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LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING USING REMOTE SENSING

AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7778401

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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7778401

LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING USING REMOTE

SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A. Meharajbegum
Department of Physics, Mailam Engineering College, Mailam, Tindivanam, Tamil Nadu.
Email: ameharaj18@gmail.com

Prakash Gadipelli
Department of Chemistry, Aditya College of Engineering & Technology, Surampalem,
Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh.
Email: Jamesprakash68669@gmail.com

A. Jansy Isabella Rani

Department of Biochemistry, Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous), Erode, Tamil
Nadu, E-mail: jansyisabella@gmail.com

B. Rajeshkanna
Department of Civil Engineering, R.V.S College of Engineering, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu.
Email: bvrkanna@gmail.com

J. Celin Pappa Rani

Department of Botany, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu.
Email: celinpapparani@gmail.com
Abstract
The natural resources of a country are the foundation for its economic and social
growth. Natural resources are vital to a country's economy because they generate wealth and
jobs, supply crucial materials for manufacturing, feed and power the population, and heal and
cure the sick. Overexploitation causes resource exhaustion because of population growth. The
depletion of natural resources has had a domino effect, driving up prices, altering weather
patterns, and eroding the economic, social, and cultural gains made possible by those resources'
earlier exploitation. Nations must learn to use these resources sustainably if they want current
and future generations to reap the advantages. Due to the importance of properly managing
these sensitive resources in light of recent developments in information technology, natural
resource managers have placed a strong emphasis on remote sensing and geographic
information system (GIS) technologies. Managers now have a solid foundation upon which to
build data and knowledge that will guide sustainable development decisions thanks to these
technologies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the use of GIS
and Remote Sensing in the context of managing land resources and promoting long-term
sustainability.
Keywords: Technology for Land Use Planning, Resource Management, and Remote Sensing

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INTRODUCTION

Natural resources include all forms of energy and matter necessary to maintain the
myriad activities that lead to production and to satisfy humanity's physiological,
socioeconomic, and cultural demands. Renewable natural resources include solar energy,
forests, agriculture, fisheries, etc., while nonrenewable natural resources include things like oil,
coal, natural gas, etc. The metallic minerals and all the elemental minerals can be recycled.
Many variables (including geography, climate, biology, and technology) determine how easily
these resources can be accessed and utilized. Because some originate in the ocean and some
originate on land, their geographic ranges are diverse. Their availability also shifts over time
as use thresholds are reached.
The quantity, location, rate of change/use, and quality of the resources are poorly documented.
The existing methods used to keep track of supplies cannot be replicated. Inaccessible terrain
and boundaries prevent them from collecting complete data. Some of the challenges in land
resource management include the inability to easily transmit data between agencies due to
differing standards/formats, the inability to easily find data sources for historical data, and the
inability to easily abuse data.
Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Satellite-based Positioning
Systems (GPS) are all useful modern tools for assessing and managing natural resources in this
setting. Remote sensing (RS) is the practice of gathering data on a target object, phenomenon,
or process without physically interacting with it. This is often done from a moving aircraft or
orbiting satellite using sensors that can detect signals from across the electromagnetic
spectrum. The GIS makes it possible to enter, manage, analyze, and visualize information
gathered from RS and other methods. A exact location in terms of longitude, latitude, and
altitude can be obtained using GPS equipment. These tools allow for efficient, low-cost
analysis of biosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere interactions on a global scale. Space
technology is giving helpful data for improving agricultural practices and water management
on a local scale. Macro and micro uses of RS and GIS, respectively, include monitoring changes
in forest cover and creating developmental plans for afforestation [1-6].

