wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 0
 kQ;k mß.Klj, ld¾h idOkh úia;r fldg ii`od n,ñka mß.Kl
mßKduh .fõIKh lsÍu
ilikfha mßKduhg wod<j mß.Klfha isÿjQ iqúfYaIS fjkialï mrïmrdj wkqj u;=lr
olajhs'
mß.Klfha b;sydih
f;dr;=re yd ikakf s õ ok ;dlaIKfha b;sydih wkqj m%Odk ld, jljdkq 4lg fnÈh yel'
1' mQ¾j hdka;%sl hq.h (1450 g fmr)
2' hdka;%sl hq.h (1450 - 1840 )
3' úoHq;a hdka;%sl hq.h (1840 – 1940)
4' úoHq;a hq.h (1940 isg wo olajd)

mQ¾j hdka;s%l hq.h ( ls%'j' 1450 g fmr)

f,dj merKs;u Ôjk jD;a;Ska fol f,i f.dú;ek iy i;=ka md,kh oelaúh yel' i;=ka md,kh
lrkq ,nk tf`âfrl=g .Ks;h jeo.;a jk wjia:d u;=jkakg we;' wdÈ ñksid .Ks;uh lghq;=
i`oyd ;udf.a w;aj, iy mdoj, we`.s,s mdúÉÑ lf<ah' miq lf,l ta fjkqjg uqyqÿ fn,a,kaf.a
lgq iy .,aleg" fndr¨ j¾. jeks øjH Wmfhda.s lr.ekSug mqreÿúh' fï ld,fha§ Tyqf.a wjYH;d
tl;= lsÍu wvq lsÍu jeks ir, .Ks; lghq;= j,g iSudúh'

ls%'mQ' 3000§ muK Ök cd;slhka úiska wenlih (Abacus)

ks¾udKh lsÍu .Ks; WmlrK Ndú;fha m<uqjk jeo.;a
ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' wenlih .Kl rduqjls'
Ökh" cmdkh fldßhdj iy W;=re weußldkq rgj, wo
ojfiao wenlih Ndú;d lrkq olakg ,efí' ñksid wenlih
jeks WmlrK fidhd .ekSug uQ,slu fya;=j jQfha ;u lghq;=
ld¾hlaIuj yd ksjerÈj lr .ekSu i`oyd jQ fm<Uùuhs'

ñksid uq,sku
a .Kka lsÍu i`oyd ;udf.a we`.s,s mdúÉÑ l<
nj wms oksuq' tla w;l we`.s,s myla ;sfí' bka tla we.s,a,la ^uymg we.s,a,& wfkla tajdhska
fjkaj ;sfí' m<uq b,lalï y;r i`oyd isria bß y;rla we§ug;a mia jekak tu bß yria w;g
lemSu u`.ska oelaùug ñksid mqreÿ úh' oEf;a we`.s,s oyhla ;sfí' tksid oYuh l%uh(Decimal)
ñksidg jvd;a ióm jkakg we;' oYuh l%uhg 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 wh;a fjhs'

hdka;s%l hq.h (1450 - 1840 )

fcdaka fkamsh¾ (John Napier)

1617 § iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl fcdaka fkamsh¾ úiska ,>q.Kl isoaOdka;

f,djg fy<s lrk ,§' ixLHd .=K lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh ,>q.Kl Ndú;d
lrñka myiq tl;= lsÍulg mßj¾:kh l< yelsh' ,>q.Kl Ndú;fhka
.eg`M úi§fï§ ,>q.Kl j.= Ndú;d l< hq;=h' fcdaka fkamsh¾ úiska
wjYH lrk w.hka we;ao< ;Srej, igyka lrñka fï i`oyd úl,am
l%uhla Ndú;d lrk ,§' fuu ,>q.Kl w.hka igyka jQ we;ao< ;Sre
fkamsh¾ia fndakia a (Napier's Bones) f,iska ye`Èkafõ' fcdaka fkamsh¾f.a
,>q.Kl ixl,amh Ndú;d lrñka 1632 § tx.,ka;fha§ i¾mK rE,
(Slide Rule) ks¾udKh úh'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 1
Napier’s Bones Slide Ruler

íf,aia meial,a (Blaise Pascal)

hka;%sl le,alHqf,agrhla uq,sku

a ks¾udKh lrk ,oafoa 1642 §h' tys
f.!rjh ysñjkafka m%xY cd;sl úoHd{hl= jQ íf,aia meial,agh' fuu
hka;%h wenlifha uQ,O¾uh hï ;rula ÿrg Wmfhda.s lrf.k ;sìks'
meial,hska kï jQ meial,af.a hka;%fha oe;s frdao fma,shla iúlr ;snqKq
w;r" ta oe;sj, 0 isg 9 olajd wxl igyka lr ;snqKs' fuu hka;%fhka
isÿl< yels jQfha tl;= lsÍu iy wvqlsÍu muKs'

Pascaline

f.dâ*S%â ú,afy,aï (Gottfried Wilhelm)

1674 § fuu c¾udkq cd;sl úoHd{hd úiska iafgma frfldak¾ (Step

Reckoner) kï jQ hka;%hla ks¾udKh lrk ,§' fuh äðg,a
le,alHqf,agrhl hdka;%sl iajrEmh f,i ie,lsh yel' oYuh l%uh
Ndú;d lrk ,§' tl;= lsÍu iy wvq lsÍu muKla fkdj .=K lsÍu iy
fn§uo fuu hka;%fhka l<yels úh'

Step Reckoner

fcdaYma cel=jdâ (Joseph Jacquard)

m%xY cd;sl fcdaYma cel=jdâ úiska Tyqf.a frÈ úùfï ld¾hh myiqlr
.ekSu i`oyd 1801 § muK hdka;s%l frÈ úùfï hka;%h (Mechanical

Looms) ks¾udKh lrk ,§' fuys§ isÿre lrk ,o ldâm;a Ndú;d lrñka frÈj, úúOdldr rgd
ueùug fcdaYma cel=jdâ iu;a úh'
wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf
s õok ;dlaIKh 2
 Punch Card

pd,aia nefíÊ (Charles Babbage)

1822 § fudyq ä*rkaia tkaðu keue;s WmlrKh ks¾udKh lf<ah' fuh

Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa kdúl lghq;= j,§ wjYH jk wxl j.=j, .Kka
lsÍï ioydh' tfy;a fuu hka;%h tl;= lsÍu iy wvq lsÍug mukla
iSudúh' m%;sM,h ;U ;yvqjl ;ekam;a lrk ,§' .nvd lsÍfï fuu
ixl,amh miqld,Sk äial ^;eá& ks¾udKh i`oyd uQ,sl woyila
imhk ,§'

1833 mkaÉ ldâj, we;s Wmfoia lshjd m%;sM, ksl=;a l< yels wdldrfha
hka;%hla jQ wke,sál,a tkaðka keue;s hka;%h ksIamdokh lrk ,§'
fuu wek,sál,a hka;%fha ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn`oj i,ld ne,Sfï§ olakg
,efnk úfYAI ,laIKhla jkafka tys o;a; wdodkh" ;ekam;a lsÍu" ilia lsÍu" iy m%;sodkh hk
ld¾hhka isÿlr .ekSu i`oyd wjYH lrk Wmdx. ta ;=< ks¾udKh ù ;sîuhs' miqld,Skj ks¾udKh
lrk ,o mß.Kl i`oyd pd,aia nefícaf.a fuu ixl,amh fndfyda fihska bjy,a jQ w;r ta ksidu
fudyq mß.Kl úoHdfõ mshd f,i ie,fla'

Difference Engine Analytical Engine

wevd T.iagd f,dõf,aia (Ada Augusta Lovelace)

pd,aia nefícaf.a ñ;=ßhl jQ wevd T.iagd f,dõf,aia (Ada Augusta

Lovelace) úiska Tyqf.a fuu hka;%h i`oyd wjYH lrk jev igyka ilia
lsÍu i`oyd Wkkaÿ úh' tksid weh m%:u mß.Kl jev igyka Ys,amsKsh
f,i y`ÿkajkq ,nhs' miqld,Skj yuqod lghq;= i`oyd Ndú;d lrkq ,enQ
mß.Kl NdIdjla jk wevd (ada) mß.Kl NdIdj wehg f.!rj lsÍula
jYfhka kï lrk ,§'

fcdaka fjdka kshqudka úiska mß.Kl iïnkaOj bÈßm;a l< u;h l=ulao@
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 3
úoaHq;a hdka;s%l hq.h

,S o f*driaá
,S o f*driaá úiska 1910 muK jel=ï áhqí (Vacuum Tube) tl fidhd .kakd
,oS' m<uq mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl j, Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa jel=ï áhqn fõ'

wdpd¾h y¾uka fyd,ß;a (Herman Hollerith)

pd,aia nefíÊf.a WmlrK .ek wOHkh l< fudyq úiska 1890 § mkaÉ ldâ
genHqf,aáx ueIska keue;s hka;%h ks¾udKh lrk ,§' wlaIr iy wxl
jYfhka ;sfnk ixLHd o;a; mkaÉ ldâ tll isÿre fm<la njg mßj¾;kh
lrk ,o w;r" úÿ,s iïnkaO;d fm<la w;ßka hjk ,§' mkaÉ ldâ j,
isÿre we;s $ke;s wjia:dj,§ tlaflda iïnkaO;dj ls%hd;aul fõ' ke;fyd;a
ls%hd úrys; fõ' fufia ,efnk m%;spdrh hka;%fha igyka jk w;r ta wkqj
m%;sM, ksl=;a fõ' fyd,ß;a úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o fuu ix{d l%uh
fyd,ß;a ix{d hkqfjka kï lrk ,§' 1911 § Tyq genHqf,aáx ueIska lïmeks kï jQ iud.u wdrïN
l< w;r" th 1924 § whs' î' tï' (International Business Matching Corporation ) f,ig kej; kï
lrk ,§'

Punch Card Tabulating Machine

fydaj¾â thslka (Howard Aiken) 1900-1945

ydj¾â úYaj úoHd,fha uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ fydaj¾â thslka úiska 1944 § ud¾la

1 kïka iajhxlS%h le,alHqf,agrhla ks¾udKh lrk ,§' tl;= lsÍï" wvq lsÍï"
.=K lsÍu iy fn§u i`oyd fuu hka;%h fhda.H úh' fgdka 5 l nrlska hqla;
fuu hka;%hg úoHq;a hdka;s%l fhduq lsÍï ;sia oyila wh;a úh'

