Chapter 3 Topic Outline
Chapter 3 Topic Outline
Chapter 3 Topic Outline
Members:
Zapanta, Shary C.
Pabelonia, Charie E.
Botona, Jannalou
PRIMING
-is the awakening or activating of certain associations
embodied cognition
-the mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive
preferences and social judgments.
INTUITIVE JUDGEMENTS
The Powers of Intuition
• Schemas are mental concepts or templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and
interpretations.
• Emotional reactions are often nearly instantaneous, happening before there is time
for deliberate thinking.
• Given sufficient expertise, people may intuitively know the answer to a problem
• Given but a very thin slice of someone - even just a fraction of a second glance at
their photo
The Limits of Intuition
Social psychologists have explored not only our error-prone hindsight judgments but also
our capacity for illusion
OVERCONFIDENCE PHENOMENON
-the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's
beliefs.
-Incompetence feeds overconfidence
-stockbroker overconfidence
-political overconfidence
-student overconfidence
CONFIRMATION BIAS
-a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING
- imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't.
- the more significant and unlikely the event, the more intense the counterfactual thinking
ILLUSORY THINKING
Illusory Correlation
- perceptions of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship
than actually exists.
-Gambling
-Regression toward the average
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to return toward their
average
• Belief perseverance
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited
but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
- misinformation effect
Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event after witnessing an event
and receiving misleading information about it.
- rosy retrospection
they recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experience them
- attributing theory
the theory of how people explain others’ behavior. For example, by attributing it either to
internal disposition (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external factors.
- dispositional attribution
attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and trait.
- situational attribution
attributing behavior to the environment.
- infering traits
We often infer that other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions
(Jones & Davis, 1965).
( spontaneous inference)
an effortless, automatic interference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior
• Cultural differences
Cultures also influence attribution error (Ickes, 1980; Watson, 1982). An individualistic
Western worldview predisposes people to assume that people, not situations, cause events.
Internal explanations are more socially approved (Jellison & Green, 1981).
• Emotions enrich human experience and that intuitions are an important source of
creative ideas.
“Rob the average man of his life-illusion, and you rob him also of his happiness.” —Henrik
Ibsen, The Wild Duck, 1884
• To sift reality from illusion requires both open-minded curiosity and hard-headed
rigor. Hence, we need to be critical but not cynical, curious but not gullible, open but
not exploitable.
“The more powerful you are, the more your actions will have an impact on people, the more
responsible you are to act humbly. If you don’t, your power will ruin you, and you will ruin
the other.” —Pope Francis, TED talk, 2017