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Figure 1: Applications of Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS)

Definition and Scope
The phrase "remote sensing," which has been in use since the 1950s, describes "the
science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the
analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon
under investigation." In July of 1972, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) of the United States launched Landsat-1, marking the beginning of the age of satellite
remote sensing. It depends on utilizing picture data collected by various sensors as aerial
cameras, scanners, and radar. Information on specific characteristics on Earth can be gleaned
through the use of satellite remote sensing, which involves the interpretation of images or
numerical values collected from afar. Any number of physical energy distributions are
available for use in the equipment designed for this task. Acoustic wave distribution is at the
heart of sonar's operation, while electromagnetic energy distribution is at the heart of optical
devices like the camera and the multi-spectral scanner. Metaset, NOAA-Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Landsat (French: Satellite Pour observation de la Terre),
SPOT (Satellite for Planetary Observation and Analysis), Earth Resources Satellite (ERS) -
Satellite Access Request (SAR), and aerial photographs are all examples of satellites that can
be used for remote sensing. Remote sensing's primary goal is resource mapping and
monitoring.
GIS (or a similar acronym):A computer program called a Geographical Information
System (GIS) saves, retrieves, manipulates, analyzes, and displays geographically related data
sets for usage in a variety of contexts. In this context, the term "Geographic" refers to elements
of space that can be located or located at a certain latitude and longitude on the planet's surface.
It's not specified whether the thing is natural or cultural or both. Similarly, the concept of
"information" refers to a big body of knowledge on a specific location or thing on Earth. The
information includes both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the physical items in
the world. "System" stands for the systems approach, which simplifies the complexities of the
world by reducing it to its component elements, such as the many objects and features on
Earth's surface. Both vector and raster formats can be used to store and represent GIS
information. Geospatial information is stored in a vector data structure as points, lines, or
polygons. Things like fire pits and campsites could be represented as points, paths and rivers
as lines, and forest types and types of recreational opportunities as polygons. In contrast,
geospatial data is represented in a raster data structure as a regular grid of cells where the
attribute is applied to the entire cell [7-9].
Raster data can cover an area in a seamless fashion. The Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) is a raster data structure since it displays slope, aspect, and elevation in a grid for a
region. Logic-based database software, which consists of records and fields, may manage
attribute data. As a result, GIS provides a special advantage by attempting to manage and
analyze the links between such geographical and attribute data through a single platform. There
are three main steps necessary for successfully adopting GIS with georeferenced data. These
include gathering sources, entering data, and presenting findings. Geographic information
systems (GIS) are capable of storing vast quantities of both spatial (maps) and non-spatial
(tabular data). It could be useful for keeping track of and managing land assets. Synoptic

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assessments of Earth are made easier with the help of remotely sensed data. Today, computers
are typically used to collect, store, and analyze data. The most popular remote sensing programs
include ERDAS Imagine, ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute), MapInfo, and ER
Mapper.

Figure 2: Three use of digital elevation model (DEM)

Active and Passive Remote Sensing
Sensors are used in remote sensing because of their ability to detect and record
electromagnetic radiation. Active sensors, like radar and laser, generate their own power, direct
a beam of energy towards the surface, and measure the quantity of energy reflected back off of
it. By measuring the interval between the emission and the return, these sensors can ascertain
information about the target, such as its position, altitude, velocity, and heading. Since active
sensors may send out their own regulated signals, they can be used whenever necessary, day
or night, regardless of the availability of external power sources. However, passive sensors rely
solely on ambient energy to function. Because of their reliance on solar power, passive sensors
are limited to daytime operation. The longer wavelengths associated to the earth's temperature,
however, can be measured by passive sensors that function independently of any external light
source [10].
Methods in Remote Sensing
i. Remote sensing image data: The data from satellites like the Land Remote-Sensing
Satellite (LANDSAT; spatial resolution 30m), the Land Imagery System (LISS III); spatial
resolution 23.5m), and the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer (ASTER; spatial resolution 15m) can all be utilised. These photos were of a high
enough quality in terms of spatial coverage and spectral detail to meet our needs.
ii. Geometric correction: In order to analyze the land use and land cover characteristics of
a specific area, accurate registration of multispectral remote sensing data is required. In order
to account for the distortions and degradations introduced by inaccuracies related to changes
in altitude, velocity of the sensor platform, scan speed and sweep of the sensor's field of
view, earth curvature and relief displacement, and other factors, remote sensing data
undergoes geometric correction. LANDSAT-7 ETM+ data are re-projected to polyconic
projections, and the images are georeferenced using these projections with a Root Mean
Square Error (RMS).
iii. Ground reference data: Image analysis relies heavily on ground reference data in
order to properly categorize information, make judgments, and evaluate the reliability of the

