KMnO4, acts as salt indicator.

End point: Appearance of light pink colour.
PROCEDURE
Titration of KMnO4 against oxalic acid solution:
1. Rinse the burette with given KMnO4 solution.
2. Fill the burette with the 0 ml mark.
3. Now pipette out 10 ml of oxalic acid solution in the conical flask and add to it equal volume of
dilute H2SO4 and heat the conical flask to 60°-70°C.
4. Add KMnO4 to the oxalic acid slowly with constant shaking till a persistent light pink colour
appears.
5. Note the reading of the burette and repeat the process to take at least two concordant
readings.
Observations
Volume of oxalic acid (pipette) = 20 ml
Molarity of oxalic acid to be used as standard solution = M/20
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SHORT PROCEDURE
Burette solution : Unknown KMnO4
Pipette solution : 20ml of Oxalic acid
Acid to be added : 20ml of 4N dil. H2SO4
Indicator : Self-Indicator (KMnO4)
Temperature : 60°-70°C
End point : Appearance of pale permanent pink color
TABULATION
STD OXALIC ACID VS UNKNOWN KMNO4 Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
VOLUME OF VOLUME OF CONCORDANT
BURETTE READING (ML)
S.NO OXALIC ACID KMNO 4 (ML) VALUE (ML)
(ML) INITIAL FINAL
1 20 0.0 21 21
21
2 20 0.0 21 21
CALCULATION
Volume of std. Oxalic acid (V1) = 20 ml
Molarity of Std. Oxalic acid (M1) = 0.05M
Volume of unknown KMnO4 (V2) = 21 ml
Molarity of unknown KMnO4 = ?
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
a1 = 2, (the number of electrons lost per formula unit of oxalic acid in a balanced equation of
half-cell reaction)
a2= 5, (the number of electrons gained per formula unit of potassium permanganate in the
balanced equation of half-cell reaction)
M1 and M2 are the molarities of oxalic acid and potassium permanganate solutions used
in the titration.
V 1 and V2 are the volumes of oxalic acid and potassium permanganate solutions
2 𝑋𝑋 0.05 𝑋𝑋 20
Molarity of KMnO4 (M2) = 5 𝑋𝑋 21
Molarity of standardised KMnO4 (M2) = 0.0190 M
Strength = Molarity × Molar mass
= 0.0190 X 158 = 3.01g
Strength of given KMnO4 = 3.01g/ L
RESULT
a. Molarity of KMnO4 = 0.0190 M
b. Strength of given KMnO4 = 3.01g/ L

STANDARD SOLUTION OF FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE
AIM
To determine the concentration/molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against standard
solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
Measuring flask (250 mL), Burette (50 mL), Burette stand, Pipette, Conical flask, Glazed tile
(white), Funnel, Weighing bottle, Potassium permanganate solution, Dilute sulphuric acid,
Ferrous ammonium sulphate
Page 10 of 37
THEORY
PREPARATION OF 100 ML OF M/50 MOHR'S SALT SOLUTION:
Strength = Molarity x Molar mass
Mohr's salt = FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4 .6H2O
Molar mass = 392
Strength = M/50 X 392 = 7.84 g/litre
For 100 ml, strength = 0.784 per 100 ml.
 Measure the exact amount of Mohr's salt.
 Transfer it to the volumetric flask.
 Add 1/2 test tube of conc. H2SO4 to check hydrolysis.
 Make up the volume to 100 ml etched mark on the volumetric flask.
 Use this solution aa s standard solution.
 It should be the colourless solution.
REDUCTION HALF REACTION:
2 KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2 SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5 [O]
OXIDATION HALF REACTION
2 FeSO4(NH4)2 SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] Fe2(SO4)3+2(NH4)2 SO4 + 13 H2O] x 5
NET REACTION
2KMnO4+8H2SO4+10FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O K2 SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2 (SO4 )3 + 10(NH4)2 SO4 +