ABC mß.Klh
1937 iy 1942 w;r ld,fhaoS n,af.aßhdkq cd;sl uydpd¾h fcdaka úkaikaÜ wgdkdfidma úiska
la,s*¾â fnÍ f.a o iyh we;sj mß.Klhla w¾O jYfhka ksu lrk ,§' miqj fuu mß.Klh
Atanasoft Berry Computer (ABC) f,iska kï lrk ,§'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 4
tkshela hka;%h
ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
1946 ksmojk ,o fuu hka;%h f,dalfha ksIamdokh lrk ,o m%:u úoHq;a äðg,a mß.Klh f,i
ie,fla' fmksis,afõkshd úYaj úoHd,fha fN!;sl úoHd uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ fcdaka fu!É,sf.a
m%Odk;ajfhka yd Tyqf.a YsIHfhl= jQ fÊ' fmaim a ¾ tal¾Üf.ao iydh ,enQ lKavdhula úiska th
ksmojk ,§'

hqkj
s ela hka;%h
UNIVAC 1 (Univarsal Automatic Calculator)
1950 .Kka j,§ frñkagka /kaâ wdh;kh u.ska fuu hka;h ksmojk ,§' tu`.ska ;;amrhlg
tl;= lsÍï 10"000la l< yels úh'

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

1949 ksulrk ,o fuu hka;%h .nvd l, l%uf,aLk fhdod.;a m%:u mß.Klh f,i i,lkq ,efí'

IBM 704
1957 § whs'î'tï iud.u úiska ;;amrhlg 100"000l .Kkhka isÿ lsÍu i`oyd fuh ksmojk ,§'

g%dkaisiag¾ hq.h

1948 § g%dkaii
s agrh fidhd.kakd ,§' tu fidhd .ekSug odhl jQ fcdaka ndãka" fjda,ag¾ n%dfÜka iy
ú,shï fIdla,s keue;s úoHd{hska ;sfokdg 1956 § fkdfn,a iïudk m%Odk lrk ,§' g%dkaisig a ¾
fhdod .kq ,enQ mß.Kl fojk mrïmrdjg wh;a hehs ie,fla'

mß.Klj, ;=kajk mrïmrdj tla oyia kjish yeg .Kkaj, ueo Nd.fha§ wdrïNúh' fïjdfha
ixhqla; mßm: IC(Integrated Circuits) Wmfhda.s lr.kq ,eîh' g%dkaisig
a ¾ folla fyda lsysmhla tla
fldg ksis mßÈ ilia lrkq ,nk Ñma tlla ixhqla; mßm:hla fõ'
wo ojfia mß.Kl j, olakg ,efnkafka fnfyúka n,iïmkak Ñma j¾.hla jk uhsfl%da
fm%dfiirh' fuys g%dkaisig
a ¾ ñ,shk .Kkla we;=,;a fõ'

uhsfl%da mß.Kl hq.h

(Micro Computer Era)

1975 oS MIT wdh;kh úiska fj<`om<g Altair 8800

(Altair Kit) mß.Klh y`ÿkajd fok ,§' fuh
mqoa.,fhl=g fvd,¾ ish .Kklg ñ<§ .; yels ùu
ksid idudkH ck;dj fj; ksmojk ,oaola fia ie,flhs'
fïkaf*a%ï" ñksf*a%ï hk kïj,ska y`ÿkajk ,o tl, ;snQ
oejka; mß.Kl yd ii`ok úg Altair Kit j¾.fha
mß.Kl ñ< wkqjo m%udKh wkqjo b;d l=vd jQ neúka
úoHd{fhda tajd uhsfl%da mß.Kl f,iska y`ÿkajd §ug mgka .;ay' fu;eka mgka uhsfl%da mß.Kl
hq.h wdrïN úh'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 5
 jir WmlrKfha ku ksmoùu fjk;a úia;r
(Year) (Device Name) (Invented by) (Other info)
3000 wenlih Ök cd;slhska • m%:u .Ks;uh
BC WmlrKh
• tl;= lsÍu yd wvq
lsÍu isÿ l,yelsh'
1617 fkamsh¾f.a we;ao< fcdaka fkamsh¾ • ,>q .Kl uQ,O¾uh
;Sre$ fkamsh¾ Ndú;fhka tl;= lsÍu
fndakia a isÿlrk ,§’'
1632 i¾mK rE, William Oughtred • fcdaka fkamsh¾f.a ,>q
.Kl ixl,amh
Ndú;d lrñka jeä
ÈhqKq lrk ,§'
1642 meial,hska ìf,ia meial,a • m%:u hdka;%sl .Kl
hka;%hhs'
1674 Step Reckoner Gottfried Wilhem Von • Adding Machine jeä
Leibniz ÈhqKqlr fn§u yd
.=K lsÍu isÿ lrk
,§'
1822 wdl,K hka;%h pd,aia nefíÊ • hdka;%sl hq.hg wh;a
(Difference Engine) fõ'
• .Kkh lsÍu isÿ
lsÍug Ndú;d lrk
,§'
• jdIam n,fhka l%shd
lrhs'

1830 úYaf,aIl hka;%h pd,aia nefíÊ • jHqla; wdlD;sh

(Analytical Engine) Ndú;d lrk ,§'
• fuh kQ;k mß.Kl
ks¾udKhg
fhdod.kakd wdlD;sh
neúka pd,aia nefíÊ
mß.Klfha mshd f,i
y`ÿkajhs'

Lady Ada Augusta Lavelace • m%:u mß.Kl

l%uf,aÅldj
fcdaIma cel=jdâ • isÿre ldâm;a wdlD;sh
y`ÿkajdfok ,§'

Tubalating Machine y¾uka fyd,ß;a • isÿre ldâm;aj, o;a;

.nvd l, m,uq
mqoa.,hd fõ'
1906 Electronic Valve Forrest • kq;K mß.Kl
(Vaccum Tubes) ;dlaIKfha wdrïNhhs'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 6
 1937 - Mark 1 Dr. Haward A • iajHxl%Sh wkql%u
1944 Aiken md,k .Kl hka;%h
• m%:u iajHxl%Sh
mß.Klhhs'
• o;a; wdodkh Type
Writer u`.skao
m%;sodkh Puch Card
u`.skao isÿ lrk ,§'

1937 - ABC Computer uydpd¾h fcdaka • ks¾udKlrejka

1942 (Atanasoff Berry úkaiga ka fofokdf.a kï 2l
Computer) wgdkdfidaõ wkqlrKfhka
la,s*â fíÍ mß.Klhg ku ;nk
,§'
• w¾O jYfhka ksu
lrk ,§'

1946 ENIAC (Electronic John Presper • m,uq nyqld¾h

Namerical Eckert bf,lafg%daKsl wxls;
Integrateor and John William mß.Klhhs'
Calculation) Mouchly • Vaccum Tubes
;dlaIKh fhdod
.kakd ,§'

1949 E DVAC Dr. Jhon Von • .nvdl, l%uf,aL

(Electronic Nueman fhdod.;a uq,au
Discrate Valiable hdka;%sl mß.Klhhs'
Atomic Computer)

1950 UNIVAC 1 Reminton Rand • ;mamrhg .Kkh

Company lsÍï 10"000 isÿl,
yels úh'

1957 IBM 704 IBM Company • ;mamrhg .Kkh

lsÍï 100"000 isÿl,
yels úh'

úúO mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh

mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh" l%u lsysmhla Tiafia j¾.SlrKh l< yel'

1' mrïmrdj wkqj (Generation)

2' fN!;sl m%udKh wkqj (According to size)
3' Ndú;d lrK ;dlaIKh wkqj (According to Technology)
4' wruqK u; mokï jQ j¾.SlrKh (According to Purpose)

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 7
 Clasification Of Computers

Generation Size Technology Purpose

1st Generation Super Computer Anlog Computer Genaral

Computer purpose Computer
2nd Generation Main Frame Digital Computer
Computer Computer Special
3rd Generation Mini Computer Hybrid Computer purpose Computer
Computer
4th Generation Micro Computer
Computer
5th Generation
Computer

mrïmrdj wkqj mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh

m<uqjk mrïmrdj 1939-1958 ßla;l k, (Vacuum Tubes)

• mßm:j, ßla;l k, Ndú;d lrk ,§'

• úYd, uÜgul bv m%udKhla wjYHh'
• my, uÜgul Processing Speed iys;h'
• .nvd lsÍfï wjYH;djh imqrk ,oafoa pqïnls; .nvd udOHj,h'
• Punch Card/ Punch paper tapes Ndú;fhka Input/Output isÿúh'
• jeä úoHq;a n, Yla;shla wjYH úh'
• ksYamdok úhoï by,hs'
• nyq,j Ndú;d fkdùh'
• hdka;s%l NdIdj u; mokï úh'
• hqkj
s ela iy tksjela m<uq mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl i`oyd ksoiqka fjhs'

fojk mrïmrdj 1959-1963 g%dkaii

s ag¾ (Transistor)

• Transistor Ndú;d lrk ,§'

• m%udKfhka l=vd ùu'
• Processing Speed jeäh'
• .nvd lsÍfï wjYH;djh imqrk ,oafoa pqïnls; .nvd udOHj,h'
• Punch Card/ Punch paper tapes Ndú;fhka Input/Output isÿúh'
• n,Yla;sh wmf;a hk m%udKh wvq úh'
• jHdmdßl lghq;= i`oyd Ndú;hg .ekSu werUqKs'
• Assembly NdId Ndú;d úh'
• IBM 1400 fojk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl i`oyd ksoiqka fjhs'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 8
;=kajk mrïmrdj 1964-1973 ixhqla; mßm: (Integrated Circuits)

• IC Ndú;d lrk ,§'

• m%udKfhka l=vd ùu'
• Memory m%udKh fmrg jvd jeäùu'
• ksIamdok úhou wvqh'
• kv;a;= úhoï wvqùu'
• Keyboard iy Monitor Ndú;fhka Input/Output isÿúh'
• mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;s Ndú;hg .ekSu'
• Mainframe Computer Ndú;hg meñKSu'
• Ndú;h nyq, ùug mgka .ekSu'
• Pascal NdIdj Ndú;d úh'
• IBM System/360 ;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl i`oyd ksoiqka fjhs'

isõjk mrïmrdj 1974-1990 uhsfl%da fm%dfii¾ (Micro Processor)

• CPU Ndú;hg tlaùu'

• m%udKfhka ;j ;j;a l=vd ùu'
• Processing Speed fõ.j;a ùu'
• Super Computer ìysùu'
• .Dy lghq;= i`oyd mß.Kl Ndú;hg fhduqùu'
• ksIamdok úhou ;j;a wvqùu'

miajk mrïmrdj 1991 - isg fï olajd- lD;Su {dKh

• Nano ;dlaIKh ksid l=vd m%udKfha hka;% ìysùu'