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obtained results. At this point, you need substantial reference data and a deep familiarity with
the location.
iv. Classification scheme: Classification schemes are organizational frameworks for the
extracted information from picture data. A good categorization scheme will have categories
that are relevant to the research and can be easily identified in the data. picture interpretation
is performed utilizing the many interpretation keys such as shape, size, pattern, tone, texture,
shadows, position, association, and resolution, and picture enhancement, contrast stretching,
and fake color composites are figured out..
a. Image Classification Techniques: The goal of this image classification process is to
automatically sort each pixel in a picture into one of many predetermined land cover
categories. Different spectral features between classes are required for image
categorization. Reflectance spectra can be compared to draw conclusions. The results
of an image classification are often reliable. To classify an image, a pixel's feature
vector is compared to clusters in the feature space that have already been established.
After applying this to every single pixel in the image, we have a labeled result.
b. Unsupervised Classification: By allowing the software to identify statistical patterns
in the data without needing any ground truth data, the unsupervised classification
approach is an automated classification method that generates a themed raster layer
from a remotely sensed image.
c. Supervised Classification: In this scenario, an image analyst monitors the pixel
classification process by providing numerical descriptions of the various land cover types
contained in the image to the computer algorithm. The usual spectral pattern of land cover
classes is defined as training samples. Land cover classes are assigned to picture pixels based
on numerical comparisons to the training samples.
v. Fuzzy supervised classification approach: In all three steps of supervised classification,
this method can handle fuzziness and support numerous and partial class memberships at the
pixel level. This method takes into account the fact that there aren't always clear boundaries
between the classes to which a given pixel belongs.
vi. Accuracy assessment: The term accuracy is commonly used to represent the degree of
'correctness' of a map or classification in thematic mapping from remotely sensed data.
If the land cover depicted on a thematic map created from a categorization is true to life,
then the map can be deemed accurate. The degree to which the derived image
categorization agrees with reality or conforms to the 'truth' is commonly understood to
be the essence of classification accuracy. The accuracy of the classification must be
evaluated using a set of reference pixels that stand for certain locations within the image.
By selecting reference pixels at random, bias is reduced or eliminated altogether. To
compile the ground reference data, a random stratified sampling strategy was employed.
Using this strategy, the sample size for each type of land use is determined by its relative
geographic area.
vii. Land Use Classification System: Settlements, forests, farmland, undeveloped areas,
and other types of land cover are only few of the many categories of land use. Rates of
growth, decline, and percentage changes in land use types can be approximated by
comparing data from two distinct time periods. The technique's resulting map and database
can be used for a variety of purposes, including flood management, land use planning, and