68H2O
(b) Ionic equation

Reduction half reaction : MnO4– + 5e– + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O
Oxidation half reaction : Fe2+ Fe3+ + e– ] × 5
MnO4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
PROCEDURE
 Titration of molar salt against KMnO4 solution:
 Fill the burette with KMnO4 till 'O' mark.
 Read the upper meniscus. Before filling do not forget to rinse the burette.
 Pipette out 20 ml of Mohr's salt solution in a conical flask and add equal volume (nearly half
test tube) of dilute H2SO4.
 Add KMnO4 to Mohr's salt solution slowly with shaking till a persistent light pink colour appears.
Note the reading of the burette.
 Repeat the procedure to take two more readings which coincide. They are concordant readings.
OBSERVATIONS
Volume of Mohr's salt solution = 20 ml (pipette)
Volume of KMnO4 solution = Take a concordant reading from the burette.
Molarity of Mohr's salt solution to be used as standard solution = M/50
Short Procedure
Burette solution : Unknown KMnO4
Pipette solution : 20ml of FAS
Acid to be added : 20ml of 4N dil. H2SO4
Indicator : Self-Indicator (KMnO4)
Temperature : Lab temperature
End point : Appearance of pale permanent pink color
Page 11 of 37
TABULATION
STD FAS VS UNKNOWN KMnO4 Indicator: Self(KMnO4)
VOLUME OF CONCORDANT
VOLUME OF BURETTE READING (ml)
S.NO KMNO4 (ml) VALUE (ml)
FAS (ml)
INITIAL FINAL
1 20 0.0 19.5 19.5
19.5
2 20 0.0 19.5 19.5
CALCULATION
Volume of std. FAS (V1) = 20 ml
Molarity of Std. FAS (M1) = 0.02M
Volume of unknown KMnO4 (V2) = 19.5 ml
Molarity of unknown KMnO4 = ?
The strength of unknown solution in terms of molarity may be determined by the following
equation :
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
M1 and M2 are the molarities of ferrous ammonium sulphate and potassium permanganate
solutions and V1 and V2 are volumes of ferrous ammonium sulphate and potassium
permanganate solutions, respectively.
a1 = 1, (the number of electrons lost per formula unit of ferrous ammonium sulphate in the half
cell reaction)
a2 = 5, (the number of electrons gained per formula unit of potassium permanganate in a half
cell reaction)
a 1M 1V 1 = a 2M 2V 2
1 𝑋𝑋 0.02𝑋𝑋 20
Molarity of KMnO4 (M2) = 5 𝑋𝑋19.5
Molarity of standardised KMnO4 (M2) = 0.0041 M
Strength = Molarity × Molar mass
= 0.0041 X 158
Strength of given KMnO4 = 0.65 g/ L
RESULT
a. Molarity of KMnO4 = 0.0041 M
b. Strength of given KMnO4 = 0.65 g/ L
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - LEAD NITRATE
PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts
Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT Decrepitation occurs with May be Nitrate.
A small amount of the salt is heated evolution of reddish brown
gentlyin a dry test tube. gas.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic-coloured Absence of Copper, Calcium
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a flame. and Barium.
paste and introduced into the
Bunsen flame.
Page 12 of 37
4 ACTION OF DIL HCl Reddish brown turning Presence of nitrate
Salt + dilute HCl moist ferrous sulphate
paper brown evolves
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 Reddish brown gas turning Presence of nitrate
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat acidified ferrous sulphate
papergreen evolves
6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish brown gas moist Presence of nitrate

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. ferroussulphate paper
Sulphuricacid + heated. brown evolves
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent-smelling gas Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. evolved.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No red-orange vapors Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium evolved.
Dichromate + conc. Sulphuric acid +
heated.
TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE
EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is
added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.

1௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate Absence of chloride, bromide
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added appears. and sulphide.
until the effervescence ceases + 2
ml of Silver Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate appears. Absence of sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added
ml of lead acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric
Acid added until the
effervescence ceases
+ Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: Brown ring is formed at the Nitrate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is junction ofthe two layers.
added until the effervescence
ceases + freshly prepared FeSO4 +
conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
14 AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST: No canary yellow Absence of phosphate
1mlof the extract + dil HNO3+ about precipitate is formed.
1mLeachofammoniummolybdate
and Conc. HNO3
Page 13 of 37
15 TESTWITH SODIUM No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
NITROBRUSIDE: appears
1mL of the sodium carbonate
extract + 1 mLof dil .ammonia. +
few drops of sodium nitroprusside.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled water .
GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1 0 - GROUP: No Reddish brown Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s precipitate appears
reagent + excess of Sodium
Hydroxide.
2 I – GROUP: White precipitate soluble when Presence of lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil. HCl. boiled with water is obtained.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
I – GROUP: Yellow precipitate soluble in hot Lead is confirmed.
Original solution + 2 ml of waterwhich reappears as golden
Potassium Iodide. yellow spangles on cooling.
RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Lead
2. Acid Radical : Nitrate
The given simple salt is : Lead Nitrate.
TEST FOR NITRATE (NO3-)