• Artificial Intelligent ms<sn`o mÍlaIK we;sùu'

wkd.; mß.Kl úoHdj

• nqoaêu;a ñksfil=f.a l%shdldß;ajhg fndfyda fihska iudk mß.Kl ksmoùu j¾;udk
úoHd{hkaf.a wNsm%dhhs' fuu ;dlaIKh lD;Su nqoaêh f,i y`ÿkajhs'
1' tlu wjia:dfõ§ is;=ú,s lsysmhla flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlr
;SrK .ekSu'
2' lgyvj,a fjk fjku y`ÿkd.ekSfï yelshdj" wd§ ixlS¾K l%shdoduhka
fuu`.ska isÿ lsÍug wfmalaIs;h'

• frdfnda ;dlaIKh" iajhxl%Sh jdyk ksmoùu jeks foaj,a lD;Su nqoaêh Wmfhda.S lrf.k
±kgu;a iefliñka mj;S' wKql mß.Kl" DNA mß.Kl jeks ffcj mß.Kl ;dlaIKhka
ms<sn`o ixl,am ±kgu;a ìysfjñka mj;sk w;r wkd.;fha§ tAjd h:d¾; njg m;aúh yelsh'
fujeks f,dj m%:u lajxgï mß.Klh bÈßm;a lsÍu úoHd{hskaf.a tla wruqKla ù we;' fïjd
miajk mrïmrdfõ wNsu;d¾: f,i ye`Èkaúh yel'

mß.Kl mßKduh;a iu`. mß.Klfha fjkia jQ ,laIK

1' fõ.h jeä ù we;' 5' yelshdj jeä ù we;'
2' .nvd lsÍfï yelshdj jeä ù we;' 6' m%udKh wvq ù we;'
3' úYajdiS nj jeä ù we;' 7' ñ, wvq ù we;'
4' ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä ù we;'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 9
my; fcaofha ysia;eka mqrjkak'

m,uq mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl i`oyd ………………… Ndú;d lrk ,§' 1947 § g%dkaii
s g
a rh ks¾udKh
ùu;a iu`. tAjd Ndú;fhka ks¾udKhl, mß.Kl fojk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl úh' g%dkaii
s agrfha
ks¾udKlrejka jkafka" …………………………………………………………………………
s agrh tl;=fjka iEÿ …………………………. meñKSu;a iu`. mß.Klh m%udKfhka
1964 § g%dkaii
yd ñf,ka wvq jQ w;r tAjdfha fõ.h jeä úh' wkql,s; mßm: fhdod iEÿ mßm: ;=kajk mrïmrdfõ
mß.Kl f,i y`ÿkajhs'
l,ah;au wkql,s; mß.Kl oyia .Kkska bgqlrk ld¾hhka bgq lsÍug iu;a is,slka Ñm ksmoùug
bf,lafg%daksl ;dlaIKh iu;a úh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i LSI (Large Scale Intergration) yd VLSI
(Very Large Scale Intergration) kñka chip ìysúh'
fuu ld, jljdkqfõ§ oyia .KkA wkql,s; mßm: is,slka Ñmhl ;ekam;a lsÍug ;rï ;dlaIKh
ÈhqKq ùu;a iu`. laIqø ilik ìysúh' fuuksid mß.Klj, fõ.h" ld¾hlaIu;djh fnfyúka
jeä jQ w;r ñ, yd m%udKh l%ufhka wvq úh' 1975 § MIT wdh;kh úiska …………….. mß.Klh
ksmoúh' 1976 § Apple iud.u tAl mqoa., mß.Klhla ks¾udKh lrk ,§' 1981 § IBM wdh;kh
IBM PC f,i tAl mqoa., mß.Klhla ksmoúh' 1984 § Mac f,i mß.Klhla Apple iud.u
ksmoúh'

my; j.=fõ ysi;

a eka mqrjkak'

mrïmrdj ;dlaIKh ld, jljdkqj

m,uq mrïmrdj

fojk mrïmrdj
f;jk mrïmrdj
isõjk mrïmrdj

mrïmrdj m%Odk oDvdx. Ndú;d lrk ,laIK ks¾udKh jQ

;dlaIKh ,o uDÿldx. moaO;s
m,uqjk ßla;l k, hka;% NdIdj úYd, ;dmhla ENIAC
mrïmrdfõ o;a; wdodkh" tfiïí,s NdIdj ksmojhs' E DVAC
mß.Kl ieliSu" m%;sodkh" wdphkh lrk fiñka l%shd lrhs' ONJVC
(1940 - iq/lSu isÿjqfha ,o l%uf,aLk m%pdrKh úYd, fõ' IBM 704
1956) isÿrem;a j,sk's ixl,amh tyd fuyd f.k hd
fkdyel'
úÿ,sh úYd,
jYfhka
mßfNdackh lrhs'
ñf,ka wêlh'
fojk g%dkaisiagr Wiia uÜgfï m%udKfhka l=vdh' Honey Well
mrïmrdfõ má (Tape) l%uf,aLk NdIdj wvq ;dm m%udKhla 400
mß.Kl tfiïí,s NdIdj ksmojhs' IBM 7030
wvq úÿ,shla CDC 1604
mßfNdackh lrhs'
wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf
s õok ;dlaIKh 10
 (1957- oaú;Shsl wdphkh fõ.j;a fõ' ONIVAC
1963) lsÍu i`oyd ;eá ñf,ka wêl fõ' LARC
(Flopy Disk Tape)
;=kajk wkql,s; mßm: fufyhqï moaO;s m%udKfhka l=vd IBM 360/370
mrïmrdfõ oaú;Shsl wdphkh ìysùu' fjhs' PDP-8
mß.Kl lsÍu i`oyd jeä ÈhqKq jQ wvq ;dm m%udKhla PDP-11
(1964 – Odß;djfhka by, Wiia uÜgfï ksmojhs' CDC 6600
1975) ;eá NdIdj fõ.j;a fõ'
o;a; wdodkh fla;kh i`oyd ñf,ka wêl fõ'
i`oyd h;=re Wiia uÜgfï wvq úÿ,s
mqjrej yd uQislh mß.Kl NdId mßfNdackhla we;'
Ndú;h
y;rjk úYd, m%udKfha Ñ;%l w;=re b;d l=vdh' IBM PC
mrïmrdfõ wkql,s; mßm: uqyqK;a iys; tyd fuyd f.k hd APPLE II
mß.Kl (LSIC) yd b;d fufyhqï moaO;s yelsh'
(1976- úYd, m%udKfha ONIX fufyhqï hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu
1980) wkql,s; mßm: moaO;s myiqh'
(VLSIC)
laIqø ilikh

w;a, mß.Kl
Odß;djfhka jeä
oDv ;eá
kuH ;eá
m%ldY ;eá
fm!oa.,sl
mß.Kl
fõ.j;a mß.Kl
cd,
miajk b;d úYd, jeä ÈhqKq jQ tyd fuyd f.k hd
mrïmrdfõ m%udKfha wkql,s; Ñ;%l w;=re yelsh'
mß.Kl mßm: uqyqK;a iys; wvq úhoï iys;h'
(1989 isg úYd, Odß;djhla fufyhqï moaO;s m%udKfhka l=vdh'
wo olajd) iys; oDv ;eá yd wka;¾cd, yd yeisrùu myiqh'
/f.k hd yels nyq udOH úYajdijka; Ndjh
m%ldY ;eá fufyhqï yd ld¾hlaIu;djh
(Opticle Didsk) lD;Su nqoê
a h u; b;d by,h'
wka;¾cd,h mokuq jQ cd,
y`ÿkd.ekSu
wl=re
y`ÿkd.ekSu
wl=re lshùu"
wl=re
y`ÿkd.ekSu
i`oyd fujeks
uDÿldx.
ks¾udKh ùu

m%udKh wkqj mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh

úêu;a mß.Kl ;dlaIKh y÷kajd ÿka uq,a hq.fha§ wÞ< mß.Kl fN!;sluh jYfhka b;d úYd,
tAjd jk w;r" ñ< o wêl úh' kuq;a miqld,Skj wÞ, mß.Kl ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq ùu;a iuÕ
mß.Klh m%udKfhka l=vd jQ w;r" tys ieliqï fõ.h yd .nvdlrk yelshdjo jeä úh'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 11
iqmsß mß.Kl (Super Computer)

o;a; ieliSug iqmsß yelshdjla we;s b;d fõ.j;a" úYd,;u yd ñ, wêl mß.Kl j¾.h iqmsß
mß.Kl fõ' idudkHfhka fïjd jdKscuh o;a; ieliSu i`oyd fhdod fkd.kS' fuu mß.Kl
fhdod .kafka úfYaI;s jQ wruqKq i`oydh' kdid wdh;kfha we;s bfÜkshï mß.Klfha CPU 10250
la ;sfí' f,dalfha ;sfnk fõ.j;a mß.Klhla f,i i,lk íÆ ðka tka keue;s mß.Klh
weußldfõ ,sj¾fuda¾ cd;sl úoHd.drfha ;sfí' weußldkq
n, Yla;s fomd¾;fïka;=jg wh;a fuys CPU tla ,laI ;sia
tla oyia ye;a;E folla ls%hd;aul fjhs'
1' wdrlaIl lghq;=
2' .=jka hdkd ie,iqïlrKh
3' mß.Kl iðùlrK Ñ;%mg
4' ld,.=K lghq;=
5' úfYaI;s moaO;s
9' úYd, jHdmdr
iqmsß mß.Klhlg ìgq 64 la tljr ieliSug yelshdj we;s w;r tAjdfha idudkH fõ.h ;mamrhg
Wmfoia 10000 isg ì,shk 12 olajd mrdihl mj;S'
eg:- 1. ILLIAC IV 3. CDC 5. NEC
2. CRAY 4. FOG ITSU

uyd mßudk mß.Kl (Main Frame Computer)

• fïjd iqmsß mß.Klj,g jvd m%n,;djfhka yd ñf,ka
wvqh'
• fuu mß.Kl ish`Mu wdldrfha úoHd;aul iy jHdmdr
fh§ï i`oyd fhdod .;yels úYd, fmdÿ wruqKq mß.Kl
f,i ye`Èkaúh yel'
• fïjdfha o;a; ieliSfï fõ.h ;mamrhg Wmfoia ñ,shk
lsysmhla muK jk w;r ÿria: mß.Kl 1000 l muK
iïnkaO;djho ,nd.; yel'
• fuu mß.Klj,g pqïNl ;eá" oDv ;eá" oDIH m%o¾Yl"
Plotters yd Printers yd Telecommunication terminal jeks
m¾hka; Wml%u rdYshla iïnkaO lsÍfï yelshdj we;'
eg :- 1' jegqma ,ehsia;= .Kkh lsÍu
2' .KldëlrKh
3' jHdmdr .Kqfokq
4' .=jka .uka wdik fjka lsÍu
5' f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu

uOH mß.Kl (Mini Frame Computer)