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more.
viii. Land Use Mapping and Distribution: Classifications such as Water Body, Forest
Reserve, built up Area Vegetation, Farmland, etc. are possible after applying a supervised
maximum likelihood classification to both images. This allows for a comprehensive
overview of the major land use / land cover features across both time periods.
ix. Advantages over conventional methods
Unlike traditional ground survey methods, remote sensing techniques allow for a
comprehensive overview of expansive regions. The frequency with which we receive data from
satellites, and the frequency with which different satellites acquire data, both vary. This
capability of satellites allows for frequent data updates and rapid change detection. Data can
be recorded not only in the visible spectrum but also in the invisible (ultraviolet, infrared,
thermal infrared, microwave, etc.) via remote sensing. As a result, remote sensing techniques
allow us to notice occurrences that would otherwise be invisible to the naked sight. Solar
electromagnetic radiation and its effects on Earth's surface are fundamental to the field of
remote sensing. However, spectral confusion resulting to misclassification is extremely
common since various earth features can reflect the same wavelengths and the same features
might reflect different wavelengths. Systematic ground truth knowledge can help with these
issues. Therefore, it is clear that while traditional methods of data gathering are necessary and
should be maintained, the efficiency of data collection, in terms of both cost and time, can be
improved through the use of remote sensing techniques. These days, it takes barely any time at
all to conduct a survey and create a map of a certain area, whether it a hamlet, a plantation, a
treatment zone, etc. It is also simple to create, save, and retrieve administrative maps, soil maps,
management maps, and other similar types of maps using digital means. Digital mapping makes
it simple to create maps of administrative divisions like range, block, compartment, etc. based
on easily recognized physical elements like streams, bridges, roads, etc [11].
Disadvantage of geospatial technology
There are likely to be certain practical challenges associated with the use of remote
sensing technology in monitoring and maintaining habitats and ecosystems, despite its
invaluable applications in several fields of interest. Inherent in most technologies are practical
constraints; for example, the penetration of light through water and air is limited. The second
drawback of remote sensing is the challenge of determining which sensors are appropriate for
a certain task. When it comes to reef structures, for instance, remote sensing is more likely to
yield geomorphological than biological information. The sensors' restricted spectrum and
spatial resolution is a result of environmental factors including turbidity and water depth.
● Lack of available data, or pertinent information at an appropriate time.
● Coverage of clouds, especially as it relates to tropical biodiversity and land use.
● Disorganized storage of remote sensing data.
● There are significant gaps in data availability and the ability to analyze pictures across
regions.
● The still-considerable expenditures associated with data, especially in the case of very
high-resolution images.
● Because of the high price of ground-trothing, remote sensing is rarely used alone;
instead, it is paired with targeted ground-trothing.

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● Issues of independence.
● Most apps still in development have high scaling costs.
● There is not yet a global body responsible for coordinating space agencies.
● It calls for hard work from dedicated professionals.

Figure 3: Advantages and Disadvantages of Web GIS

Information needs in land resources management

Soil, woods, crops, cattle, and so on all fall under the category of "land resource," as
do the land-based elements of the hydrologic cycle (snow cover, soil moisture and associated
runoff, subterranean water). The vast majority of these areas are utilized for agricultural
purposes such as crop production, animal husbandry, fuel wood and fiber production, and land
enhancement. The characteristics of the soil, the slope and degree of roughness, the availability
of surface and groundwater, the current land cover and use characteristics, the biological
conditions, such as disease and insect infestations of crops, grass land, and forest land, urban
development, etc., are all examples of the types of information that are essential for managing
land resources. Here are several pressing problems that can be greatly aided by remote sensing:
❖ Inventory and mapping of resources.
❖ Evaluation of present land use practices and projections for the future.
❖ Assessment of land resources which are physically useable and economically
relevant.
❖ Identification of strategies that offer sustained production and other benefits.
❖ Analysis of constraints related to resource development - physical, economic or
social.
❖ Identification of appropriate corrective and conservative measures required for
bringing about the desired production and minimizing the environmental
damages.
❖ Evaluation of changes in the structure and function of land systems.

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REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS IN LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

Soil Resources Management

The soil is the foundation of all agricultural endeavors and a vital renewable natural
resource. Soil fertility and natural constraints determine a site's potential yield. For this reason,
having access to precise and trustworthy data regarding soil is crucial. This necessitates
learning about their composition, distribution, physicochemical properties, and boundaries.
Soil surveys offer this data by describing the physical properties of each soil unit and plotting
them on a map. Soil mapping at 1:250,000 (NBSS&LUP) and 1:50,000 (IMSD) scales have
been made possible because to the enhanced spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolutions of
the LANDSAT and IRS satellites.

Mineral Resource Management

The majority of mineral resources do not replenish over time. The identification
and evaluation of new sources of minerals is necessary to maintain sufficient reserves of these
resources to fulfill future needs. There are four main areas of focus regarding the use of
airborne and space-based systems in mineral exploration: structural control at regional scale,
integration of data, spectral lithology identification, and the detection of geo-botanical
abnormalities. Exploration targets are being defined and characteristics linked to
mineralization are being mapped out using geologic, geomorphic, and tectonic data. There is
no doubt that remote sensing technologies, by recognizing markers and geomorphologic
features, contribute significant information to the recognition and delineation of mineral
provinces and target areas, even if they cannot completely replace tried and true methods. A
satellite image reveals significant differences between the lime stone formations and the sand
stone and shale formations in the Jaintia hills district of Meghalaya.
Water Resources Management
This technology has come a long way from its humble beginnings in surface water inventory,
and is now used for a wide variety of complex management tasks, including evaluation and
diagnostics of irrigation system performance; nationwide drought monitoring; rainfall
estimation; snowmelt runoff forecasts; reservoir sedimentation; watershed treatment; flood
mapping and management; and environmental impact assessment. Space-derived data has
been used by national and municipal water management programs to improve their
effectiveness. Ri Bhoi's potential for inland fisheries development is shown on a map
developed by NESAC, which details the district's surface water bodies greater than 0.22 ha.
The Meghalayan government's Directorate of Fisheries now has access to these maps. NESAC
has also mapped the East Khasi Hills district's ground water potential zones, which can be
used to improve the efficiency of bore hole drilling and ultimately bring more potable water
to the region.

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Figure 4: GIS As A Tool for Urban Planning

Application in Agriculture
Recent research has highlighted the potential of remote sensing platforms to provide
timely assessments of the agricultural landscape. Precision agriculture is a method of
production that encourages adaptable methods of field management based on actual
environmental conditions. The system relies on the novel resources and data sets made
available by contemporary technologies. technology such as GPS, GIS, yield monitoring
equipment, soil, plant, and pest sensors, remote sensing, and variable-rate technology for
applicators of inputs are all examples of such innovations. Satellite remote sensing, when
combined with GIS, has proven to be an invaluable resource for monitoring changes in both
land use and land cover. It generates information useful for analyzing and keeping tabs on
land development patterns from relatively inexpensive multi-spectral and multi-temporal
data. The ability to store, analyze, and present digital data in a manner that is conducive to
change detection and database building is made possible by GIS technology. For example,
linear connections between spectral reflectance’s or indices and biophysical properties of
land surfaces have been utilized to monitor different forms of land cover over time using
satellite data. It was put to use in Andaman Island's rice-growing zone mapping and
evaluation of soil restrictions.
Forest Management and wildlife habitat analysis
Despite their immense significance to our ecology and the quality of our daily lives, the
world's forests have been disappearing at an alarming rate in recent decades. Forest cover is a
renewable resource that, with proper management, may be replenished. Thus, a forest manager
can use remote sensing data and GIS techniques to generate information about forest cover,
including the types of forest present within an area of interest, the amount to which humans
have encroached upon forest land or protected areas, the spread of desert-like conditions, and
so on. To guarantee that appropriate policies are implemented to regulate and control the use
of forest resources, this data is essential for the creation of forest management plans and in
the decision-making process. Using multi-criteria analysis, remote sensing data can be used

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to determine whether or not a given site or forest area is suitable for a given type of wildlife
[12-13].
Urban Planning and Development
Conclusions
The enormous rise of our population and the diversity of their needs have continually raised
the bar for the efficient use of our land. Food grains for its massive population, raw materials
for a robust industrial base, and work opportunities for the bulk of the unemployed are urgent
needs right now. Utilizing our land resources in a methodical and effective manner is a key
factor in resolving these issues. Information on the state of natural resources and their potential
for use, updated regularly, is essential for the development of sustainable land management
technology. Combining satellite remote sensing data with other types of data proven to be a
powerful tool for fulfilling these specifications. Data storage, processing, analysis, integration,
and retrieval were all significantly aided by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). When
used in tandem, these cutting-edge technologies pave the way for a potentially useful method
in land resource sustainability planning. Each mapped unit of land cover can have properties
relating to a database of soil types and erosion features gleaned from conventional sources. The
end result is a comprehensive database that may be used for a wide variety of purposes,
including environmental protection, urban development planning, agricultural purposes, and
forestry.
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