a. COPPER TURNING TEST
NO3- + Con. H2SO4 HSO4- + HNO3
HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Reddish brown gas
b. BROWN RING TEST
NO3- + H2SO4 HSO4- + HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 +2HNO3 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe(NO)(H2O)5] SO4
Brown ring
GROUP 1 : LEAD (Pb )+2
c. Pb+2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2H+

White Ppt
PbCl2 + KI PbI2 + 2KCl
PbCl2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KCl
Page 14 of 37
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT – AMMONIUM CARBONATE
PRELIMINARY TESTS
1 COLOUR Colorless Absence of copper and iron salts
2 ACTION OF HEAT Colourless, odorless gas May be Carbonate.
A small amount of the salt is heated turning Lime water milky
gentlyin a dry test tube. Salt sublimes with the May be Ammonium.
evolution of pungent smelling
gas giving dense white fumes
with a glass rod dipped in conc
HCl.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic-coloured flame. Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a Barium.
Bunsen flame.
4 ACTION OF DIL HCl Brisk effervescence of Carbonate is confirmed.
Salt + dilute HCl colourless, odourless gas
turning Lime water milky.
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas evolved Absence of nitrate,
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat chloride and bromide
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No Reddish brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. evolved.
Sulphuricacid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: Pungent smelling gas forming Presence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. dense white fumes with a
glass rod dipped in conc. HCl
and also turns red Litmus
paper blue.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapors Absence of chloride.
heated .
TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
10 SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate Absence of chloride, bromide
Page 15 of 37
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate soluble in Absence of sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added excessammonium acetate is
until the effervescence ceases + 2 formed.
ml of lead acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate insoluble in Absence of sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric dilute H2SO4 is formed.
13 BROWN RING TEST: No Brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is
conc Sulphuric acid is added drop by
drop.
1ml of the extract + dil.HNO3+ about precipitate is formed.
1mL each of ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
15 TEST WITH SODIUM No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
NITROPRUSSIDE: appears
extract + 1mLof dil .ammonia. +
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled water .
1 0 - GROUP: Reddish brown precipitate is Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + Nessler’s obtained.
Hydroxide.
2 I – GROUP: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.
3 II – GROUP: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil
HCl + H2S gas.
4 III – GROUP: No gelatinous white Absence of Aluminium
Original solution + 1 ml precipitate isappeared.
NH4Cl + 2ml NH4OH
5 IV – GROUP: No dirty white precipitate is Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl appeared.
+ 2 ml NH4OH + H2S gas.
6 V – GROUP: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 Barium.
ml NH4OH + 2 ml (NH4)2CO3
solutions
Page 16 of 37
7 VI – GROUP: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Magnesium.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl
+ 2 ml NH4OH + 2 ml Di
Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate.
0 - group: Reddish brown precipitate is Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + Sodium obtained
Hydroxide + Nessler’s reagent
.
RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Ammonium
2. Acid Radical : Carbonate
The given simple salt is : Ammonium Carbonate
1. TEST FOR CARBONATE

a. Action of dil. HCl test
(NH4)2CO3 + HCl CO2 + H2O + NH4Cl
GROUP-0 : AMMONIUM (NH4+)

a. NaOH TEST
NH4+ + NaOH Na+ + H2O + NH3
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
b. NESSLAR’S REAGENT
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH NH2.HgO-HgI + 7KI + 2H2O
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
PRELIMINARY TESTS
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change Absence of
A small amount of the salt is heated nitrate,
gently in a drytest tube. ammonium, and
zinc.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic Absence of Copper, Calcium
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a coloured flame. and Barium.
Bunsen flame.
4 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic change. Absence of nitrate,
Salt + dilute HCl Sulphide and Carbonate.
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas Absence of nitrate,

Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat evolved chloride and bromide
Page 17 of 37
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish-brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Sulphuric acid +heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours Absence of chloride.
Dichromate + conc.Sulphuric acid +
heated .

1௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate Absence of chloride, bromide
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: A white precipitate Presence of sulphate.
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added soluble in ammonium
until the effervescence ceases + 2 acetate is formed
ml of lead acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A white precipitate insoluble Sulphate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric in dil H2SO4
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring appears. Absence of Nitrate.
conc Sulphuric acid is added drop
by drop.
14 AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST: No canary yellow ppt is Absence of phosphate
1mlof the extract + dil HNO3+ about formed.
and Conc. HNO3
Page 18 of 37
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to
15 ml of distilled water.
Original solution + Nessler’s precipitate appears.
Hydroxide.
2 I – GROUP: No white precipitate appears. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl.
3 II – GROUP: No black precipitate appears. Absence of Copper.
HCl + H2S gas.
4 III – GROUP: A gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of Aluminium.
Original solution 1 ml + NH4Cl appeared.
+ 2 ml NH4OH

III – GROUP: A bright red lake appears. Aluminium is confirmed.
Original solution +
Ammonium Hydroxide +
Aluminon reagent.
RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Aluminium
2. Acid Radical : Sulphate
The given simple salt is : Aluminium Sulphate.
TEST FOR SULPHATE
a. BaCl2 test
SO4-2 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2Cl-
b. Lead Acetate Test
SO4-2 + (CH3COO)2 Pb PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-
GROUP 3 : Al+3
d. Lake Test
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
Red color adsorbed on this ppt
e. NaOH Test
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Sodium meta aluminate
Page 19 of 37
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT ALUMINIUM NITRATE
PRELIMINARY TESTS
2 ACTION OF HEAT Decrepitation occurs with May be Nitrate.
A small amount of the salt is heated the evolution of reddish-
gentlyin a dry test tube. brown gas.
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a flame. and Barium.
Bunsen flame.
4 ACTION OF DIL HCl Reddish brown gas turning Presence of nitrate
Salt + dilute HCl moist ferrous sulphate
paper brown evolves
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 Reddish brown gas turning Presence of nitrate
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat acidified ferrous sulphate
paper green evolves
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish brown gas turning Presence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. moist ferrous sulphate
Sulphuricacid + heated. paper brown evolves
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapors Absence of chloride.
heated .
TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
added, boiled for 10minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.

1௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate Absence of chloride,
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added appears. bromide and sulphide.
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate
ml of lead acetate
Page 20 of 37
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate appears. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric
13 BROWN RING TEST: A Brown ring is formed at the Nitrate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is junction ofthe two layers.
Conc Sulphuric acid is added drop
by drop.
14 AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST: No canary yellow ppt is Absence of phosphate
1mlof the extract + dil HNO3+ about formed.
and Conc. HNO3
15 ml of distilled water.
Hydroxide.

HCl + H2S gas.
4 III – GROUP: A gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of Aluminium.
Original solution 1 ml + NH4Cl obtained.
+ 2 ml NH4OH
III – GROUP: A bright red lake is obtained. Aluminium is confirmed.
Original solution +
Ammonium Hydroxide +
Aluminon reagent.
Page 21 of 37
RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Aluminium
2. Acid Radical : Nitrate.
The given simple salt is : Aluminium Nitrate.
TEST FOR NITRATE (NO3-)

a. COPPER TURNING TEST
NO3- + Con. H2SO4 HSO4- + HNO3
HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Reddish brown gas
b. BROWN RING TEST
NO3- + H2SO4 HSO4- + HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 +2HNO3 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe(NO)(H2O)5] SO4
Brown ring
GROUP 3 : Al+3
f. LAKE TEST
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
Red color adsorbed on this ppt
g. NaOH TEST
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Sodium meta aluminate
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-ZINC SULPHATE
PRELIMINARY TESTS
2 ACTION OF HEAT The white salt May be Zinc.
A small amount of the salt is heated gently turnsyellow on
in a drytest tube. heating.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic- Absence of Copper, Calcium
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a coloured flame. and Barium.
Bunsen flame.
4 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic Absence of nitrate,
Salt + dilute HCl change isobtained. Sulphide and Carbonate.
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic Absence of nitrate,

Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat gasevolved chloride and bromide

Page 22 of 37
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish-brown Absence of Nitrate.
Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric gas isevolved.
acid +heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent-smelling Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. gasevolved.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate vapors evolved.
+ conc.Sulphuric acid + heated.
TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE
EXTRACT PREPARATION OF SODIUM
CARBONATE EXTRACT:
1௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate. Absence of chloride,
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added bromide and sulphide.
until the effervescence ceases + 2 acetate is formed
ml of lead acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A white precipitate, insoluble Sulphate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric in dil.H2SO4
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
by drop.
and Conc. HNO3
15 TEST WITH SODIUM No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.