• uOH mß.Kl uyd mß.Klj,g jvd fõ.fhka n,fhka
yd ñf,ka wvqfõ' nyq ld¾hh mß.Kl f,io ye`Èkafõ'
• mdúÉÑh myiqh'
• mßYS,lhka lsysmfofkl= úiska mß.Kl lsysmhla u`.ska
uOH mß.Kl yd iïnkaO fjñka o;a; yd f;dr;=re
yqjudre lr.; yel'
Wod:- 1' nexl= moaO;s

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 12
jevy,a mß.Kl (Workstation)

tla Ndú;d lrkafkl=g muKla jevl< yels ld¾hlaIu;dfjka by< fuu

mß.Kl bxcsfkare fhÿï (CAD/CAM), ùäfhda ixialrK" .%e*sla
ks¾udK" uDÿldx. ixj¾ Okh" mß.Kl lS%vd jeks úfYaI ld¾hhka
i`oyd Ndú;d lrhs' idudkH laIqø mß.Kl fuhg Ndú;d jk w;r tajd
ld¾hlaIu ;djfhka jeä mß.Kl fõ' tfukau cd,hlg iïnkaOj
mj;S'

laIqø mß.Kl (Micro Computer)

fuh l=vd mß.Klhls' fm!oa.,sl m%fhdackh i`oyd fhdod.kq ,nk fuu mß.Kl wvq Odß;djla
iys; u;lhkaf.ka fukau m%udKfhkao fõ.fhkao ñf,kao wvqh' tfukau úÿ,s mßfNdackho wvqh'
mqoa., mß.Kl fvialafgdma mß.Kl iy cx.u mß.Kl f,i wdldr folls'

fvialafgdma mß.Kl (Desktop Computer)

;ekska ;ek f.k hdu i|yd fkdj" lsih s ï ksIaÑ; ia:dkhl

;ekam;a lr ;eîfï wruqKk
s a ksmojd we;s mß.Kl fvialafgdma mß.Kl
kñka ye¢kafõ'

cx.u mß.Kl (Portable Computer)

Wl=< u; ;nd .; yels hk w¾:h we;s ,emafgdma mß.Kl cx.u

mß.Kl i|yd ,nd §ug mq`Mjka b;d fyd| ksoiqkls' fïjd fkdaÜ nqla
hk kñka o ye¢kafjhs' m%udKfhka l=vd w;a, u; ;nd .; yels mdï
fgdma hkq ;j;a mß.Kl úfYaIhls'
mdïfgdma j,g zzcx.u äðg,a iylreZZ hk ku o Ndú;d lrhs'
fïjdfha h;=re mqjrejla Ndú;d fkdlrhs' gÉ ialS%ka tkï ;srh iam¾Y
lsÍfuka ix× ,nd§u fuu j¾.fha ;j;a ,laIKhls'

;dlaIKh wkqj j¾.SlrKh

m%;siu mß.Kl (Analog Computer)

mßirfha isÿjk fjkia ùï (fõ.h" fjd,aàh;djh" mSvkh" WIaK;ajh) jeks m%;siu ix{d (Anlog
Signals) y`ÿkd.ksñka tA wkqj l%shd;auljk mß.Kl m%;siu mß.Kl f,i y`ÿkajhs'
Wod:- 1' fõ.udkh
2' ixfõol iys; ud¾. ,dïmq
3' ld,.=K ñkqï hka;%

jdis
• ñf,ka wvqjk w;r jevigyka .; lsÍuo myiq fõ'

wjdis
• m%Odk wjdish jkafka tys ksrjoH;d idOlh yd .nvd Odß;djhs'
• jHdmdr fh§ï i`oyd fhda.H fkdfõ'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 13
ixLHdxl mß.Kl (Digital Computer)

ixLHdxl mß.Klhlg úúO wdodk (Input) Tiafia wxl yd wlaIr ndr.ekSu iy .Kkh (Count)
lsÍu isÿl, yel' fujeks wdodk Wml%u u.ska ,efnk o;a; mß.Klh úiska bf,lafg%daksl iamkaO
(Electronic Pulses) njg mßj¾;kh lrk w;r ixLHd u; m%Nskk a (Discrete) wdldrfhka .Ks;uh
l%shd (Arithmetic Operations) isÿ lrkq ,efí' óg wu;rj"
• ieliSu i`oyd o;a; .nvd lsÍu
• ;d¾lsl l%shdj,s bgq lsÍu (Logic Operations)
• wdodk o;a; uld ±óu" ixialrKh jeks l%shdj,so isÿ lsÍfï yelshdj we;'

ixLHdxl mß.Klhl m%Odk jdish jkafka wjYH ;rï oYuia:dk ie,lSfuka leu;s uÜgul
ksrjoH;djhla ,nd.; yels ùuhs' tneúka fïjd fj<`o jHdmdr fh§ï i`oyd jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'

m%Odk wjdish jkafka wêl úhou yd l%uf,aLkh lsÍfï we;s ixlS¾K;ajhhs'

fouqyqï mß.Kl (Hybrid Computers)

m%;siu mß.Kl yd ixLHdxl mß.Kl hk foj¾.fhysu

iïñY%Khla f,i ñY% mß.Kl ye`Èkaúh yel' yDofha
l%shdldß;ajh mßlaId lsÍug fhdod.kq ,nk ECG hka;%h ñY%
mß.Klhls' m%;siu ix{djlajk yDofha l%shdldß;ajh y`ÿkd
.ksñka th ixLHdxl ixLHdjla njg mßj¾:khlr tu ixLHd
uqøKh lsÍu fuu hka;%h u`.ska isÿ lrkq ,efí'

wruqK wkqj mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh (Classification According to Purpose)

fmdÿ ld¾hh mß.Kl

• tÈfkod lghq;= i`oyd Ndú;dlrk" ´kEu wdldrfha mß.Kl
jevigykla Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd fhdÞ.; yels mß.Kl
fmdÿ wruqKq mß.Kl f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu mß.Kl jvd jeä
msßilg Ndú;d l< yel' mqoa.,hkaf.ka mqoa.,hkag
wjYH;d fjkia jqjo fmdÿ wruqKq mß.Klhg tA
ish,a,kaf.au wjYH;d bgqlsÍug yelshdj we;'

úfYaI ld¾h mß.Kl

• fujeks mß.Klhla ks¾udKh lr we;af;a úfYaI jQ tla ld¾hhla i`oydh' úYd, l¾udka;
Yd,d ridhkd.dr jeks ia:dk j, fïjd nyq,j olakg ,efí'
Wod(- ffjoH lafIa;%fha§ Ndú;djk ialEka hka;%h' ^fuh
frda. ksOdk úksIaph lsÍu i`oyd muKla jQ ksIamdokhls'
fuu mß.Kl yeisrù i`oyd úfYaI mqyqKj q Q mqoa.,fhl=
isáh hq;=h'&" r:jdyk md,k moaO;s" .=jka .uka fjkalsÍfï
moaO;s" jdyk j, bkaOk md,kh lrk moaO;s' úfYaI; s jQ
úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK" hqO fufyhqï" f;,aksê .fõIKh
jeks iqúfYaIS ld¾h i`oyd fhdod.kakd mß.Kl fï hg;g
.efka'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 14
oDvdx. yd w;=re uqyqK;a mßKduh wdY%s;j mß.Klfha M,odhs l%shdldß;ajh úuid ne,Su

mß.Klhk m%Odk oDvdx. ixrpl

1' wdodk Wml%u yd w;=re uqyqK;a
2' uOH ieliqï tAllh yd uõ mqjrej
3' m%;sodk Wml%u yd w;=re uqyqK;a
4' wdphk Wml%u yd w;=re uqyqK;a

wdodk Wml%u

h;=re mqjrej (Keyboard)

mß.Kl uq,a wjêfha § o;a; iemhSu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq

,enQ tlu Wmdx.h fuhhs' fuys iEu h;=rlau iaúÉphls
(Switch). h;=rla ;o l< úg tu h;=r ksfhdackh lrkq
,nk ix×jla mß.Klh fj; ksl=;a fjhs' fm%dafiirh
úiska fuu ix×j ASCII(American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) fla;hla njg mßj¾;kh lrhs'
h;=re mqjrejl iEu h;=rlau ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd mß.Klh úiska ASCII fla; Ndú;d lrhs'

h;=re mqjre j¾.

h;=re -101 jeäÈhqKq lrk ,o h;=re mqjrej(101 –Key Enhanced Keyboard)

h;=re -104 úkafvdaia h;=re mqjrej (104 –Key Windows Keyboard)
h;=re -82 wem,a h;=re mqjrej (82 –Key Apple standard Keyboard)
h;=re -108 wem,a È.= h;=re mqjrej (108 –Key Apple Extended Keyboard)
h;=re mqjrej mß.Klfha moaO;s tAllh yd iïnkaO jk wdldrh wkqj j¾. ;=kls'
1. AT Keyboard - moaO;s tAllfha AT Port yd iïnkaO fõ'
2. Ps/2 Keyboard - moaO;s tAllfha Ps/2 Port yd iïnkaO fõ'
3. USB Keyboard- moaO;s tAllfha USB Port yd iïnkaO fõ'
1868 oS Christopher Latham Sholes úiska uq,au h;=re mqjrej ks¾udKh lrK ,oS'
fhduq Wmdx. (Pointing Device)
mß.Klfha úúO ia:dk ±laùug Ndú;d lrK WmlrK j,g Pointing Device f,i
ye¢kafõ' wÞ< ia:dkhg B ;=v f.k tAfuka miq fuu WmlrKh u.skau hï hï úOdk yd o;a;
mß.Klhg we;=<;a l< yel' fuu WmlrK j,g WÞyrK jkqfha Mouse, Track ball, Touchpad,
Joystick, Touch screen, Light pen, Digitizer jeks WmlrK fú'

ujqih (Mouse)
mß.Klfha ;srfha we;s l¾irh p,kh lsÍug fyda hula ils%h lsÍug wjYH jQ úg ujqih
fhdÞ .kS' ujqih fidhd .ekSfï f.!rjh ysï jkafka wefußldkq cd;slfhl= jk Douglas Engelbart
keue;a;dgh' Tyq úiska 1963 j¾Ifha§ m<uq ujqih ks¾udKh l< w;r 1970 fkdjeïn¾ ui 17 jk
Èk US3541541 hgf;a Tyqg tA i|yd fmagkaÜ n,h ,eìKs' ujqihla ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh wkqj
j¾. folls'
1' idudkH ujqih (Normal Mouse)
2' m%ldY ujqih (Optical Mouse)

