1. Exception Handling 2. Advantage of Exception Handling 3. Hierarchy of Exception classes 4. Types of Exception 5. Exception Example 6. Scenarios where an exception may occur
The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that the normal flow of the application can be maintained.
In this tutorial, we will learn about Java exceptions, it's types, and the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions.
What is Exception in Java?
What is Exception Handling?
Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException, RemoteException, etc.
Advantage of Exception Handling
The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application. An exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application; that is why we need to handle exceptions. Let's consider a scenario:
1. statement 1; 2. statement 2; 3. statement 3; 4. statement 4; 5. statement 5;//exception occurs 6. statement 6; 7. statement 7; 8. statement 8; 9. statement 9; 10. statement 10; Suppose there are 10 statements in a Java program and an exception occurs at statement 5; the rest of the code will not be executed, i.e., statements 6 to 10 will not be executed. However, when we perform exception handling, the rest of the statements will be executed. That is why we use exception handling in Java.
Hierarchy of Java Exception classes
The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy inherited by two subclasses: Exception and Error. The hierarchy of Java Exception classes is given below: Types of Java Exceptions There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. An error is considered as the unchecked exception. However, according to Oracle, there are three types of exceptions namely:
1. Checked Exception 2. Unchecked Exception 3. Error Difference between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions
1) Checked Exception The classes that directly inherit the Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions. For example, IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
2) Unchecked Exception The classes that inherit the RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions. For example, ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time, but they are checked at runtime.
3) Error Error is irrecoverable. Some example of errors are OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.
Java Exception Keywords
Java provides five keywords that are used to handle the exception. The following table describes each.
Keyword Description
The "try" keyword is used to specify a block
try where we should place an exception code. It means we can't use try block alone. The try block must be followed by either catch or finally.
The "catch" block is used to handle the exception.
It must be preceded by try block which means we catch can't use catch block alone. It can be followed by finally block later.
The "finally" block is used to execute the
finally necessary code of the program. It is executed whether an exception is handled or not.
The "throw" keyword is used to throw an
throw exception.
The "throws" keyword is used to declare
exceptions. It specifies that there may occur an throws exception in the method. It doesn't throw an exception. It is always used with method signature.
Java Exception Handling Example
Let's see an example of Java Exception Handling in which we are using a try-catch statement to handle the exception.
JavaExceptionExample.java
1. public class JavaExceptionExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){ 3. try{ 4. //code that may raise exception 5. int data=100/0; 6. }catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);} 7. //rest code of the program 8. System.out.println("rest of the code..."); 9. } 10. } Test it Now Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
rest of the code...
In the above example, 100/0 raises an ArithmeticException which is handled by a try-catch block.
Common Scenarios of Java Exceptions
There are given some scenarios where unchecked exceptions may occur. They are as follows:
1) A scenario where ArithmeticException occurs
If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an ArithmeticException.
1. int a=50/0;//ArithmeticException
2) A scenario where NullPointerException occurs
If we have a null value in any variable, performing any operation on the variable throws a NullPointerException.
If the formatting of any variable or number is mismatched, it may result into NumberFormatException. Suppose we have a string variable that has characters; converting this variable into digit will cause NumberFormatException.
1. String s="abc"; 2. int i=Integer.parseInt(s);//NumberFormatException
4) A scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs
When an array exceeds to it's size, the ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs. there may be other reasons to occur ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. Consider the following statements.