The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled water
Page 23 of 37
Hydroxide.
HCl + H2S gas.
Original solution + 1 ml precipitate appears.
NH4Cl + 2ml NH4OH
5 IV – GROUP: A dirty white precipitate is Presence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl obtained.
IV – GROUP: White precipitate soluble in Zinc is
Original solution + Potassium excess of Sodium hydroxide and confirmed.
Ferro cyanide. insoluble in dilute acid.
RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Zinc
The given simple salt is : Zinc Sulphate.
TEST FOR SULPHATE

a. BaCl2 test
GROUP 4: Zn+2
a. ZnCl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
b. K4[Fe(CN)6] Test
2Zn+2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4K+
White ppt
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-BARIUM CHLORIDE.
PRELIMINARY TESTS
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change. Absence of
A small amount of the salt Nitrate, Ammonium and Zinc.
Page 24 of 37
is heated gently in a dry test
tube.
3 FLAME TEST: Grassy green flame. Presence of Barium.
Salt + conc. HCl is made
into a paste and
introduced into the
Bunsen flame.
Salt + dilute HCl Sulphide and Carbonate.
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 A colourless gas evolves. It gives Presence of chloride.
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat dense white fumes when a glass rod
dipped in liquid ammonia is brought
close to its mouth.
6 ACTION WITH MnO2 A greenish-yellow gas turning starch Presence of chloride.
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat iodide paperblue evolves
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish-brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.
Salt + Copper Turnings +
conc.Sulphuric acid +
heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent-smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: Red orange vapours evolved are Presence of chloride
Salt + a pinch of passed throughwater to get a yellow
PotassiumDichromate + conc. solution, which on adding Lead
Sulphuric acid + heated . acetate forms a yellow precipitate.
10 SILVER NITRATE TEST: A curdy white precipitate, Chloride is confirmed.
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until soluble in excess of Ammonium
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of hydroxide.
Silver Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate.
until the effervescence ceases + 2 ml
of lead acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
ceases + Barium chloride solution
added until the effervescence ceases
+ freshly prepared FeSO4 + conc
Page 25 of 37
Sulphuric acid isadded drop by drop.
and Conc. HNO3
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled water.
1 0 - GROUP: No Reddish-brown Absence of Ammonium.
Hydroxide.
HCl + H2S gas.
NH4Cl + 2ml NH4OH
5 IV – group: No dirty white precipitate appears. Absence of zinc
6 V – GROUP: A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2
solutions
V – GROUP: Yellow precipitate, soluble in acid. Barium is confirmed.
Original solution +
Potassium Chromate is
added.
RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Barium
Acid Radical : Chloride
The given simple salt is : Barium Chloride.
Page 26 of 37
TEST FOR CHLORIDE (Cl-)
a. SILVER NITRATE TEST
Cl- + AgNO3 AgCl + NO3-
b. CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST
4 Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 2SO42- + K2SO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3 H2O
Chromyl Chloride
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2H2O + 2NaCl
Sodium Chromate
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Lead Chromate(Yellow)
GROUP 5 : Ba+2
a. BaCO3 + 2CH 3COOH (CH 3COO)2 Ba + H2O + CO2
b. (CH 3COO)2 Ba + K2CrO4 BaCrO4 + 2CH3COOK
Yellow
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
PRELIMINARY TESTS
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change. Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium and
A small amount of the salt is heated Zinc.
gently in a drytest tube.
Salt + conc. HCl is made into flame. and Barium.
a paste and introduced into
the Bunsen flame.
4 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic change. Absence of nitrate, Sulphide
Salt + dilute HCl and Carbonate.
5 ACTION WITH CON H2SO4 No characteristic gas Absence of nitrate,

Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat evolved chloride andbromide

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish-brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Sulphuric acid +heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium
Dichromate + conc.Sulphuric acid
+ heated.
Page 27 of 37
10 SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is Absence of chloride,
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added obtained. bromide, and sulphide.
until the effervescence ceases +
2 ml of Silver Nitrate
until the effervescence ceases + acetate is obtained
2 ml of lead acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A white precipitate, insoluble Sulphate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric in dil.H2SO4 is obtained.
ceases + freshlyprepared FeSO4 +
by drop.
1ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + precipitate is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdate and Conc. HNO3
15 TEST WITH SODIUM No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
NITROPRUSSIDE: colourationappears
extract + 1mL of dil .ammonia. +

The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled water.
Hydroxide.
HCl + H2S gas.
Page 28 of 37
NH4Cl + 2ml NH4OH
5 IV – GROUP: No dirty white precipitate appears. Absence of Zinc.
6 V – GROUP: appears Absence of Calcium or
Original solution + 1 mlNH4Cl + 2 Barium.
solutions
7 VI – GROUP: White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Magnesium.
VI – GROUP: Blue precipitate is obtained. Magnesium is confirmed.
Original solution + Magneson
reagent
RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Magnesium
The given simple salt is : Magnesium Sulphate.
1. Test for Sulphate
a. BaCl2 test
2. GROUP 6: Mg+2
a. Mg+2 + NH4OH + Na2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2Na+ + H2O
White ppt
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

PRELIMINARY TESTS
1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and
Colour of the salt is noted iron salts
2 ACTION OF HEAT Salt sublimes with evolution of pungent May be Ammonium.

A small amount of the salt smellinggas giving dense white fumes
is heated gently in a dry test with a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl and
tube. also turns red litmus
paper blue
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic-coloured flame. Absence of Copper,
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a Calcium and Barium.
Bunsen flame.
Page 29 of 37
Salt + dilute HCl Sulphide and
Carbonate.
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 A colourless gas evolves. It gives dense Presence of chloride.
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat white fumes when a glass rod dipped in
liquid ammonia is brought close to its
mouth.
6 ACTION WITH MnO2 A greenish-yellow gas turning starch Presence of chloride.
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat iodide paperblue evolves
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish-brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings +
conc.Sulphuric acid +
heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: Pungent-smelling gas forming dense Presence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. white fumes with a glass rod dipped in
conc. HCl and also turns red Litmus
paper blue.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: Red orange vapours evolved are passed Presence of Chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium through water to get a yellow solution,
Dichromate + conc. Sulphuric which on adding Lead acetate forms a
acid + heated. yellow precipitate.
10 SILVER NITRATE TEST: A curdy white precipitate, Chloride is confirmed
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until soluble in excess of
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver Ammonium hydroxide.
Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate.
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
ceases + Barium chloride solution
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about precipitate is formed.
1 mL each of ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
Page 30 of 37
15 TEST WITH SODIUM No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
NITROPRUSSIDE: colourationappears
1mL of the sodium carbonate extract
+ 1mL of dil .ammonia. +few drops of
sodium nitroprusside.

15 ml of distilledwater.
1 0 - GROUP: The reddish-brown precipitate is Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + Nessler’s obtained.
Hydroxide.
HCl + H2S gas.
NH4Cl + 2ml NH4OH
5 IV – GROUP: No dirty white precipitate appears. Absence of Zinc.
6 V – GROUP: No white precipitate appears. Absence of Calcium or
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 Barium.
solutions
7 VI – GROUP: No white precipitate appears. Absence of Magnesium.
V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

0 - group: Reddish brown precipitate is Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + obtained.
Sodium Hydroxide +
Nessler’s reagent
RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Ammonium
Acid Radical : Chloride
The given simple salt is : Ammonium Chloride.
Page 31 of 37
TEST FOR CHLORIDE (CL-)
a. SILVER NITRATE TEST
Cl- + AgNO3 AgCl + NO3-
b. CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST
4 Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 2SO42- + K2SO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3 H2O
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2H2O + 2NaCl
Sodium Chromate
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Lead Chromate(Yellow)
GROUP-0 : AMMONIUM (NH4+)
c. NaOH TEST
NH4+ + NaOH Na+ + H2O + NH3
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
d. NESSLAR’S REAGENT
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH NH2.HgO-HgI + 7KI + 2H2O
TEST FOR ORGANIC COMPOUND-1
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 TOLLEN’S REAGENT TEST:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s regent in a clean A shining silver mirror is Presence of an
dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of an formed. aldehyde
organic compound to it, and warm the
mixture on a water bath for about 2
minutes.
Chemical Equation
AgNO3 + NH4OH AgOH + NH4NO3

