Name

CHAPTER 13
NUCLEY

nucleLs
0upoct ien o a

ohich huay
PAeton: A tundameAtrd pasticle
hu Rpesikive
Called fhe nuclea o hydiogen
b -6726XI6 a
1:6X1O'e.lt has2 At MASS
Chaige
abouE 1836 time the Ast mi6 f 0M
Ohich L
has A nIntkinuchgulL
eleetsov ApAotb
@4uAl t o 2 It also possess R haghok
hiennenttum
hron hat o m ele che
muh hAlLs
Mmt

lusfundAmuntal pAnticle
Neutbo A chasye ha -
thn
mass eghtly AealT
hAvik
a16749 XIOk4 t has
Hs Aust hoiss
photoa
memntum e4tual ta that h
ntAinsiC Rrauulas
pAeto
teLma A wedta descxibe the
The tollooin
P Atemic Nu des
Covposition o

Nuclwos
PABLO3 Pnd Colleceivey
Onms
piLxnt in the nuclei a t
Mucleons
n wn Rs
2 Atovmic Nutnabe ueleus
the
nunbe o PAetns IM
The E
edh elunmunt
Calld the Atonic numbt
z
t 1dennbed by
S MA6 humbes
PAotons md
The total nuaben called ha
eubzoa PAescnt
in R n u t l u s densad by 4
nuwmber c the elemunb
wmass

A
 Nucean mAss Amd
t h PAotons
The total mass e CAlled th
in a hucleus
u t roMs pALsCnt
uclea mas
6 NucLid withpanticales
atom ts talued e
w h e n Dm
Called
Covmpositiov, t
AGeAChee to its hucdean
s

huule
Thuus uc lide s a specéfic
a uclide a
hLwnbeL_
by its putomic
An Atom chasactesised
mAss umbes A 1 ynbolitally
And
ALpALsenteo As
A
Oheiexehuital uaubol ef he elhasnb
Z Atomuic number
A =Mass mbes

Ncahabes protoms in m Rtoan=Z

Number elucthemsn mAtem=
Numbes ohucleonA i m Atm A
Numben heuils ons in m ALm N=A-3

1stopes el
Tae atomms o m elemanb ohichhave
the Sonn akeme nuumbes but detfenenE mas
umbe Qe CAllod Lsotepes h ak-ermsContaln
the Sonenumbe o p potomá Pond eleikreons
bu diffenent umben o helutaonsBecaLLs
hAsmilAs elutLoonic Congugunation ho tupes
D lemunt echibitSimln chumicalL piopeates.
E Hdesun has dhue isalopes
PocticanCH)DeutisicghH)taitiu
Conua pooton) (0e paokove, oLNLUden) ona
polot
 MALA
Name

Th dueLent etepes,
0gona acot
oAm elehmunt a foundto hAve difesen
elative abundpmclsSo the bwerghtedaveage
e atoic mases et all the Liototpes o Am elanant
6 talken as its AveAage attone mass
b_eAmple noAhaal chlokin Chatatns15 of
Aoad 25, o

AYosage Athmic mas o chlosin

35X75 +3x25 35 50
H5+25

sobass
he Rtomas hAYing dhe Sa hAu hhabe

but oltfercnt Atemic huwmbesQL CalLed uobAS

protonS
Scuch Akonas Cotadn diffeient wmbe e
in thechaaical
anmd eleckronsSo iy dlten
D20peiEies ho 3+
EgHHe c3
1

Tsotols
The uuclides having dhe Sanne u b b e r o
Called FoeXAnble
btO0sFoc
hetseas Ai
314 And 31
19
No neutrts=37-17 202
eutoms
NOoneut 39-19 2

992618 X1o 3
he M odhe Canbon-12 Atom
Ye nAll hennton tuseud ho checre
lich
xpoeing hamAu o
a Loavinient whito
 Pdoms
Ohe ALtnaichMhs usit dlinad as s
Rlom
mAM CRbon-12
h ALual

12

=1 2 xI 492678 XIOk

IAmu 1 :G60S65 X i6k

Relat io between Amu 2omd Mey

Enessyequivaleve o bnu
Eneigy euvalence ELAlo
The Elnsteins MaM-enna
Ls E-mc
Content
This ulAluonsdaonsdhat -he ene4
o Don oject segtuAlto its Mhs tipnes he2
sauuAr taspeed ofcaht
Rkomi
he ehe44 e4uivalent eh
oee
10 datesinin
hoas CAnit we take
m-LAmu =1 66 XIOT k9
C 2998 Xio m/s
Than E 16C KIox2993xio)r
1G6Xi6x2496Xio ev
602 x I
931 Mey
ahau 931 Mey

NucleaA Size
ne A 1old
ike Qtoms nuuclous
bandar
ote.ct Hs S a t hot 2 wel-dhensd.
Assurnin Lle to be sphoioal
hu volume C o m be estimald
 ExperLmeAtAl chseYAlLina hoo that ha
valuma 2 nLclaus 4 duuctl proPortiomal to
LLR e Aadius o cleus having mAs
humber A, then
4TR°A
Rh
RAA3

Tuathe DRdius ReA uelus L popoztiomalo

CLube Aoot of s mas nunben
te R RpAs
tuhe ka Là a onstnat, hith
a hi DAde
believed tobe
eAAons ohudeAr fosce H

Tadius Tlae valu o

Ra depemdsn
ueln iht
basticles
Hhe hatU opscbeR12XIGS 12o
Fox eleckron

Nucla Deey
The denscey huLclen haAtie Li
hluclous to its
n Aalzo odhe hmuss e f a
yoluma And R he the
Let A be the hmAss huhmbe
huclos E he QYeiage halss
LAdius
o A udeon thn

Volunne huLcleus= TR
CR, Alh)3

Auchasdunnby y Mas o4 hucleus

Vellume f ucleu
 Name

3m
TRA 4TR3

indepemdene
ClLALut a e Kudear olehsdby
hunber A OA seze th hmiileUs
As
Taki m 1-64 XIDkQ
Kal2XiD
yu X167XL67
4X3-14 X1-2Xi6')
2.302XIO k l

DuLoveNL eheutamas
The nlutzons wer duscovehed. b
TAmLs Chaduoick tn 1432
Dneperimant in Lond
ChadsoioL penoomed
od-pAAticla foom A AAdio Activepoloniun 30uce
RUe Aed o bewmbindbey llium huelei Hughly
aLndto Lomme u t 4 h a
penetAting 7hys we
be dtleded
buyXlicum met al , ohcch told hot
pondmAghebic field He Conclucled tand
elecbuic
b
by
he pehetrating 7adintio tonsidenud haE
heut zal
pAAtIClsAdh hkvihaahiss hearly a paoton
hutrona
Thse posticlo3 wenCallzd
12
Be n t
olehnolla heutrou having zeo hong
Henc
nialy dac SAma D dhAk ofA proto
Aond mhs
Probentles o heutrn1

L Don elchaenthlu pAstiele p nt Ín

INUutron
stha ucdec e ell elenmehb ercept lhydscyen
chnap md its mas tà Mightiy
2 Nuta hasno
 DOS66 Rhu l6344 Xio
3Tnside A nLdeus A nLut0n tAl h
Dutside A hutcleus j iE wnstable
Bena hLut za hey do het ihteAct LoHh electo
So heukoovms hAve o)-uonisns
piuess
s Bein heuutzAl, neutons a r nob sepelled 0
att TACted by he Muueleus Amd eleitons oon aton
thyindute AduoActivit inmAhy elebapnla
h heAvies ucle, numker o heutroma RAc inbC
thom that e preto6

Nueles torce
Th Avesage eperalken betucn una
hLde.oas lbont 16mAt us penaliien ,tye
changed pelon deel Maen4Coulenbtc Aupuylen
Also qAvitAlonal lorta a attzadin betwcun wo
uclemA Aabeut 16 timea SPnalles tho h
elautinstatie Apulsinn tt CAnhot holdA huders
Logedhu 30 e e muk be 0ne ofh t2any
AttRLtivetoxce Acting betwed d nudeoa
that ovenemoes dne eleitro StAt ic ALpulsion
Thi
EMA AttrAtive ineaaeio ating outwean u
huelegna Calld nuleha tosce
ANucleA toAce A steng Atizactivefoxce
that binds the pAstonsAand neutma bagethi
inaade tiny mudeus
Popereies hudle torce
St20nstat OAC
Nudlehfore Ls he aonsuk force
found n hAtune, dhat holds the Muclooos
tegedhn olespite e slias elutretaie vepulo
 MALA
Name

betwetn dhe pelons

Shoot

i A shct 2hongeL foace.

Nuclearoce
to A VYhoab 0ua
tinle
pelelis vnly tup
Rbovut 2-3 fm taovm a hucleo
s. VAALAlon oith dustamte
The Aph potential ene144 ApAa
ueleoma DLA A fun ltdnn thei penAlaevn
L houn in figuuL. The PEU runimim
Rt A dist:anL Vo,F0.8t

PE
TOOT

pEAtt raehów

oit
uclth deveL
ditreuxiy
i)For 7< h e P einreases TApidly
A Stoovy AlpLuluve huelana tozco
Jndicalea
dexases ta ziso
on Fox2)Dhe P6 9AAdauall
LwlHh ntatAng t ndccalzadkActeive
he rttaALE iOn L mAcima R
LelaL doxce
03tm And vALsInveasily
zeno:
K Fe 24n Nuleh fozto beLohmes
Inditale dhat huoleh-d6rte L a short Anye
P 6 slghifia hal
doce The e ah
AttActive
dhehuuleha dbce la
4 ChsL independene chaAclor
HE Seendoo LTDumenahA

he AttTALtiveoDCo butweeh th2o heutrohs 15

neALly 2gal b dhat betwen tlwo protons
or

the
bekweh Aprotoh Dmd o heut 2n hus
uutlen do7te oloes het olupemd on he hang
icla
 MAL
Name:

5 aLUnadion t SAtualion eteck, ie,

NuclAsfokus a0v ucleo
huighbtudny ucleonM
2 e l a o n intenada only
toiA its
ted hufad hat he budiny
a 9Aepeuty bsuppez by

A s humbeis
6N Cont AAl toscls nucleoms
fostos betuwetn tuwo
Theucleas Contre3
RAt Alons he lant 1odnina hiá
dlnes het

Mas dafect
t u f u n d that thu mas A Stabl hucleuu
hues ts
AlaLys Jes t h n h e Muhm he
tAee stal
Costitulnt pAotons Dnod nutrona in hui
uclus
The dillsint betiuwtn Hhe Aest mhssfA
Pond dhL Sum heALst mAMes o its Constituene
huclons Lalled ttsmas defect
Coasidis he nucleus hAsh i s z pmoton
mAss dject toil be
Amd A-Zheutatnslts
Am Zm tA-Z)m M
uhin = A M DApaet0n

M Ass o huucluu

ThL mass dulecb pei udhon t dha PALking

AALlb Ruuclus

PRcking 7adu A hucleus MAM defed-tro

MAAnunnben

Bindeng Eu
Stable
An Akoonic nudons LR
StmuutueLhdolu. t the pkokons DandMLutOm
RAL bund te4cdthus by mLAns s t
st0vy-Attnke
raulefoxcs Thus Adleni Ahmeunt enlngq
 KeAuLAd to be done to boesk up
tsLonstirtuenb pAsticles the hutlous nlo

Th blnding ndagy a LcleLus haky be

Ogched As he eha ALALuhedtobrcak up a
nuclus inhts Comtitulht petos hond
VLatoMs Amd Lo sepenAta ht to.Studh A
ANAAL dustbit dat dh4 my het hteraet
wHh Ath th
B Sean hat haass A StAbl uuclau
a AlnAuys lexstham the Sum a he hmasses o t h o
CoMstitnent pzokosAmd heutwns th dheii (ae
Stal Thas miss deftesune Lalled aass dafed
LUhich RcCDLn for the binding enengy CAEh
Aleased when a Cuntadn wmbt onentv
Pvond p2etoms Asebieught tagLthen to fosb R
mASTaLus
huclauns DALeatainchasge ond
AB Am Xc2
dhebindingEnesgyhaay ala0 be dehened as
So
uucleita qive up
the Shaplus enenaywhich
hen iheu becone
by vitue otheui AttRchtia
biundkogethis t0 -eKhAhuLcleus
he budey
Fom Einstua mAs-nngy etuivalente,
Chtagy AE 4hoxcE
Z tCA-z) m - M c

Bindin EhtnYCLLSYe

Me
eindang ennp
niucleonst his
Nudlet pnone
to fi3sio
to tAlt Cho hLiclaon
foo the hucleus
A obtatnnd by NUdutpon
diyidiagthe binding to ui
anen4ye Ahucaus
bu is huAss MLLhnbe M S uumb A
4Eb
 ame PAGE NOP
TE

he bindin enn4 wwrve YLALsfh

th folleualn
Inupantaont fcatunts folleain
Exup fo &ao hucli like 2H 12nd dh
Values s bincliny nuy pL huclupn JceDn DA
hlL a shmseth CLYYe
The bindin ani4y p huuclesn SmAlldos
Lught huielei Like AndH
3Dh the maM humbt Temyp 2 to 20,thuL AL
hne aL wellduhined mAzima pond untna en
the LuYe The mALinmA bcus toshe Pid
1hditakin the huhis Stabity thhuse huclui tsa
the huihbauningnA The mininaatotapohang
to Low stAbi.litú Dcc for 2i, 5 md
4 T h e C L Y e has a biDad mAtihmu close to the

VALLLe8.5 Mev/ulon in the huass hunabes 7h

Ewon about fO to 120 t hasA peak valuue o
S6
8. Mevlnucleou forFe
2.6

SAS he haassnnnbes incxeases -fucthl,

dhe BE/MLLCLen
/nuda
shosA qnduual olacyCAse moddasps to 6 MeV
92

Lnaportont o binding ehe144 DVe

entsg4 CLLve Com be tused. to expla

The bindng
hLLclens fsibn
the phehomehA ohuules tiksdo Pmd
As follos
1:Nucleas tissdon
Binding enengy pe nueleovn s s mallor dos
haAviehhudeus thm middl Ows1e,
hiAvies uule
nudeuS piSnto
ase lus6 stablehhen A heavie
atn
dhe lugals bucle, heBR/nLuclean chaangus eneig4
binding
abpaut H6 MEV to 84 Mey Gscake he
ethepAcdutthuLl dh uOkL StAble it Tu i
whah uhe bts
hat hAppens in huelea4 fiasto4

2 Nulcns fuieN
t e bluddng cneagu pe o mall
 A lesstalle
fo lghlis uuclei 1e, dhey
covibihe tokoAk
Ohen thwo laht hulclaL
huavieshuchis Tha haghes bind~ing ehtAy pe
the páoduet 300lts indhe Aclent ol
lucleov tuso
ehangyThs Ls hak
habpen3 in A MLcleas
dhe blsis t h e hgdh040n benmb
AhLoh L

Nuleas tsCo

heavy hucdeus
Thi phenomenV in uhich
CA 2302splits inta ttwo Swalla huucles
JaAsly Lmpaikble haaSSES Called. huclans fission-
41
235
56 36

The yalue odsALAllon Vs About 200Me V

Ttlal MAsts TinAl Mass

5
UU 235 .0439 AmL Ba 140-9134 AmL
p 0081Amu K 91 8943 amy
236.0S26 Amy 3.0261 AMu
235:8343Amu
Mass dajeteAon236. 0526 235.8313
0.2153 Amu
LAmL 131 Mey
Ene14 Aulbaed zO-2153x31 Mey
200. Mey

140 S 2b
54 38

235 13
0+b Ma t Lo t 2 b
54

23 13
+Y2
39
235

3
Pbt 2b
 Nuclzas fwdov
The pucs n ohik two Jughs wuchi
Cownbin Cat cctudy bak topaatu) to fomA
CnaluhtAith uclusn i Calle suclenfwsib
Th mas h uAvit huclu foxmed
uasts he Cnbiniru
uss huon he Sn a
hLcliha huasa dekect6 suleacd A huusy i
ACLedinta th Einattun's Asa-CugyAulalues
EAmc
E 14e t042 Mev

4403.Mex

ood St45
e44 S
t i aAs Asus.coof

beanAAdeak i s g C g at ha
ha
h Su
ynts
5.810714 for sAvCAAL bill
AAt o ooking f Hydsogn
4 scgh
nuithod shoin4 body
in the body
haDt Abundant
uucl i , PAetona
a
tonspcudu
high tepeudu
4ALS At ectaely
o s u n Amd Amd stms,
du intaio o sun
Lohich ist
to. f o c haliun ucli
pkotoas fuk tcgplhus
UhAgy esosco
LLbeatonsa luuz mswnt
t c g f n t cyclu
ttkes piate i

PAetosAottt gcle
A A i s in
Th hauD luths
ycla take place Mhu folloun
pAukon-pActt

Seguant
 Mev o
HH Hte tY+0-42
et +e YtYtl02 Mev
H tetY +5 41Mev
H
HeHHi1286 MeV
theHot hio
ALACiea to OcL
oY the fouxh two Lg
ALAellnas u s bceL twice Sp hab
ombine t o . o i n
he liun huclei LHe huay
hokmal haliumnucleusH
Then dhe het ALALln will be

4H+ 2a He+2y t6Yt26.4 Mey

ueheliua
dom
Thus ftus pA.etons Covvbine to
PAucleu orth h lbesAlLo o 26.4Mev e048
Wausih pAokov-pAako Cyc Le, t0M
n He RkOV
huydhoseh akdn Loabine tofokm 2
toie
Ln a s han hydhogun in dhe
Cben ycl haay
g4bsCooaplitly duplulzddhe Covbine
StAstTh Cabon cyle Helcub u c l i
um About 5KId Ya
to dosmCaabo0 TheAgc
Dond H L estimalid thAE ThuL l nosush hud
lt 9ain4do Pmathir 5 billion
I hesun to keep beioneQ Aed gcoml
yeass AA lT 1 E d h e Lhhah4
Nulaas fuaM Comuot be Lotaolel

Rt pALsent Expenimena A1lqinOu do a k e

nucleaswkn Comeaollabla. Pond Mae tto gcneula
MiAdy powls But the Lnan Challenng to
mgche h ual in dtha plaslanA Aly Sinte ho
Contatns Con orh stbmd mohA hah tembeiakus