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 15
j¾:udkfha§ Tmaál,a ujqih b;d ckms%h ù we;' uq,a mrs.Kl ujqifha hg me;af;a fnda,hla ;sfí'
ujqih tyd fuyd p,kh lrk úg fuu fnda,h lrlefõ' fuu p,k rgd ixfõol úiska
.%ykh lrf.k úoHq;a ix× wdldrhg mß.Klh fj; hjkq ,efí'
mß.Klh tAjd mßj¾;kh fldg wÞ< m‚úvj,g wkqj ;srh u; ;sfnk
o¾Ylh p,kh lrkq ,efí' ujqifha ;sfnk fnd;a;ï fol ^fyda jeä
.Kkla& uÕska ;srh u; f;aÍï isÿ lrkq ,nhs' wem,a mß.Kl j, Ndú;d
lrkq ,nk ujqifha tla ujqia fnd;a;ula muKla we;' Tmaál,a ujqifha hg
me;af;a fnda, ke;' fïjdfha wdf,dal úfudapk vfhdav (Light- emitting diode
- LED) keue;s ix× l%uh Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' ÿria: f,i ix× ksl=;a l< yels ujqi o wo ojfia
Ndú;hg .efka' fïjdfha úl,am ixfõolhka iy äðg,a ix× ieliqï (Digital Sign al processing
-DSP) o olakg ,efí' ujqih mß.Klfha moaO;s tAllh yd iïnkaO jk wdldrh wkqj j¾.
;=kls'
1. Serial Mouse - moaO;s tAllfha Serial Port yd iïnkaO fõ'
2. Ps/2 Mouse - moaO;s tAllfha Ps/2 Port yd iïnkaO fõ'
3. USB Mouse - moaO;s tAllfha USB Port yd iïnkaO fõ'

;Sre fla; lshjkh (Bar code reader)

kQ;k fj<o NdKav j, úia;r olajd we;s l¨mdg má;srh lshùug .kakd WmlrK nd¾ fldaâ
Ív¾ (Bar code reader) f,i ye¢kafõ' fuys we;s ;Sre j,ska lshk NdIdj wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;shlg
wkqj igyka fõ'

;Sre fla; lshjkhla ;=<g fujeks ;Sre fla;hla fhduq l< úg ;Sre fla;
lshjkh u.ska úfYaIs wdf,dal Odrdjla tu ;Sre fla;h u;g fhduq fldg tys
m%;sìïNh laIKslj mß.Klh fj; fhduq lrkq ,efí' fuu f;dr;=re f;d.
md,kh iy wfkl=;a md,k lghq;= i`oyd m%fhdackhg .; yelsh'
mß.Klh ;=< ia:dmkh lr we;s úfYaI;s uDÿldx.hla u`.ska tu
m%;sìïNh úYaf,aIKh lr tu ;Sre fla;h ;=< we;s o;a; y÷kdf.k
mß.Klh ;=< ;ekam;a lrkq ,efí' fï ksid tu NdKavh ms<sn|
úia;r h;=re mqjrej Tiafia mß.Klhg wdÞkh lsÍug wjYH fkdjk
w;r b;d blaukska yd laIKslj wÞ, o;a; mß.Klhg wdÞkh fõ' j¾:udkfha
fndfyda iqmsß fj<| ie,aj," w`.¨ï wf<ú ie,aj, fuu l%uh nyq,j Ndú;d lrkq olakg ,efí'

OCR (Optical Character Recognize)

wdf,dalhg ixfõ§ i,l=Kq lshjels ialEk¾ j¾.hls' fndfyda

ialEk¾ hka;% iuÕ fuu myiqlu ,nd.; .ekSug mq`Mjk' fuu.ska oDIH
f,aLK j, wlaIr" wxl iy ixfla; y÷kdf.k f,aLK jYfhka msgm;a
flf¾' tfy;a fufia y÷kd.; yelafla Arial, Time New Roman jeks
bx.S%is wlaIr j¾. lsysmhla muKs' rEmuh udOHfhka f,aLk msgm;a
,nd.; fyd;a tAjdfha wlaIr (characters) ßis mßÈ fjkia l< fkdyelsh'
OCR udOHfhka ,nd.kakd f,aLk joka ieliqï (Word Processing) uDÿldx.hla wdOdrfhka
ixialrKh l< yelsh'

OMR (Optical Mark Recognize)

i,l=Kla we;s ke;s nj f;areï .ekSfï yelshdj we;s ialEk¾ j¾.hls' úNd. nyqjrK W;a;r
m;%j, W;a;r ksjerÈo lshd ne,Su i|yd Ndú;d lrhs' fuu l%ufha§ m%Yak m;%hg wÞ< ms<s;=re

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 16
m;%fha m%;sìïNh uq,skau mß.Klh ;=< ;ekam;a lrkq ,nhs' miqj OMR
hka;%h Tiafia wfmalaIlhska úiska ms<s;=re imhkq ,enQ ms<s;=re m;%j,
m%;sìïNhka mß.Klh ;=<g wdÞkh lrkq ,nk w;r tfia
,efnk m%;sìNhka yd uq,ska ,nd§ we;s wdo¾Y ms<s;=re
m;%fha m%;sìïNhka tlsfkl ii|d n,d iajhxlS%hju
,l=Kq ,ndfokq ,efí' fï i|yd úfYaI uDÿldx. wjYH fõ'

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognizer)

nexl= j,ska ksl=;a lrk fpla m;a j, iuyr ixfla; úfYAI Magnetic ;Ska;
j¾.hla Ndú;fhka ,shd ;sfí' fïjd lshùug Ndú;dlrk ialEka hka;%h
MICR f,i ye¢kafõ' pqïNl njg m;a l< yels ;Sk; a úfYaIhla
Ndú;fhka lsishï iïu; rgdjlg uqøKh lr we;s iïu; rgdjka
y÷kdf.k tu wkq,laIKhka mß.Klhg wdÞkh lsÍu i|yd fhdÞ
.kq,nk wdÞk Wml%uhls' mß.Klhg iïnkaO lr we;s MICR Reader
keue;s úfYaI WmlrKh fj;g fuu wkq,laIK iys; f,aLkhla we;=`M
l< úg tu WmlrKh úiska tys tla tla wkq,laIKhka uqøKh lr we;s iïu; rgdjka y÷kdf.k
tu wkq,laIKhka mß.Klhg wdÞkh lrkq ,nhs'

hï f,ilska f,aLkfha uqøKh lr we;s wkq,laIK j,g ndysr wdmÞjla ksid ydks jqjfyd;a tAjdfha
iïu; uqøK rgdj fjkia jk w;r tA fya;=fjka tjeks wkq,laIK y`ÿkd .ekSug fkdyels jkq
we;'

m%;sodk WmlrK (Output Device)

mß.Klhlska ilia lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re th ;=<

;sfnkafka hdka;s%l nisks' tAjd ñksik
q ag f;areï .; yels
wdldrhg mßj¾;kh fldg msg;g ,nd§u i|yd Ndú;d
lrkq ,nk WmlrK fuhg wh;a fõ'

WÞ(- oDIH m%o¾Yk tAllh$ms<sìUq tAllh (Monitor)

u,aáóähd fm%dfclag^¾&" mß.Kl iamS%lrh (PC Speaker)
uqøK hka;% (Printers)" ,l=KqlrKh (Plotter)

oDIH m%o¾Yk tAllh$ms<sìUq tAllh (Monitor)

mß.Kl ;srh(Computer Screen) " ms<sìUq tAllh (Monitor)" oDIH ms<sìUq tAllh (VDU-Visual
Display Unit) hk kï j,sko
a fuh j¾:udkfha ye¢kafõ' fuu Wmdx.h fmkqfuka rEmjdyskhs n÷h'
mß.Klfha m%Odk;u m%;sÞk WmlrKh jkafka o fuhhs'

Ndú;hg myiqùu" kv;a;=j myiqùu" m%;sÞk ,nd.ekSug w;sf¾l msßjehla orkakg isÿ fkdùu"
jvd;a fõ.j;a m%;sÞk ,nd§u jeks fya;= ksid fuhg m%;sÞk WmlrKhla f,i b;d by, jeo.;a
lula ysñ fõ' Ndú;d lrk ;dlaIKh wkqj mß.Kl ;sr j¾. lsysmhls'

1' lef;dav lsrK k< fudksgrh(CRT – Cathode Ray Tube)

2' øj iaMál ms<sìUqj ( LCD - Liquid Crystal Display)
3' FPD (Flat Panel Display)
4' úoHq;a È,siï
q m%o¾Ylh ELD (Electro Luminescent Display)
5' DPD (Gas Plasma Display)
6' LED ;sr

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 17
lef;dav lsrK k< fudksgrh (CRT – Cathode Ray Tube)

fuys lef;dav lsrK k<hla" bf,lafg%dak úÈk ;=jlal= ;=kla (RGB-

Red, Green, Blue), Magnetic Yoke tlla iy ;j;a bf,lafg%dksla
WmlrK j,ska hqla;h' fuys bf,lafg%dka ;=jlal= u.ska bf,lafg%daki
a a
Magnetic Yoke tl yryd hjhs' tys wruqK jkafka ;srh mqrd
bf,lafg%dakaia m;s; lrùuhs' fudksgrfhys ;srh u; fmdiamria
keue;s ridhksl øjH fvdÜ f,i wdf,am lr we;' fuu fmdiamria
wxY= u; bf,lafg%dakaia m;s; lsÍu u.ska ;srh u; rEm ks¾udKh
lrhs' ^r;=" fld< iy ks,a hk m%Odk j¾K ;=k tl;=ù iEu
j¾Khla ks¾udKh lrhs& fuu bf,lafg%dkaia m;s; lsÍu ;srfha Wv isg
my<g fma<sfhka fma<shg m;s; lrjhs'

fudksgrhl .=Kdx.

Resolution ^úfNaokh&: ;srh u; ms<sìUq l< yels mslai,a .Kk Resolution hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
mslai,a tlla hkq “rEm wxY=jla” hk woyi fokakls' fuu tl mslai,a tll j¾K ;=kla wvx.= fõ
tkï r;=" fld< iy ks,ah (RGB) fuh mß.Klhla uÕska fjkia l< yels l=vdu rEm wxY=jhs'
WÞyrKhla f,i Resolution 1024x768 hkqfjka ilid we;akï thska woyia jkqfha ;srfha ;sria
w;g mslai,a 1024 la o isria w;g mslai,a 768 la o we;s njhs' rEmjdyskS hka;% j,g idfmalaIj
fudksg¾ j, Resolution m%udKh fnfyúka jeäh'

Refresh Rate hkq ;;amrhl§ ;srfha we;s iEu mslai,a tllau lsysm j;djla bf,lafg%daka .ka
(Electron Guns) u.ska ialEka lsÍuhs' fuu ialEka lsÍu olfKa isg jug o ;srfha Wv isg my<g o
is.aie.a (Zig-Zag) l%uhg isÿlrhs' fuh ukskq ,nkafka y¾Üia(Hz) u.sks' idudkH fudksgrhl
Refresh Rate tl 75Hertz muK fõ'

Dot pitch hkq j¾K fudksgrhl mslai,a foll we;s iudk j¾K folla w;r we;s ÿrh' WÞyrKhla
f,i mslai,a foll we;s r;= j¾K w;r we;s ÿrh' fuh ukskq ,nkafka ñ,sóg¾ (mm) j,sk's fuh
idudkHfhka 0.15mm isg 0.40mm olajd w.hla úh yel'

Size (m%udKh) - idudkHfhka 14”, 15”,17” fudksg¾ iq,Nh' tfy;a 21” fyda Bg;a jvd jeä úYd,
m%udK j, .e*slaia lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrhs' fudksgrfha m%udKh ukskq ,nkafka úl¾Khhs'
tkï wÕ,a 17l fudksgrhl my< ol=Kq fl<jf¾ isg by< jï fl<jr olajd wÕ,a 17la we;'

mß.Kl ;srfha §ma;sh ( fuh ukskq ,nkafka (cd/m2) hk tAllfhkah' fuys woyi kï j¾.
ógrhlg o,ajk ,o bámkaoï .Kk (Candles for square meter) f,ihs' th uekSfï§ mokï lr.kq
,nkafka mß.Kl ;srh iïm¾Kfhka iqÿmeyeh f.k ;sfnk úg thska msgjk §ma;sh mokï
lrf.kh'

øj iaMál ms<sìUqj ( LCD - Liquid Crystal Display)

ùÿre ma,diaála ;eá follska hq;a ;sr ms<sìUq úfYaIhls' fïjdfha

uOHfha øjhla ;sfí' fïjd fnfyúka me;e,s neúka fndfyda úg
Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka le,alshqf,ag¾" cx.u ÿrl:k" cx.u
mß.Kl i|ydh' CRT fudksg¾ j,g jvd .=Kd;aul jYfhka
nd,h' .%e*slaia lghq;= i|yd iqÿiq fkdfõ'

LCD fudksgrhl m%Odk ,laIK

• b;d l=vd bv m%udKhla wh;a lr .kS'
• n, Yla;sh wjYH jkafka b;d wvq m%udKhls'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 18
 • rEm ;shqKqh'
• ms<sìUq rEm fi,fjk" k,shk wdldrhla fyda cHdñ;sl úlD;sùula we;s fkdfõ'
• ñf<ka jeäh'
• ;sr o¾YK fldaKh iSud iys;h'
• m%;spdr ±laùu ;rula m%udoh'

uqøK hka;% (Printer)

mß.Klh uÕska ,ndfok m%;sÞkhka oDv msgm;a fyj;a uqøs; msgm;a f,i lvÞis u; igyka
lsÍug Ndú;d lrk m%;sÞk WmlrKhls'

>Ügk uqøK hka;% (Impact Printers)

>Ügkh ùfuka uqøKh isÿlrk uqøK hka;%hs' fïjd wêl Yíofhka ls%hd;aulfõ'

WÞ(- ;s;a kHdi uqøK hka;%h (Dot Matrix Printers), Daisy Wheel Printer, Chain Printer ^odu uqøK
hka;%&" Band Printers,

fkd>gk uqøK hka;% (Non Impact Printers)

uqøKh isÿlsÍfï§ uqøK ysi >Ügkh fkdfõ' wêl Yíohla msg fkdfõ' WÞ(- f,ai¾ ms%kag¾ (Laser
Printer), bkalafcÜ ms%kag¾ (Inkjet Printer), Thermal Printer ^;dm uqøK hka;%h&

;s;a kHdi uqøK hka;%h (Dot Matrix Printers)

b;d ckms%h yd nyq,j Ndú;d lrk Impact j¾.fha uqøK hka;%hls'

uqøK ysfiys we;s bÈlgq jeks l=vd l+re (Pins) bÈßhg .uka
lsÍfuka uqøK ßnkh (Print Ribbon) u; we;sjk f;rmqu ksid
ßnkh bÈßmi we;s lvdÞish l=vd ;s;aj,ska uqøKh fjhs' tla tla
wkq,laIKh i|yd l+re (Pins) >Ügkh úh hq;= wdldrh kHdi (Matrix)
jYfhka mß.Klhg ,nd§ we;'

fïjd ñf<ka wvqh' uqøK fõ.h wvqh' uqøK úhouo fnfyúka wvqh' fyâ tlg iïnkaO jk mska
.Kk jeâ lsÍu uÕska uqøKfha .=Kd;aul nj Wiia l< yels uqøK hka;% ksmojkq ,efí' lsishï
f,aLkhl msgm;a rdYshla tljr ,nd.ekSu i|yd fuu j¾.h Ndú;d l< yelsh'

;dm uqøK hka;%h (Thermal Printer)

idudkH fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl i|yd fhdÞ .; yels w;r ñf<kao wvqh' kuq;a
.=Kd;aul núka ;rula ÿ¾j,h' r;a jQ úfYaI wxY= j¾.hla ;dm ixfõ§ lvÞis
j¾.hla u; m;s; lsÍu u.ska uqøKh isÿfõ' wkq ,laIK uqøKh ùug jeä
ld,hla idfmalaIj .; fõ' fuu uqøK i|yd Ndú;d jk lvÞis Continuous
Paper f,i ye¢kafõ' fuys lvÞis je,la f,i tlg wuqKk ,o wdldrhg
we;=<;a lrhs'

;Ska; ú÷ï uqøK hka;%h (Ink jet Printer)

b;du;a by, .=Kd;aul njlska hq;= jvd;a myeÈ,s wkq,laIK ,nd.; yels Non Impact j¾.fha
uqøK hka;%hls' fuys we;s ;Sk;
a ìÿ ú¢k úfYaI tAllh u.ska b;d l=vd ;sk; a ìÿ (Very Tiny Ink
Droplets) lvÞish u;g ú§fuka wkq,laIKh uqøKh lrhs' fuu ;Sk; a úÿkq ,nk l=vd ;=vq Nozzle
kñka ye¢kafõ' uqøK ls%hdj,sfha§ iqÿiq mßÈ f;dard.kq ,nk Nozzles u.ska ;Ska ú§u is÷fõ' tAjd

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 19
r;a lsÍug Ndckh jk w;r m%;sM,h f,i nqnq¨ we;s fõ' fïjd m%idrKh ù
b;d l=vd ;Sk;
a ì÷jla lvÞish u; m;s; lrhs' idudkHfhka fujeks
Nozzle 64 l fma<shla fndfyda ms%kagrj, olakg ,efí' j¾K 16l
;Sk;
a Ndú;d l< yels ;r tAjd ixfhdackh lsÍfuka j¾K 256 la
,nd.; yelsh'

fuu uqøK hka;%hla wvq uqo,lg ,nd.; yels jqjo thska

,nd.kakd msgm;lg jeä úhoula ±Íug isÿfõ'

f,ai¾ uqøK hka;%h (Laser Printer)

b;du;a by, .=K;ajhlska hq;= yd fõ.j;aj uqøKh isÿ lrkq ,nk Non Impact j¾.fha uqøK
hka;%hls' fuh msgq uqøK hka;%hla (Page Printer) jk w;r uqøKfha§ fõ.fhka
b;d wêlh' j¾:udkfha§ j¾K f,ai¾ uqøK hka;%o
Ndú;d lrhs' wfkl=;a uqøK hka;% j,g jvd by< ñ<la iys;
jqjo thska ,nd.kakd msgm;a i|yd hk úhou wvqh'

wdfrdamkh lrk ,o f,day fnrhla (Drum) lrlefõ' th u;

rEmla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd f,air lsrK Ndú;d lrkq , efí'
bkamiq Toner Cartridge kñka y÷kajk iqúfYaI weiqreul nyd ;sfnk
Toner ke;fyd;a l=vd ;Sk;a wxY= fuu fnrh u.ska ,ndf.k lvÞish u; m;s; lrkq ,efí'
tiekskua WIak;ajh yd mSvkh we;s lsÍu u.ska ;Sk;
a lvÞishg w,jkq ,efí'

,l=KqlrKh (Plotter)

ñksia w;ska w¢kq ,nkakd fia rEm igyka" m%ia:dr ks¾udKh

lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrk m%;sOdk WmlrKhls'
bxðfkareuh yd úoHd;aul ie,iqï ks¾udKfha§ nyq,j fhdÞ
.kS' ,l=Kq lrk j¾. folla olakg ,efí'

1. Pen plotter Printer

2. Electro Static Plotter Printers

Pen plotter Printers

fld<hla u; tyd fuyd .uka lrk j¾Kj;a mEka uÕska Ñ;% we§u fyda wel=re we£u isÿ
flf¾' tl jrlg tla mEkla fyda mEka j¾. lsysmhla m%fhdackhg .; yelsh' fïjd j¾. folls'

Flatbed Type Plotters: mEk by<g" my<g" yryg iy me;af;ka me;a;g p,kh fõ'

Drum Type Plotters: mEk by<g" my<g" yryg .uka lrk w;r lvÞish me;af;ka me;a;g
p,kh (Side Ways) fõ'

Electro Static Plotter Printers

fuys§ o v%ï tlla u.ska rEm we§u isÿjk w;r Electro static l%uh m%fhdackhg .kS' tkï ;s;a
rdYshla u.ska Ñ;%h ilia lsÍuhs' fuys rEm .=Kd;aul núka Wiiah' Pen Plotter j,g jvd
fõ.j;ah' ;;amrhlg wä ;=kla muK fuu hka;%fha fõ.h mj;S'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 20
Yío m%;sodkh
Voice Output Device
fuu.ska mß.Kl m%;sÞkh Yíohla f,iska msglrhs' fld<hla u; uqøKh l< wl=re fyda ;srh u;
Èiajk wl=re lshjd iamS%l^¾& fyda bh^¾&f*daka j,ska fyda ÿrl:k WmlrK fyda fjk;a Yío ksl=;a
lrk WmlrK u`.ska mß.Kl m%;sÞkh Yíohla f,iska ksl=;a lrhs'

flfjks (Ports)
• fljkshla hkq mß.Klhla yd Wmdx.hla w;r o;a; heùu i`oyd nyq jh¾ iys; úoHq;a
iïnkaO;djls'

úúO fljks j¾.

fY%aKs.; flfjks / Serial Port (Com Port / Male Port)

fuh Male Port tlls' ndysr fudvï (External Modem) WmlrK iïnkaO lsÍu" merKs ujqia (Serial
Mouse) iúlsÍu" cx.u ÿrl:k w¨;a jeähdfõ§ wÞ, WmlrK mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd
Ndú;d lrhs' fuu fYa%Ks.; flfjks fohdldrhlska ±l.; yelsjk w;r tla j¾.hlska iïnkaê;
;=vq kjhla we;s (9 Pins) w;r wfkla j¾.fhys iïnkaê; ;=vq úismyla (25 Pins) oel .; yelsh'

iudka;r fljksh / Parallel Port (LPT / Female Port)

fuh Female Port tlls' uqøK hka;% " iqmÍlaIKh jeks iudka;r.; wdldrfhka iïnkaO jk
WmlrK (Parallel Devices) mß.Klh yd iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fuu iudka;r .; flfjksh Ndú;d
lrkq ,efí' fuys iïnkaê; isÿre 25la ;sfí'

PS/2 Port
ujqih fyda h;=re mqjrej mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fï j¾.fha iïnkaOl Ndú;d flf¾'
fujeks fljks folla we;s w;r tAjd tl <. msysgd we;' fï ksid h;=re mqjrej yd ujqih
mß.Klhg ksjerÈj iúlsÍug j. n,d .; hq;=h' fï i|yd tu fljksj, fhdÞ we;s j¾K
Wmldr lr .; yelh' h;=re mqjrej i|yd jQ fljksh oï meyeh (Megenta colour) Ndú;d jk
w;r ujqih i|yd jQ fljksh fld< meyefhka (Green colour) olajd we;' tfiau fndfyda uõ
mqjrej, (Mother Board) fuu flfjks wi,sku
a tAjd y÷kd .ekSfï ixfla; olajd we;'

úYaj fY%aKs.; nia fljksh (USB Port)

fuh 1997 § muK y÷kajd fok ,o iïnkaOl j¾.fhls' iEu udÈ,shlgu wh;a Wmdx. fï yryd
mß.Klhg iïnkaO l< yelsh' ms%kag¾" ujqi"a ialEk¾" ndysr oDv;eá (External Hard Disk)"
ixLHdxl leurd (Digital Cameras) " fyda fudvï jeks fndfyda wdÞk iy m%;sÞk WmlrK b;d
myiqfjka mß.Klh iuÕ iïnkaO l< yel'

fndfyda USB wdldrfha Wmdx. USB flfjks uÕska mß.Klhg iúl< ú.isku a tu Wmdx.
ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' fuys§ Odjl t,jqï jevigyka ia:dmkh lsÍfï wjYH;dj mek fkdk.S'
fuu ls%hdj,sh “Plug and Play” f,iska y÷kajkq ,nhs' USB wdldrfha fndfyda Wmdx. i|yd wjYH
lrk úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSu fuu USB flfjks iïnkaOh yrydu isÿlsÍu fuys we;s úfYaI;ajhhs'

mß.Klh jid ±óulska f;drj USB wdldrfhka Wmdx. iúlsÍfï iy úikaê lsÍfï yelshdj
fuys we;s úfYaI;ajhls' fuu ls%hdj,sh “Hot Pluggable” ke;fyd;a “Hot Swappable” f,iska
y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu tla USB flfjkshla u.ska úúOdldrfha jQ Wmdx. 127la muK iïnkaO

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh 21
lsÍfï yelshdj we;' USB 2.0 wdldrfha jQ flfjks j, 480Mbps fõ.hlska o;a; ikaksfõokh
lsÍfï yels w;r USB 3.0 wdldrfha jQ flfjks j, 4.8Gpbs fõ.hlska o;a; ikakf
s õokh lsÍfï
yelshdj we;'

mß.Kl ;sr fljksh / Video Card Port (VGA Port)

mß.Kl ;srh" nyq m%lafIamkh (Multimedia Projector) jeks Wmdx. mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍug
VGA fljks Ndú;d lrhs' fuys isÿre 15 la we;'

HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) Port

úfYaIfhka ,emafgdma mß.Klj, olakg ,efnk HDMI fljks" mß.Kl ;srh" nyqudOH
m%lf
a Iamkh" äðg,a rEmjdyskS hka;% iy äðg,a YíoúldYk hka;% iïnkaO lsÍu i`oyd fhdod.kq
,nhs'

cd,lrK fljksh / Network Port

cd,lrK fljkshla u`.ska mß.Kl cd,hl we;s mß.Kl" cd, rjqgrh (Network Router)" cd,
iaúph (Network Switch) iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs'

Modem Port
mß.Kl wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO lsÍu i`oyd fukau mß.Klh Ndú;d lrñka *elaia (FAX)
heùu i`oyd fuu fljksh Ndú;d flf¾'

Sound Port
mß.Klhg wjYH lrk wdldrfha Yío úldYk hka;%" uhsl%f*daka yd ndysr Yío Wmojk Wmdx.
iúlsÍu i`oyd fuu fljks Ndú;d lrhs'
iuyr mß.Klj, fuu Yío Wmdx. iújk fljks olakg fkd,efnk w;r tjeks wjia:dj,§
Yío Wmdx. iïnkaO lsÍu i`oyd jk mßm: (Multimedia kit Circuit) fjku ñ,§ f.k mß.Klhg
iúlr .ekSug isÿ fõ'

MIDI Port (Game Port)

1. Joystick
2. MIDI Keyboard

Line IN
1. Cassette Tape
2. CD Record Player

Line Out
1. Speaker
2. Head Phone

Microphone
1. Microphone

Wireless Link
1. Infrared
2. Bluetooth

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

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Fire – Wire Card
Fire Wire Wmdx.hl isg ;j;a Wmdx.hlg fõ.fhka o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsÍu i`oyd mß.Klj,
Ndú;djk fljkshhs' wxls; o;a; fõ.fhka iïfm%aIKh i`oyd fuu WmlrKh Ndú;d lrhs'
eg:- 1' Camcoder
2' External Hard Disk
3' External DVD Drive

Mother Board
uõ mqjrej" uOH ieliqï tAllh" u;l tAll fukau mß.Kl yelshdjka jeäÈhqKq lr.ekSu
i`oyd iú lrkq ,nk wu;r mßm: fyda iuyr ndysr fuj,ï fyda Wmdx. iúlsÍu i`oyd wjYH
lrk myiqlï imhkq ,nkafka mß.Kl uõmqjrejhs'

Mother Board ys Wmdx.

1. BIOS
2. Microprocessor Slot
3. Chip Set
4. RAM Memory Sockets
5. PCI / ISA / AGP Slots
6. Battery

m%idrK újrh (Expansion Slots)

uõmqjrej u; wu;r mßm:hla iú lsÍu i`oyd bv i,ik tAll m%idrK újr fõ'
eg:- 1' ISA Slot
2' AGP Slot
3' PCI Slot

Types of VGA Adapters

1. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
2. PCI (Pripheral Components Interconnect)
3. AGP (Accelerated Graphic Card)
4. PCI Express Card
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System Bus

uõmqjrej u; f;dr;=re iïfm%aIKh lsÍu i`oyd jhr lsysmhl tl;=jlska ieÿï,;a má system
bus f,i ye`Èkafõ' mß.Klh ;=, m%Ok Bus j¾. lsysmhls'
1. Processor Bus
2. ISA Bus
3. PCI Bus
4. AGP Bus

Processor Bus
• fõ.fhka o;a; iïfm%aIKh lrhs'
• Processor yd Cache Memory fyda Main Memory w;r o;a; iïfm%aIKh isÿ lrhs'
ISA Bus
• b;d ukao.dó fõ'
• Modem yd Sound Card j,§ fhdod.efka'
PCI Bus
• Network Card, Video Card, SCSI Adapter i`oyd Ndú;d lrhs'
• mß.Kl w;r fõ.fhka o;a; yqjudre lrhs'
• 32 bit fõ'

AGP Bus
• High Speed Video Card i`oyd fhdod.kS'

Interfaces
oDv Odjl" CD ROM Odjl wdÈh uõmqjrej yd iïnkaO ùu i`oyd Ndú;d lrk m%Odk flan,
w;=reuqyqK;a f,i y`ÿkajhs' fuu`.ska wdphk Wmdx.j, o;a; .nvd lsÍu f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu
isÿl, yel'

IDE (Intergrated Drive Electronics)

oDv Odjl CD ROM Drive fyda Zip Drive jeks úúO Drive uõmqjrej yd iïnkaO lsÍu i`oyd IDE
w;=re uqyqK; Ndú;d lrhs' kùk w;=re uqyqK;a iu`. ikaikaokfha§ fuu w;=re uqyqK;aj, o;a;
iïfm%aIK fõ.h wvqh' merKs mqoa., uõmqjre u; IDE mj;sk w;r kùk uõmqjre u; olakg
fkd,efí'

SATA
kùk mß.Kl uõmqjre u; we;s Serial ATA (AT Attachment) ys o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h IDE j,g
jvd jeäh'

SCSI
úúO nyq Wmdx. iïnkaO lsÍu i`oyd mqoa., mß.Klj, wvx.= w;=re uqyqK;a f,i SCSI
ye`Èkaúh yel' w;=re uqyqK;lg 7 -15 w;r Wmdx. ixLHdjla iïnkaO l,yel'

n, iemhqï tallh (Power Supply Unit)

fuu`.ska mß.Klhg wjYH úÿ,sh ,nd foa' m%Odk úÿ,s iemhqfuka fyda UPS tl u`.ska ,ndfok
úÿ,sh (m%;Hdj¾: Odrdj - 240v) ir, Odrdjla njg mßj¾:kh lr ,nd foa' tu iemhqï cklh
;=, wu;r mxldjla we;' fuu`.ska wu;r WIaK;ajh bj;a lrhs'

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Power Supply j¾.
1. AT
2. ATX
3. ATX-2

mß.Kl wdlD;sfha (ks¾ñ;fha) mßKduh

fjdka kshquka (Von-Neuman) wdlD;sh

1946 § fjdka kshquka úoHd{hd úiska mß.Klhl meje;sh hq;= wx. lsysmhla ms<sn`oj woyila
bÈßm;a lrk ,§' Tyq úiska fmkajd ÿka wdldrhg wdodkh lsÍfï yelshdj" wdodkh lrk ,o o;a;
;ekam;a lsÍfï yelshdj" ieliSu" m%;sodkh jeks yelshdjka mß.Klh i;= úh hq;= nj fmkajd
fok ,§'

Von-Neumann wdlD;sh hgf;a mß.Klh ie,iqï lsÍu yd f.dvke.Su m%Odk lreKq 3la u; r`od
mj;S' tajd kï"
1' mß.Klh WmmoaO;s 4lska iukaú; nj
- Memory
- Arithematic and Logic Unit
- Control Unit
- I/O System
2' l%shd;aul ld,h ;=, jevigyk u;lfha .nvdlr we;s nj
3' jevigyfka Wmfoia wkql%ñlj l%shd;auljk nj
4' mß.Klh WmmoaO;s 4lska iukaú; nj

u;lh (Memory)
• u;lh ksYaÑ; m%udKhlska hq;a u;l fldaI (Memory Cell) rdYshlska iukaú;jk w;r tys
iEu fldaIhla i`oydu ksYaÑ; u;l fhduqjla (Memory address) we;s w;r tAjdg m%fõY
ùfï§ tu fhduq yryd iïnkaO úh hq;=h'
address- 28 = 256
216= 65536

• u;l fldaI wju m%fõY ùfï tAllhhs'

• u;l m%udKh ìgq 8, 16, 32, 64 wd§ jYfhka fjkia úh yelsh' tkï tljr .kakd Wmfoia
m%udKh tA wkqj fjkia úh yelsh'
• ´kEu u;l fldaIhl m%fõY ld,h iudkh'
• mß.Klh l%shd;aul jkúg jevigyka yd o;a; u;lfha .nvd lrhs'

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u;l fõ.h
• tAllh - nanosecond (10-9n)
• DRAM - 50 to 150 n
• SRAM - 10n

uOH ieliqï tAllfha fldgia

1. wxl .Ks;u iy ;d¾lsl tallh ALU (Arithmatic Logical
Unit)
2. md,k tallh CU (Control Unit)
3. u;l frcsia;rh (Register)
4. jdrl u;lh (Cache Memory)
5. wNHka;r iïfma%IK ud¾. (Internal Bus)

ALU
• wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl lghq;= isÿ lsÍu i`oyd uOH ieliqï
tAllfha msysgj
q d we;s úoHq;a mßm:hls' fuu`.ska my; i`oyka
ld¾hh isÿl, yel'
1' .Ks; l¾u (+, -, /, x , …..)
2' ;d¾lsl fufyhqï (AND, OR, NOT)
CU
uOH ieliqï tAllh ;=, jQ mdrd,k tAllh u`.ska uq`M mß.Klh ;=, fukau Bg iïnkaO
Wmdx.j,g wod, md,k lghq;= isÿ lrhs' u;lfha hdka;%sl NdIdfjka .nvdlr we;s jevigyka
l%shd;aul lsÍu i`oyd md,k tAllfhka lrkq ,nk ld¾hhka my; ±lafõ'
• B,.g l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH Wmfoia u;lfhka ,nd .ekSu' (Fetch)
• tu Wmfoia úfla;khlr l,hq;= foa ;SrKh lsÍu' (Decode)
• .Ks; yd ;d¾lsl tAllh" u;lh yd wdodk m%;sodk Wm moaO;sj,g
• wod, ix{d hjñka wod, ld¾h isÿ lsÍu' (Execute)
• kej;Sfï Wmfoia ,efnk;=re fkdkj;ajd l%shd;aul lsÍu'

Register
wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tAllh fj; o;a; hjk ;=re o;a; Wmfoia ;djld,Slj .nvdlr ;eîu
i`oyd Ndú;d lrk ia:dkh register fõ' m%Odk register j¾. kï"
1. PC (Program Counter) 4. F (Flug Register)
2. IR ( Instuction Register) 5. GPR (General Purpose Register)
3. A (Accumulator)

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

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Program Counter
• B,.g l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH WmfoaYhg wod, fldaI ,smskh .nvdlr ;nd.kakd ia:dkh
PC f,i y`ÿkajhs'
• PC tlg tlla tl;=ùu fyda wvqùu isÿ fõ'

Instruction Register
• fï jkúg l%shd;auljk WmfoaYh .nvdlr ;nd.kakd ia:dkh IR fõ'

Accumulator
• wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tAllfhka fufyhqï isÿl, miq ,ndfok m%;sM,h .nvdjk
ia:dkh A fõ'
Flug Register
ALU tl úiska wjikajrg isÿlrk fufyhqug wod, ;;ajh .nvdlr ;nd.kakd ia:dkh Flug
Register f,i y`ÿkajhs'
1. Over Flow
2. Division by Zero
3. Final Result is Zero
4. Positive or Negative Result
5. ixikaokd;aul m%;sM,
Genaral Purpose Register
újO ld¾hhka i`oyd wjYH fmdÿ o;a; .nvdlr ;nd.ekSu i`oyd GPR frðiagr Ndú;d lrhs'
GPR frðiagr ‘B’ , ‘C’ , ‘D’ f,i kïflf¾'
nih
mß.Klhla ;=, Wmdx. w;r fyda mß.Kl w;r Wmdx. ;=,
ix{d jYfhka úÿ,sh .uka lrk fN!;sl ud¾.h nih f,i
ye`Èkafõ' m%Odk jYfhkA Bus m%fNao 3ls'

1' o;a; nih (Data bus)

2' fhduq nih (Address bus)
3' md,k nih (Control bus)
o;a; nih (Data bus)
tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg o;a; f.khk nih o;a; nih f,i y`ÿkajhs'

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fhduq nih (Address bus)
u;lfha ;sfnk o;a; lshùu i`oyd fyda u;lhg o;a; ,sùug lsih s ï ia:dkhla f;dard.kq ,nhs'
fuu ia:dkfha ,smskhg o;a; fhduq lrkq ,nkafka fhduq nih u`.sk's

md,k nih (Control bus)

md,k nih u`.ska mß.Klfha úúO ia:dkj,g ix{d f.khkq ,nhs'

ilikfha fydard iS>%;djh

ilikhg ,efnk Wmfoia l%shd;aul lrk fõ.h tys fydard iS>%;djh f,i ye`Èkafõ' kùk
mß.Klj, fydard iS>%;djh MHz fyda GHz j,ska ukskq ,efí'

jokl m%udKh
mß.Klhl Ndú;djk hdka;% NdIdfõ jpkhl wvx.= ìgq .Kk tys úYd,;ajh fyj;a joka
wdhduh (Word length) f,i ye`Èkafõ' 32 bits" 64 bits

fjdka kshqudka wdlD;sh oaú;Shsl wdphk iu`.

uOH ieliqï tAllfha wNHka;r jHqyh

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l%shd;aul jk ld,h ;=, jevigyka u;lfha .nvd ù we;snj
mß.Kl jevigyfka o;a; yd Wmfoia u;l f.dkqj,g wod,j u;l fldaI ;=, .nvdlr ;sìh
hq;=h'

jevigyfka Wmfoia wkql%ñlj l%shd;auljk nj

jevigyka wkql%ñlj l%shd;aul ùu fijqï bIaG pl%h u`.ska (wdNrK l%shdlrjqï pl%h) úia;r
l,yelsh' fuu pl%fha m%Odk wÈhr lsysmhla mj;S'
1' fijqï wÈhr (Fetch)
2' úfla;k wÈhr (Decode)
3' bIaG wÈhr (Execute)

wdNrK l%shdlrjqï pl%h (Fetch Execute Cycle)

wdrïNh (Start)

B<.g ls%hd;aul l<hq;= WmfoaYh f.k tau

Program Counter tllska jeä lsÍu

f.k tk ,o WmfoaYkh úfla;kh lsÍu

WmfoaYkh ls%hd;aul lsÍu

wjidkh (Stop)

fijqï wÈhr
• fijqï wÈhf¾§ Wmfoia uOH ieliqï tAllh copy lr.kS' (IR)
• Program Counter tl fndfydaúg +1 jeä fõ'

úfla;k woshr

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 • IR frðiagrfha we;s Wmfoia úfla;kh lrhs'

bIaG wÈhr
• Wmfoia l%shd;aul lrhs'

u;lfha lshùu yd ,sùu

u;l fhduqj, we;s o;a;hla lshùu yd ,sùug uOH ieliqï tAllh ;=, Ndú;djk m%Odk frðiagr
j¾. 2la mj;S'
1' u;l fhduq frðiagrh [Memory Address Register (MAR)]
2' u;l o;a; frðiagrh [Memory Data Register (MDR)]

Data Address
Other MDR Address bus 1101 0000
Register 1111 0001
MDR Data bus 0101 0010
101 1011 0011
Arithematic 1111 0100
And Logical CU Control bus (red) 0010 0101
Unit (ALU) 0100 0110
1010 0111
Clock pulses 1000 1000
Electronic 0001 1001
Clock

u;lh lshùu
• u;l fhduq frðiagrfha w.h ;ekam;alr .ksñka uOH ieliqï tAllh fhduq nifha
msysgqjhs'
• md,k tAllh md,k nifha lshùï f¾Ldfõ l%shd;aul lrjhs'
• .nvd lrk ia:dkfha wvx.= foa wksla nihg hjd uOH ieliqï tallfha u;l o;a;
frðiagrhg msgm;a lrhs'

u;l ,sùu

Data Address
Other MDR Address bus 1101 0000
Register 1111 0001
MDR Data bus 0101 0010
101 1011 0011
Arithematic 1111 0100
And Logical CU Control bus (white) 1111 0101
Unit (ALU) 0100 0110
1010 0111
Clock pulses 1000 1000
Electronic 0001 1001
Clock

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

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 • uOH ieliqï tAllh u;l fhduq frðiagrfha (MAR) we;s u;l ,smskh ,smsk nihg ,nd
foa'
• uOH ieliqï tAllh u;l o;a; frðiagrfha (MDR) ,súh hq;= w.h o;a; nifha msysgj q hs'
• md,k tAllh md,k nifha ,shk f¾Ldj (write line) l%shd;aullr o;a;h u;lfha ,shhs'

wreK fyar;a Wiia fm< - f;dr;=re iy ikakf

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