2AgOH Ag2O + H2O
RCHO + Ag2O RCOOH + 2Ag
(Silver mirror)
2 FEHLING’S TEST
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s solutions A A red precipitate isformed. Presence of an aldehyde.
and B are taken in a test tube. Add 4-5
drops of an organic compound (or0.2g
of solid) to it, and warm the mixture on
a water bath for about 5minutes.
Chemical Equation
Fehling’s Solution A = CuSO4(aq) Fehling’s Solution (B) = Solutions of NaOH and Rochelle salt which is
sodium potassium tartrate.
RCHO + Cu+2 + OH- RCOO- + Cu2O + H2O
(Red ppt)
RESULT:
The given organic compound contains ALDEHYDE functional group
Page 32 of 37

1 ACTION WITH SODIUM
BICARBONATE Brisk effervescence is Presence of
Take 2ml of saturated sodium bi observed carboxylic acid
carbonate solution in a test tube.
Add2-3 drops (or a pinch of solid)
of an organic compound to it.
Chemical Equation
RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + CO2 + H2O
2 ESTERIFICATION REACTION
Take 1 ml or a pinch of an organic A pleasant fruity odouris Presence of carboxylic
compound in a clean test tube. Add noted. acid
1 ml of ethyl alcohol and 4 - 5 drops
of Conc. H2SO4 to it. Heat the
reaction mixture strongly for about
5 minutes. Then pour the mixture
into a beaker containing dil.Na2CO3
solution and note the smell.
Chemical Equation
Conc. H2SO4
RCOOH + R'OH RCOOR' + H2O
-H2O
RESULT:
The given organic compound contains a CARBOXYLIC ACID functional group

1 NEUTRAL FeCl3 TEST:
Take 1 ml of FeCl3 solution
in a drytest tube. Add 2 -
3 drops or a pinch of the
organic compound to it. If Violet colouration is seen Presence of phenol
no colouration occurs add
3-4 drops of alcohol
Chemical Equation
3C6H5OH + FeCl3 (C6H5O)3Fe + 3HCl
Neutral Violet Color
Page 33 of 37
2 BROMINE WATER TEST
Dissolve the given organic
A white precipitate is formed Presence of phenol
sample in water and add
bromine water
Chemical Equation
OH OH
Br Br
+ 3HBr
+ Br2
Br
White ppt
RESULT:
The given organic compound contains PHENOL functional group

1 Ceric Ammonium Nitrate
To 2ml of the sample, add
2-5 drops of concentrated Pink colour obtained Presence of alcohol group
ceric ammonium nitrate
solution.
Chemical Equation
R-OH+ (NH4)2Ce(NO)6 (NH4)2[Ce(OK)(NO3)5] + HNO3
Light yellow Red/ Pink color
2 ESTERIFICATION REACTION
Take 1 ml or a pinch of an A pleasant fruity odouris noted. Presence of alcohol group
organic compound in a clean
test tube. Add 1 ml of acetic
acid and 4 - 5 dropsof Conc.
H2SO4 to it. Heat the
reaction mixture strongly for
about 5 minutes. Then pour
the mixture into a beaker
containing dil.Na2CO3
solution and note the smell.
Chemical Equation H+
R-OH + CH3COOH CH3COOR + H2O
Fruity smell
RESULT:
The given organic compound contains ALCOHOL functional group
Page 34 of 37

1 BRADY’S REAGENT TEST
To 2 ml of the organic sample, add 2,4- Orange red precipitate Presence of ketone
DNP and shake
H
Chemical Equation
NH NH2 NH N C R
O NO2
NO2
-H2O
+ R C H
NO2 NO2
2 LEGAL’S TEST
A small amount of the organic
substance is taken in a test tube. Add 1
Red colouration. Presence of ketone
ml of sodium nitro prusside solution is
added. Then sodium hydroxide
solution is added in dropwise.
Chemical Equation
O
- 3-
H 3C C CH3 + OH + [Fe(CN)5NO]
-2 [Fe(CN)5NO.CH3CO-CH2]
Red coloured complex
Basic radical
RESULT:
The given organic compound contains KETONE functional group
TEST FOR FOOD SAMPLE-1

S.NO
1 TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST:
To 1ml of sample, add Fehling’s A red precipitate Presence of carbohydrate
solution and heat in water bath for appears.
10 min.
Page 35 of 37
Chemical Equation CuSO4 + 2NaOH + Na2SO4
Cu(OH)2
-
CHO COO
(CH-OH)4 +Cu(OH)2 (CH-OH)4 + Cu2O
CH2OH
Red ppt
CH2OH
Glucose
2
TOLLENS TEST:
Formation of silver
To 1ml of the sample, add
mirror on the inner
Tollens’s reagent. Heat in a water Presence of carbohydrate
sides of the test tube.
bath for 5-10 min.
Chemical Equation
AgNO3 + NH4OH AgOH + NH4NO3
2AgOH Ag2O + H2O
-
CHO COO
(CH-OH)4 +Ag2O (CH-OH)4 + 2 Ag
CH2OH CH2OH
Glucose
RESULT:
The given organic compound contains a CARBOHYDRATE functional group
TEST FOR FOOD SAMPLE-2

S.NO
1 BIURET TEST
Take a small amount of an
organic compound in a test
tube. Heat strongly and then
allows cool.
Violet colour appears Presence of protein
Dissolve the residue with 2 ml
of water. To this solution add
1 ml of dil. CuSO4 and a few
drops of 10% NaOH solution
drop by drop.
Page 36 of 37
2 XANTHOPROTEIC TEST A solution turns yellow in Presence of protein
To the given sample food, colour
conc. Nitric acid is added and
boil.
RESULT:
The given organic compound contains PROTEIN functional group
Page 37 of 37

Chemistry Practical 2024-25

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ACHARIYA SIKSHA MANDIR

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL MANUAL 2024-25

PREPARATION OF LYOPHOBIC SOLUTIONS

PREPARATION OF MOHR’S SALT

EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON RATE OF REACTION

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF CONC. Na2S2O3 (HYPO)

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF CONC. HCl

Use equation to find new molarity.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF REACTION

SEPARATION OF CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN AN INORGANIC MIXTURE CONTAINING TWO CATIONS

1 Pb+2 8.7 11.5 0.75

2 Cd+2 9.9 11.5 0.86

DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION/ MOLARITY OF KMNO4 SOLUTION BY TITRATING IT AGAINST A

2KMnO 4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 K2SO 4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10 CO2

Net reaction: 2 MnO4– + 5C2 O42– + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2 O

Indicator: KMnO4, acts as salt indicator.

DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION/ MOLARITY OF KMNO4 SOLUTION BY TITRATING IT AGAINST A

2KMnO4+8H2SO4+10FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O K2 SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2 (SO4 )3 + 10(NH4)2 SO4 +

(b) Ionic equation

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish brown gas moist Presence of nitrate

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

TEST FOR NITRATE (NO3-)

c. Pb+2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2H+

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No Reddish brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

1. TEST FOR CARBONATE

GROUP-0 : AMMONIUM (NH4+)

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- ALUMINIUM SULPHATE

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas Absence of nitrate,

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish-brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish brown gas turning Presence of Nitrate.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

3 II – GROUP: No black precipitate appears. Absence of Copper.

TEST FOR NITRATE (NO3-)

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-ZINC SULPHATE

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic Absence of nitrate,

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

TEST FOR SULPHATE

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-BARIUM CHLORIDE.

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-MAGNESIUM SULPHATE

5 ACTION WITH CON H2SO4 No characteristic gas Absence of nitrate,

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish-brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

2 ACTION OF HEAT Salt sublimes with evolution of pungent May be Ammonium.

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish-brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

TEST FOR ORGANIC COMPOUND-1

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

AgNO3 + NH4OH AgOH + NH4NO3

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + CO2 + H2O

TEST FOR ORGANIC COMPOUND-3

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE