တရုတ်စကားပုံ ပုံပြင်များ ခေတ္တရာစိမ်း၀ါ 1

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16 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
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w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 25
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w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 27
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28 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
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w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 47
ta0rwnfhMuí wpfaumifESifhwpfaumif udkufMuav
awmhonf/ usm;Bu;D 'Pf&m&um usm;i,f aoqH;k av\/
xdktcg ]jyefuRrf;ZD;} u 'Pf&m&aom usm;BuD;udk "m;ESifh
xdk;owfvdkufonf/ þodkUjzifh wpfcsDwnf;ESifh usm;ESpf
aumifukd &vdu k yf gonf/
txufygyHjk yifukd avQmufxm;Ny;D aomtcg ]csif
usif}u qufvufí oHawmfOD;wifonfrSm ...
]],ck ][ef} Edik if EH iS hf ]a0h}Edik if w
H Ykd ppfcif;Mu&m wGif
tqHk;ü tiftm;enf;aomEdkifiHu {uefrkcs ½IH;edrfh&
rnfjzpfayonf/ xdt k cg rif;Bu;D onf emvefrxlEikd f atmif
jzpfaeaom EdkifiHudk Muufuav;zrf;ouJhokdU vG,f
vifhwuljzifh wdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkufvdkuf½Hkyif jzpfygonf/
]jyefuRrf;ZD;}uJhodkYyif wpfcsDwnf;ESifh usm;ESpfaumifudk
&Edik rf nfr[kwyf gavm/ uREyfk w f Ukd ]csL}Edik if \H a½Teef;ocif
u uREkfyf\oabmxm;udk ar;awmfrlvmvQifvnf;
tuREyfk o f nf þtwkid ;f yif oHawmfO;D wifrnfjzpfaMumif;
ygbk&m;}}[k avQmufwifavonf/ rif;Bu;D vnf; oabm
usoGm;um þenf;twkdif;yif usifhoHk;avonf/
odUk qdo
k nft h wkid ;f ][ef}Edik if EH iS hf ]a0h}Edik if w
H o
Ykd nf
ppfyw JG iG f wpfO;D u½I;H edrí hf wpfO;D u emvef rxlEikd af tmif
tiftm;qkw, f wk o f mG ;avonf/ þ tcGiahf umif;udk ,lNy;D
]csi}f Edik if uH ppfcsw D u dk cf ukd &f m ESpEf ikd if vH ;kH udk atmifycJG &H
avownf;/
48 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g

usm;aovnf;&
]u u s m ; e m v n f ; &&}
[laompum; yHkonf tcsdefapmifhEdkifvQif wpfcsDwnf;ESifh
tusKd; ESpf&yf cHpm;&onfudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
jrefrmpum;yHk ],mvnf
,mvnf;nuf Muufvnf;yef;}
ESiehf ;D pyf\/
]] AsdKif;ESifha,mufoGm; cdkuf&efyGm;
wHigMum;u tjrwf&}
AsKdif;ESifh a,mufoGm; cdkuf&efyGm;
wHigMum;u tjrwf&
aea&mifjcnfonf acsmif;a&jyifwiG f jzmusae\/
a,mufomG ;Bu;D wpfaumifonf urf;pyfoYkd wa½GUa½GUwuf
vmNyD; aepmvIH&ef ol\ 0dkif;oG,foG,f cGHrmESpfbufudk
vSp[
f vduk of nf/
urf;pyfEiS hf reD;ra0;&Sad om udik ;f awmxJü AsKid ;f
atmuf wpfaumifonf ol\ cRefxGufaeaom EIwfoD;
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 51
jzifh tpmokwf&ef tcGifhaumif; apmifhaeavonf/ AsKdif;
atmufonf t&yf&SpfrsufESmudk pl;prf;Munfhvdkufonf/
tpmudk rawGU&/ cPMumvQif olonf awmifyu H ckd wfum
acsmif;½dk;twkdif; at;at;aq;aq; ysHoef;vmonf/ xdk
tcg ud, k cf uHG [ kd í aea&mifcaH eaom zGUH xGm;xGm; a,muf
oGm;BuD;udk ½kwfw&ufjrifvdkuf&m AsKdif;atmufonf 0rf;
om tm;&jzif qwfceJxdk;okwfvdkufonf/
a,mufoGm;BuD;onf ]pl;} ceJ jzpfoGm;í ol\
udk,fcGHudk jzwfceJydwfvdkufonf/ AsKdif;\ EIwfoD;cRefBuD;
onf jyKwfwljzifh tn§yfcH&ouJhodkY a,mufoGm;\ cGHrm
Mum;wGif nyfaeavawmhonf/
AsKid ;f atmufonf a,mufomG ;\ om;wpfBu;D udk
oJoJrJrJ qGJxkwfaeonf/ a,mufoGm;uvnf; AsKdif;\
EIwo f ;D cReBf u;D udk wif;wif;MuyfMuyf zdny§ x
f m;onf/ b,f
olrS tavsmrh ay;bJ tBuw d tf e,f tm;NyKd iaf eMuonf/
xdktcg AsKdif;u ...
]]wpf&ufvnf; rdk;r&Gm? ESpf&ufvn;f rdk;r½Gm&if
oif[m 'Dacsmif;pyfrSm trJajcmuf jzpf&rSmrkcsyJ}}[k
Ncrd ;f ajcmuf\/
a,mufoGm;uvnf; tnHhrcH/ ]]oifhEIwfoD;BuD;
udk wpf&ufvnf; EIwrf &? ESp&f ufvnf; EIwrf & jzpfae&if
oiftpm a&pmjywfNyD;ao&rSm rkcsyJ}} [k jyefajymvdkuf
avonf/
tcsdefrSm wpfem&DNyD; wpfem&D ukefvGefoGm;av
onf/ AsKdif;atmufESifh a,mufoGm;onf ajcukef vuf
52 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
yef;usaeMuavNyD/ odkYaomf t½IH;tEdkifum; ray:ao;
acs/ odkY&SdpOf wHigonf wpfa,mufonf avSuav;jzifh
a&mufvmonf/ xdkwHigonfvnf; AsKdif;atmufESifh
a,mufoGm; cdkuf&efyGm;aeonfudk awGUaomtcg vG,f
vifhwuljzifh ESpfaumifpvHk;udk zrf;,loGm;avawmh
ownf;/

AsKdif;ESifh a,mufoGm; cdkuf&efyGm; wHigMum;u


]AsKd
tjrwf &} [laom pum;yHkonf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI r&SdbJ
tcsif;csif; wdkufcdkufaeMuvQif jyifytEå&m,f 0ifa&muf
í qHk;½IH;epfem&wwfyHkudk owday;oHk;EIef;jcif; jzpfav
onf/
]EGEGm;uGJ usm;udkuf} [lonfh jrefrmpum;yHkESifh
wlayonf/
a>r½kyfudk ajcaxmufwyf
]csL}Edik if w
H iG f olaX;Bu;D wpfO;D &Sad vonf/ wpfaeY
aomf olaX;Bu;D onf uG,v f eG o
f l bd;k bGm;rsm;udk &nfp;l í
pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;jzifh ylaZmfuefawmhavonf/
yGw
J ifNy;D vQif yGaJ wmfus t&ufwpft;kd udk tyg;aprsm;tm;
aomufaponf/
tyg;ap 4 - 5 a,mufonf t&ufuav; wpf
tdk;udk a0rQaomufMu&rnfjzpfí ra&mifh&JEdkifyJ jzpfae
54 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
Muonf/ xdkUaMumifh wpfa,mufaom olu ]]'Dt&ufudk
wdaYk wG a0rQaomufvUkd uawmh qefUwiHih BhH u;D eJY b,forl S
tmomajyrSm r[kwfbl;/ aomufrJhaomuf wpfa,muf
wnf; wpftdk;vHk; aomufEdkifatmif tMuHxkwfuGm}} [k
qdk&m tm;vHk;u axmufcHMuonf/
þodkY olwpfcGef; igwpfcGef; nd§EIdif;MuHqMu&m
wGi?f ]]'Dvv kd yk Af sm? usKywf Ykd a>r½kyq
f NJG yKd iMf u&atmif? t&if
qHk; qGJNyD;wJh oludk wpftdk;vHk;aomufapawmh} [k wpf
a,mufu tMuaH y;avonf/
xdt k MuaH y;csuu f kd tm;vH;k u oabmwl vufcH
Muonf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkYonf opfudkif; wpfudkif;pDcsKd;um
ajrBu;D ay:wGif a>r½kyq f MJG uavawmhonf/ olwUdk xJrS wpf
a,mufonf wpfcPtwGif; a>r½kyfqGJNyD;oGm;í t&uf
tdk;udk vufOD;atmif ,lxm;vdkufavonf/ xdkaemuf
olonf wpfjcm;olrsm;\ a>r½kyfudk vSrf;í pl;prf;Munfh
vdu
k &f m? tm;vH;k rNy;D jywfao;bJ qG&J if; wef;vef;om&Sad e
onfuakd wGU&onf/ ]'DaumifawG awmfawmfeNYJ y;D rSm r[kwf
ao;bl;/ tcsed &f adS o;om;yJ/ igha>r½kyu f kd ydNk y;D Munfah umif;
atmif ajcaxmufuav; wyfay;OD;rSyJ} [líawG;um
a>r½kyfudk ajcaxmufrsm; a&;qGJay;aeonf/ xdktcdkuf
tjcm;olwpfa,mufu olUa>r½kyfudk vufpoyf NyD;oGm;
í t&uftdk;udk qwfceJvSrf;,lvdkufNyD; wpfxdkifwnf;
armhcsvu kd af vawmhonf/
xdktcg yxrolu apm'uwufawmhonf/
odkYaomf ]]a>r½kyfrSm ajcaxmufrSr&Sdwm? rif;[mu ajc
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 55
axmufawGeJY? a>rrSr[kwfbJ}} [k yxroludk acsyajym
qdak vonf/ xdo
k vl nf; rvdt
k yfbJ tydv k yk rf í
d rdr&d oifh
aom tcGithf a&;udk vufvw T q
f ;kH ½I;H &avawmhownf;/

a>r½kyf udk ajcaxmufwyyf} [laom w½kwf pum;


]a>
k nf jrefrmpum;yHrk sm; jzpfonfh ] jyifveG ;f awmh zifcRe;f }
yHo
]tacsmjyif acgysOfjzp
tacsmjyif zpf} ]u½dk;ruyJ qef;uí ESyfypfcH
&onf} ]tñGefYwufvdkY tusKd;ysuf&onf} wdkYESifh yHkyrm
wlayonf/
a&wGif;xJuzm;
wpf & H a &mtcgu a&tenf ; i,f o m&S d a om
a&wGi;f ysuw f pfcw k iG f zm;wpfaumif &Sad vonf/ wpfaeY
aomf zm;onf a&wGi;f ay:wufí avn§i;f cHaepOf ta&SU
yifv,fbufrSvmaom vdyfBuD;wpfaumifudk awGUav
onf/
xkdtcg zm;u ]]tdk - udka&Tvdyf? usKyfb0udk
Munfph rf;ygAsm? b,favmuf aysmpf &maumif;ovJ/ wpfcg
]]a&wGif;xJu zm;}}
58 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
wpf&H usKyf a&wGif;ay:wufNyD; tysif;ajyupm;w,f/
upm;vdkY armoGm;NyDqdk&if a&wGif;abmifu tkwfMum;xJ
0ifNy;D tyef;ajz tem;,lw,f/ wpfcg wpfavvJ a&wdrf
wdrrf mS a&rd;k csK;d csicf sK;d w,f/ a&rd;k csK;d Ny;D &if &TUH EGH tdpufpuf
rSm tanmif;tnmajy vrf;avQmufcsifavQmufw,f/
ravQmufcsifvJ wpfa&;wpfarm arS;csifarS;vdkufwmyJ/
b,favmuf Zdrf&SdvdkufwJh b0vJ? udka&Tvdyf&JU}} [k yDwd
tjynfjh zifh ajymavonf/
xdkodkYajymNyD;vQif zm;onf a&wGif;xJu ydk;
avmufvef;rsm;udk wpfcsufMunfhvdkufNyD;aemuf 0ifh<um;
aom avoHjzif.h ..
]]olwUkd av;awGuawmh? usLyfvkd b,faysmEf ikd Mf u
rvJ/ 'Da&tdkifudk usLyfu ydkifavawmh usKyfoabm
wpfckwnf;aygh/ avmuBuD;rSm 'Davmufom,mNyD; aysmf
p&m aumif;wJh ae&mrsK;d &SEd ikd yf gOD;rvm;}} [k ajym jyefonf/
qufvufí zm;oli,fu ]]txJ0ifMunfhygOD;vm;? udka&T
vdyf&JU}} [k zdwfac:vdkufonf/
vdyfBuD;vnf; pdwf0ifpm;oGm;um ]]'Dvdkqdk 0if
MunfhOD;rSyJ}} [k awG;vsuf b,fajcaxmufudk vSrf;vdkuf
onf/ odUk &mwGif b,fajcaxmufukd vSr;f ½Ho k m&Sad o; nm
ajcaxmufu a&wGi;f abmifuw kd u kd rf í d emusif oGm;av
onf/ vdyfBuD;onf acgif;w&rf;&rf;jzifh tawmfpdwfysuf
oGm;[ef&o dS nf/ þonfukd jrifvQif zm;u rauseyfaom
avoHjzifh ...
]]oifaewJh ae&muonhx f uf ydak umif;vdv Yk m;}}
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 59
[kar;&m? vdyBf u;D u ]]iguyifv,fBu;D xJrmS aewm[}} [k
cyfjywfjywfjyefajymavonf/ ]]yifv,fBu;D xJrmS ae w,f
[kwv f m;/ yifv,fqw kd m b,fvrkd sKd ;vJ}} [kzm; oli,fu
wtHw h Moar;av&m vdyBf u;D u...
]]yifv,fqw kd m a&jyifus,Bf u;D aygh/ us,v f u
kd f
wmrS warQmw f ac:Bu;D ? tqH;k tpr&Sb d ;l / eufvu kd w
f mvJ
ayb,favmuf&rdS eS ;f awmif cefrY eS ;f vdrYk &Edik b
f ;l / aemufNy;D
tJ'yD ifv,fBu;D [m a&vIid ;f wtdted YJ odyu f kd om,mwm/
a&vIid ;f uav;pD;Ny;D ul;cwfae&wm[mvnf; tvGeaf ysmf
p&mBu;D aygh[m}} [k MunfE;l zG,af umif;atmif ajymjyav
onf/
zm;oli,fvnf; rnfodkYrQ jyefrajymEdkifawmhbJ
yg;pyfta[mif;om;jzifh &Suftrf;trf; jzpfaeavawmh
ownf;/

rsufarG;wpfqHk;om jrifum? A[kokw acgif;yg;


a&wGif;xJuzm;
olrsm;udk ]a&wG zm;} [laom pum;yHkjzifh cdkif;EIdif;
ajymqdak vh&MdS uonf/
rjrifzl; rl;jrpfxiif}?
jrefrmpum;yHrk sm;jzpfonfh ]rjrif
a&wGif;xJuzm;? a&wGif;xJrSmyJ aysmfon
]a&wG nf}? ]EGEGm;ajc&m
cGufxJu zm;oli,fvdk} wdUk ESihf yHyk rm wlavonf/
olU'dkif;ESifholUvHS
vSHESifh'dkif;udk a&S;acwfu ppfoHk;vufeufrsm;
tjzpf toHk;jyKMuonf/ vSHonf wdkufppfvufeuf jzpfí
cRex f uf&ayrnf/ 'dik ;f onf cHppfvufeuf jzpf&um; cdik cf hH
zdkYvdkonf/ xdkacwfu vSHESifh'dkif;udk aps;wGif a&mif;csMu
onf/
wpfaeYwiG f vlwpfa,mufonf vSEH iS 'hf ikd ;f udk wpf
Edkifxrf;NyD; aps;xJü cif;usif;a&mif;csavonf/ 0,fol
rsm;udk qGaJ qmif&ef olu'dik ;f wpfcu k kd ajrm§ ufuikd v
f u
kd Nf y;D -
]]'dkif;aumif;aumif;&r,f/ vHSraygufwJh 'dkif;&
r,f/ vmyg0,fyg? vufaES;ae&if r&vkdufbJaer,f}}
pojzifh wpmpm atmfa&mif;aeonf/
aps;0,folrsm;vnf; olUtem;odkY 0dkif;tHkvmMu
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 61
onf/ wpfcsKUd u 'dik ;f udk udik Mf unfMh uonf/ wpfcsKUd uvnf;
'dkif;\ t&nftaoG;udk aumif;raumif; ajymqdkaeMu
onf/ odkYaomf 0,folum; r&Sdacs/
wpfatmifMh umvQif olonf vHw S pfacsmif;udk ,l
vdkufjyefNyD; ...
]]'Dvu HS kd Munfyh g? taumif;qH;k oHxnfeYJ xkvyk f
xm;um? a[m'Dvo HS mG ;udyk MJ unf?h jraewmyJ/ cdik w f ahJ e&m
rSmvnf; ajymp&mr&Sb d ;l / 'DvoHS mG ;eJUxd&if bmrqdk xkwf
csi;f aygufy}J } ponfjzifh ajymqdí k vSu H kd 0ifí
h jyavonf/
olpum;qH;k onfwiG f vlwpfa,mufu ...
]]cifAsm; pum;u t[kwfvm;Asm}} [k ar;av
onf/
]]t[kwfayghAs? nmp&m bmvdkvdkYwkef;}}
]]'Dvdkqdk? cifAsm; vSHeJYyJ cifAsm;'dkif;udk xdk;Munfh
&atmif? b,fE, S v hf }J }
][mAsm}
xdk vHSonf vnf; udk,fhpum;ESifhudk,f rdaeí
bmrS jyefrajymEdkifbJ &Sdaeavonf/

olY'dkif;ESifh olYvSH} [laom


þyHkjyifudk tpGJjyKí ]ol
pum;yHk ay:aygufvmavonf/
udk,fh½SL; udk,fywf} qdkaom jrefrmpum;yHkESifh
]ud
oabmcsi;f wlayonf/
opfyifatmufrSm ,kefapmifh
opfyifatmufrSm ,kefapmifh
wpfaeYoü ]pkefY}EdkifiHrS v,form;BuD; wpfOD;
onf v,fxüJ x,fx;kd aepOf ,kew f pfaumifonf csKyH wk f
xJrS ajy;xGuvf monfukd ½kww f &uf jrifvukd &f onf/ xdk
,kefonf uefoif;½dk;teD;ü &Sdaom opfyifBuD;wpfyifudk
0ifwdkufrd&m ZufusKd;í aoavonf/
v,form;Bu;D onf x,fukd ypfxm;cJNh y;D ,keu f kd
tajy;tvTm; oGm;aumufavonf/ 0NzdK;aeaom ,kef
64 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
wpfaumifudk &vdkufojzifh v,form;BuD;vnf; 0rf;
ajrmufyw D jd zpfum ...
]]pm;&uHMuHKvdkY rkwfqdwfysm;pGJwmyJ/ 'DuaeYvdk
aeYwdkif; ,kefwpfaumifom&&if odyf[efusrSmyJ}} [k
awG;&if; tdro f jYkd yefvmcJah vonf/
aemuf&ufrsm;wGif olonf v,fxJodkY rqif;
awmhbJ aemufxyf ,kefwpfaumif &vdk&jim; xdkopfyif
atmufwiG f wpfaeukef xdik af pmifah eavonf/ xdo k Ydk wpf
&ufapmifh ESpf&ufapmifhESifh &ufawGyif Mumanmif;vmcJh
aomfvnf; ,kef\ t&dyfta,mifudkrl rawGU&acs/ ol\
v,fuu G xf w J iG u f m; aygif;jrufrsm; yde;f ydwí
f aeavNy/D
þtaMumif;udk wpfa,mufpum; wpfa,muf
em; ajymqdkMu&m jyuf&,fjyKaom pum;tjzpf ysHUESHUoGm;
avawmhownf;/

opfyifatmuf ,kefapmi
]opf pmif}h [laom pum;yHo k nf
yHak orSwí
f vkyaf qmifjcif;? vHUk v 0D&, d rpdu
k b
f J at;at;
oufomjzifh tusK;d cHpm;vdjk cif;udk azmfjyaeonf/
jrefrmpum;yHk jzpfonfh ]wpfwpfcg& &Edk;Edk;} ESifh
eD; pyfonf/
avxJ jymom'faqmuf
vGefavNyD;aomtcgu qifjcifwHkw&m; uif;rJh
aom olaX;BuD;wpfOD;&Sdavonf/ wpfaeYaomf olonf
tjcm;olaX;Bu;D wpfO;D xH tvnfomG ;&mwGif xdo k al X;Bu;D
\ cHhnm;xnf0gaom oHk;xyftdrfBuD;udk tvGeftm;us
rdcahJ vonf/
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vdYk 'Dvt
kd rd rf sK;d raqmufEikd &f rSmvJ}}[kawG;um yef;&efq&m
66 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
udk ac:avonf/
]][dk oH;k xyf tdrBf u;D udk rif;aqmufwmvm;}} [k
olaX;BuD;u ar;\/
]][kwfuJh cifAsm? uRefawmf aqmufwmyg}} [k
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0rf;omoGm;um ...
]]'gjzifh ighudkvJ 'DvdktdrfrsKd; wpfvHk;aqmufay;}}
[k ajym\/ yef;&efq&mvnf; vufoifhcHNyD; tdrfBuD;udk
pwifwnfaqmufavawmhonf/ ajrwdkif; yEéuf½dkufNyD;
vQif tkwo f ½d;k udik af vonf/ ajrnDxyf tkwo f ½d;k udk jrif
aomtcg olaX;BuD;u ...
]]'gbmaqmufwmvJ}} [k yef;&efq&mudk ar;
vduk o
f nf/
yef;&efq&mvnf; aMumifawmifawmif jzpfomG ;
um ]]oH;k xyftrd Bf u;D aqmufrvdUk avAsm}} [k jyefajzonf/
olaX;BuD;u ysmysmovJjzifh ...
]]tvd?k atmuftxyfawGukd bmvdYk aqmufae&
owke;f ? usLyfvckd siw f mu tay:qH;k jymom'fr;kd wpfxyf
wnf;&,f/ tJ'D jymom'frdk;NyD;atmifom jrefjrefaqmuf
acsawmh}} [k qdkavonf/
yef;&efq&mvnf; idt k m;xuf &,ftm;oef jzpf
aeavawmhonf/
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raqmufyJ? b,fhES,fhvkyfNyD; wwd,xyfudk aqmufEdkif
rSmvJ}}
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 67
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csLjynfom;onf opf½u G u f kd nmvufuudik Nf y;D olu Y ,kd o f l
udk,fazsmuf 0dZÆmBuD;jzpfNyDtxifESifh b,fvufu olrsm;
ypön;f rsm;udk oGm;EIu d af vawmhonf/
]]olcdk;? olcdk;}}
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 129
]]olcdk;wJha[h? olcdk;}}
aps;xJwGif yGufavm½dkufoGm;\/ xdkolvnf;
vufy;l vufMuyfrNd y;D tcsKyx f oJ Ykd a&muf&avawmhonf/
trIudkppfaq;aomtcg olu opf½Guf&onf
utp tcsKyfxJodkY a&mufonftqHk; jzpfaMumif;ukefpif
udk ajymjyavonf/ w&m;olBu;D vnf; idt k m;xuf&,ftm;
oefjzpfum olt Y m; tcsKyrf S vTwv f u
kd af vawmhownf;/

þpum;yHo qifaoudk qdwfom;a&ESifhzHk;}


k nf ]qif
]rdk;BudK;ypfwm xef;vufumm} ponfh jrefrmpum;yHrk sm;ESihf
t"dymÜ ,fcsi;f rwlaomfvnf; pum;y&d,m,fo;kH jcif;rSm
qifw\ l /
oHusnfayGUaomfrStyfjzpf&
oHusnfayGUaomfrS ]tyf}jzpf&
]vDydkif}onf ]xef}acwf (c&pfouú&mZf 618-
907) rS uAsmpmqdkBuD; wpfOD;jzpfonf/ oli,fpOfu
upm;rufojzifh pmnHo h nfq\ kd / wpfaeYwiG f ]vDyikd }f onf
tdrüf pmusuaf e&m pmyd'k &f n
S w f pfy'kd u
f kd EIww
f uf& atmif
rusufEdkifojzifh pdwfcsOfaygufonfESifh tjyifxGuf
upm;avonf/
½Gmjyifu awmvrf;twdik ;f ajy;vTm;aqmh upm;
132 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
vmcJ&h m acsmif;uav;em;odUk a&mufvmcJo h nf/ acsmif;pyf
&Sd ausmufwHk;wpfwHk;ay:wGif tbGm;tdkwpfa,muf oH
usnaf yGUaoG;aeonfukd awGUavonf/ ]vDyikd }f u xl;xl;
qef;qef;&So d nfEiS .hf ..
]]zGm;zGm;bmaoG;aewmvJ}} [kar;\/
]]oHusnaf yGUudk tyfjzpfatmifaoG;aewmav igh
ajr;&JU}} tzGm;tdku ajymjyavonf/
]]wu,fajymwmvm; tzGm;&JU? oHusnfayGUBuD;
u 'gavmufawmif wkwfwm b,fawmhrS tyfjzpfrSmvJ
tzGm;&,f}} vDydkifu wtHhwMo ajymavonf/ tzGm;
tdu k ...
]]tzGm;aeYwikd ;f om aoG;,if oHusnaf yGUBu;D vnf;
wjznf;jznf;ao;ao;vmNy;D aemufq;kH tyfjzpfvm&rSmaygh
ighajr;&JU}} [k &,f&,farmarm ajymqdkavonf/
tbGm;tdk\pum;onf tvGef av;eufvSyg
uvm;[k oabmaygufomG ;aom ]vDyikd }f u csmueJvn S Nhf y;D
tdro f Ykd ajcukew f ifajy;oGm;\/ tdro f Ukd a&mufvQif apmapm
u ypfxm;cJah om pmtkyu f kd aumufzwfavonf/ pmyd'k f
&Snfudk tvDvDcGJí rem;rae ½Gwfzwf usufrSwfav&m
rMumrD pmwpfy'kd v f ;kH udk tm½Hak qmifEikd v
f mawmhonf/
]vDydkif} onf vHkUvpdkufí usm;ukwfusm;cJ BudK;
pm;vmcJhaomaMumifh pmqdktausmftarmfBuD;wpfOD;
jzpfvmavownf;/
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 133
oHusnfayGUaomf tyfjzpf&}
þyHjk yifav;udrk NDS y;D ]oH
[laom pum;yHk jzpfay:vmonf/ atmifjrifr&I atmif
ravQmhaom ZGJjzifhBudK;pm;oGm;&ef þpum;yHkjzifh tm;
ay;avh&MdS uonf/
]ikikyfrdoJwdkif? wufEdkifzsm;a&muf}? ZGJ&Sdatmif
Edkifonf} ? wpfaeYwvH? yk*Hb,fa&GU} ponfh jrefrmpum;
yHrk sm;ESihf oabmcsi;f wlayonf/
tbdk;tdk awmifNzdK
a&S;a&S;tcgu w½kwjf ynfajrmufyikd ;f wGif ]ajrmuf
awmif,GDuHk;} [kac:Muaom touf 90- tbdk;tdk wpf
OD;½Sd\/ ol\ tdrfa&SUwGif ]xdkuf[ef} awmifESifh ]0rfyk}
awmif[laom awmifBuD;ESpfvHk;ydwfaeojzifh c&D;cwif;
oGm;vQif vrf;axmifhaewwfonf/ wpfaeYwGif ,GDuHk;u
tdro f m;rsm;udak c:í ...
]]wdt
Yk rd af &SUu awmifBu;D ESpvf ;kH aMumifh oGm;&vm
&wm w,fc&D;zifw h myJ/ 'do
Yk m;tzawG 'DawmifEpS v f ;kH udk
NzKd ypfMu&atmif b,fEh , S v
f }J } [kar;avonf/
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 135
]]aumif;wmaygh taz? 'DawmifEpS v f ;kH udk NzKd vu
kd f
&if vrf;ay:wnfhwnfha&mufwmaygh}} om;jzpfolu
axmufc\ H /
]]'Dvqkd kd awmifBu;D udk ywfomG ;p&m rvdak wmhb;l
aygh bdk;bdk;&,f}} ajr;uav;uvnf; 0rf;omtm;&jzpf
aeonf/
odaYk omftbd;k td\ k ZeD;url ]]aumif;awmh aumif;
yg&JU? 'gayr,fh awmht f &G,u f axmufaeNy/D oefoefrmrm
&Sdwmr[kwfbl;/ 'DavmufjrifhwJh awmifBuD;ESpfvHk;udk NzdKzdkY
rajymeJ?Y awmifurlav;wpfv;kH udk NzKd zaYkd wmifcufvcS sn&f UJ ?
aemufNy;D awmifNzKw d hJ ajrBu;D eJY ausmufw;kH awGukd b,fomG ;
oGefyghrvJ}} [kajym\/
]]ajrBuD;eJY ausmufwHk;awGu vG,fygw,f ]ydkU}
yifv,furf;pyfrSm yHkvdkuf½Hkaygh}} om;ajr;wdkYu ajymMu
onf/
tbd;k tdEk iS hf om;ajr;wdu Yk tvGepf w d t f m; xuf
oefaeMuojzifh tzGm;tdv k nf; tm;wufpjyKvmonf/
aemufwpfaeYwGif ,GDuHk;onf om;ajr;wdkYESifh
twl aygufcRef;? a*:jym;ESifh awmif;yvHk;rsm;udk,lum
awmifajcodYk vmcJMh uonf/ wpfbuftrd rf S rkq;kd wpfO;D \
7-ESpfom;uav;wpfa,mufuvnf; tm;usrcHvdkufyg
avonf/ olwdkYav;a,mufonf awmifajcü pcef;cs
aexdkifum aexGufrS ae0iftxd aeYpOf&ufquf awmif
BuD;udkwl;NzdKMuonf/ rnfolrQ tdrfrjyefMuacs/ aqmif;
0ifcsdefa&mufawmhrSyif taEG;xnfESifh NcHKapmifrsm;,l&ef
136 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
tdro f w Ykd pfacgufjyefMuonf/
,GDuHk;wdkY awmifNzKdaeonfudkawGUaomtcg
]Munfp}kd trnf&adS om tbd;k tdu k &,favonf/
]][? ,Gu D ;kH rif;u awmifNzKrd vdvYk m;? BuBH u;D pnf
&muGm? rif;touft½G,fu ajro,f? ausmufo,fzdkY
rqdkxm;eJY? awmifay:u opfyifav;wpfyifudk awmif
o,fEikd yf ghrvm;}} [k]Munfp}kd u raxhwaxhajymavonf/
,GuD ;kH u yifo h ufBu;D ½SLvduk u
f m...
]aMomf- Munfpdk? Munfpdk rif;w,fvnf; t,l
onf;oud;k ? rkq;kd r&JUuav;uawmif rif;xuftjrifus,f
ao;? rif;odxm;zdkYu igaowJhaemuf ighom;&dSao;w,f?
ighom;aowJhaemuf ighajr;&Sdao;w,f? om;ajr;tpOf
tqufaygufymG ;oGm;rSmyJ? 'DawmifBu;D ESpv f ;kH u jrifah yr,fh
'Dxuf ydkNyD; rjrifhEdkifawmhbl;/ wpf&ufwl;? ESpf&ufwl;eJY?
wwdwd avsmhoGm;rSmaygh? bmjzpfvdkY NzKdrypfEdkif&rSmvJ}}
[kajym\/
]Munfp}kd onf yg;pyf t oGm;Ny;D acgif;idu k pf ukd jf zifh
vSnx hf u G o f mG ;avonf/
,GDuHk;onf awmifBuD;ESpfvHk;udk ajrjyiftwdjzpf
aphrnf[laom ZGJt"dXmefjzifh rem;raewl;NzKdNrJ wl;NzdK
aeavonf/ xdkodkYwl;NzdKaeonfudk odMum;rif;jrifaom
tcg ,GDuHk;\pdwf"mwfudk csD;usL;aomaMumifh vlYjynfodkY
ewfom;ESpyf g;apvTwNf y;D awmifBu;D ESpv f ;kH udk o,fy;kd oGm;
apownf;/
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 137
tbdfk;tdkawmifNzKd} [laom pum;yHo
]tbd k nf rdrd
&nfrSef;&modkUa&mufatmif tcuftcJudk raMumufyJ
ravQmhaom ZGJ vHkYvjzifh vkyfudkifoGm;&ef tm;ay;jcif;
wpfaeYwpfvHyk*H b,fajy;rvJ} [laom jrefrm
jzpfonf/ ]wpf
pum;yHEk iS hf qifw\
l /
rD;owfrnfholESifh rD;xdk;rnfhol
]tlrmZD;} ESihf ]rdZYk ;D } wdUk awGUMuaomtcg ]tlrmZD;}
u ...
]]urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;udk arwåmxm;&r,fvdkY
cifAsm;u 0g'jzefYaomfjim;vnf; vlawGudk tusdK;rjzpf
apcJbh ;l ? urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;udk arwåmrxm;oifb h ;l vdUk
usKyu f 0g'jzefwY t hJ wGuv f nf; vlawGutkd usKd ; r,kwaf pcJh
bl;? 'D0g'ESprf sKd ;pvH;k &JU tusKd ;oufa&mufr[I m taumif
txnfzrf;r&ao;bl;? 'Dawmh cifAsm;u bmjzpfvYkd ud, k hf
udk,fudk rSefvSNyDxifNyD; usKyfudk,fcsnf; tjypf qdkae&wm
vJ}} [kajym\/
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 139
]rdkYZD;} u ...
]]usKyfOyrmajymr,f} vrf;xJu tdrfwpftdrfudk
rD;avmifw,fqykd gawmh? tdref ;D csi;f wpfa,mufu rD;owf
&atmif a&o,fzBYkd uw H ,f? aemuftrd ef ;D csi;f wpfa,muf
uawmh rD;ydBk u;D vmatmif rD;wkw, f zl Ykd Buw
H ,f/ 'gayr,fh
olwEYkd pS af ,mufpvH;k [m um,uHajrmufrvky&f ao;bl;?
'Dawmh'DESpfa,mufxJu b,fwpfa,mufudk taumif;
ajym&rvJ}} [kar;av\/
]]'gajymaezdkY vdkao;vm;Asm? rD;owfr,fhvlu
aumif;wmaygh? rD;xdk;r,fhvlu b,faumif;rwkef;}} [k
tlrmZD;u jyefajz\/
]]at;? 'DoabmyJ? olwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk;[m
um,uHajrmufrvkyfMu&ao;vdkY tusdK;oufa&mufrIudk
taumiftxnf zrf;r&ao;ayr,fh? b,folrSefw,f?
b,forl mS ;w,fqw kd mudak wmh tuJjzwfEikd Nf yD r[kwvf m;?
'gaMumifh usKyfudk,fusKyf rSefw,fxifNyD; cifAsm;udk rSm;
w,fvYkd ajymaewmaygh}} [k rdZYk ;D u NyKH ;NyKH ;&,f&,fEiS hf ajym
avownf;/

rdkYZD;- (bDpD-468-376)
trnf&if;um; ]rdkYBudKif} ]vl} EdkifiHom; (pkefYEdkifiH
om;[kvnf; qdkMu\/) ]cRef;cRef;} acwfu tawG;tac:
a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; okcrdefBuD;wpfOD; jzpf\/
140 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
]rdkUZD;0g'} \ zcifBuD;vnf; jzpf\/
]ZD;} onf w½kwfvdkynm&SdBuD;[k t"dyÜm,f&
onf/ ]rdkYZD;} udk ynm&SdBuD; ]rdkY} odkYr[kwf q&mBuD;]rdkY} [k
vnf; ac:qdkEkdifonf/
tzefzef wGef; acguf
]wef} rif;qufacwf (at'D 618-907)wGif
]Mumawmif} [kac:aom uAsmq&mBuD;wpfOD;&Sd\/
olonfuAsmq&mtjzpf rxif&Sm;rDu t&Hrif;rIxrf;
pmar;yGJudk 0ifa&mufajzqdk&ef aejynfawmf ]cseftef}
odoYk mG ;\/ wpfaeYaomtcg Mumawmifonf jrnf;wpfp;D
jzifh aejynfawmfvrf;rBu;D wGif vrf;ovm;ae&if; pdwf xJü
uAsmvuFmpDuHk;aeavonf/ xdkodkY pDuHk;&mwGif &o
ajrmufaom uAsmwpfydk'fudk ½kwfw&uf pdwful;&vm
onf/
tzefzef wGef; acguf
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 143
xdu
k Asmyd'k u
f m; ...
]uefa&pyfyifzsm;wGif iSuif ,fem;tdyaf eonf/
at;&dyfNidrfva&mifwGif bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;
wHcg;acgufaeonf} [l\/
at;csr;f qdwNf ird af om nOfo h ef;acgif,w H iG f
aiGv u xdefxdefomae\/ prf;a&wrQ at;jraom v
a&mifatmufwGif awm&dyfawmif&dyfrsm;udk 0dk;w0g; jrif
ae&\/ bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;onf a&uefpyfrS rdk;rcyif
rsm;udkjzwfNyD; ausmif;awmfodkY jyef<uvm\/ ausmif;a&SU
odkYa&mufvQif wHcg;udk oHk;csuf qufacgufvdkufonf/
]]a'guf-a'guf-a'guf}}
wHcg;acgufoHonf nOfh\qdwfNidrfrIudk NzKdcGif;
vduk \f / opfyifxufü tdyaf rmusaeaom iSuif ,fonf
txdwfwvefYjzpfum rsufpduv,fuv,fESifh Munfhae
&Smonf/
Mumawmifonf nOf\ h ½Icif;udk pdwu f ;l Munf&h if;
olYuAsmydk'fuav;udk &Gwfqdkaeonf/ wHcg;udk ]acguf}
tpm; ]wGef;} oHk;vQif ydkaumif;avrnfvm;[k awG;ae
onf/ odkUaomf yg;pyfu½Gwfqí dk aomwtm½HkcHMunfh
vdkufjyefaomtcg ]acguf}u ]wGef;}xuf ydkaumif;
oa,mifa,mif xif&jyefonf/ xdo k Ykd a0cGrJ &jzpfaeaom
aMumifh olonfjrnf;ay:ü uAsmudk ½Gwfqdk&if; vuf
wpfzufjzifh wHcg;udk wGef;zGifh[efjyKvdkuf? vufqpfcsdK;í
wHcg;udkacguf[ef jyKvdkufvkyfaeonf/ vrf;oGm; vrf;
vmrsm;vnf; yg;pyfwvIyfvIyf? ajcvufwum;um;ESifh
144 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
&Sdaeaom MumawmifudkMunfhum xl;qef;tHhMo aeMu
onf/
od&Yk pdS Of ,m,Da½TNrKUd awmf0efjzpfaom pmayu0d
Bu;D [ef,o D nf aemufawmfygrsm; Nc&H v H suf wcrf;wem;
xGufcsDvm\/ Mumawmifonf uAsmü psmef0ifaeaom
aMumifh rsupf ad &SUu vlpv D w
l ef;Bu;D udyk if rjrifbJ a&SUzsm;
u usKd i;f awmfuikd rf sm;udk 0ifwu kd rf ad vawmhonf/
]]a[haumif? rif;b,folvJ}} vlwpfa,mufu
atmfaigufvu kd o
f nf/ Mumawmifonf acgif;armhí Munfh
rnfvkyfwkef;? bkrodbrodESifh jrnf;ay:rSqGJcscH&awmh
onf/ udk,f&Hawmfrsm;u olYudk [ef,D\ pD;awmfjrif;a&SU
odYk qGaJ c:oGm;Muonf/ Mumawmifonf þwGirf S ab;yef;
ab;bDudk aphaphMunfhvdkuf&m acgif;rD;awmufoGm;
avawmhonf/ ]'DwpfcsDawmh udk,fusdK;enf;&csnfh&JU}
[kawG;um &ifw'dwf'dwfckefaeonf/ rwwfomawmhNyD
jzpfí olonf jzpfaMumif;ukefpifajymjyNyD; NrKdUawmf0efxH
toem;cHavonf/
Mumawmif\ txifonf tjrifESifhvGJaeav
onf/ NrKdUawmf0ef [ef,Donf olYtm;tjypfray;½Hkru
ol\uAsmudkyif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;oGm;onf/ [ef,Du
]acguf}ESihf ]wGe;f } pum;vH;k ESpv f ;kH udk twefMumpOf;pm;Ny;D
aemuf ]acguf} yJaumif;w,f? tjyKtrla&m toHa&may:
vGifw,f[kqdk\/ olwdkUESpfOD;onf jrif;udk,fpDjzifh twl
wuG xGucf mG oGm;Mu&if; uAsmvuFmtaMumif;udk pum;
vufqu kH saeavownf;/
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 145
xdrk pS í MumawmifEiS hf [ef,o
D nf tvGecf ifrif
&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGjzpfoGm;\/ ]wGef;} ]acguf} rSmvnf;
pmaypum;vHk; toHk;tEIef;udk tzefzefpOf;pm; EIdif;csifh
onfh oabmoufa&mufaom a0g[m& jzpfvmavawmh
onf/

jrefrmwdkUwGifvnf; þodkY qifhyGm;t"dyÜm,fjzifh


oH;k aeMuaom a0g[m&rsm;udk awGU&\/ Oyrm ]wDwD;acguf}
]awmufMunfh} ]wD;acgufrd} ]ab;wD;} ponfwdkYjzpf\/
&wemjruf ausmufwHk;rSwf
&wemjrwf ausmufwHk;rSwf
]csL} EdkifiHrS ][dkpD} qdkolonf ausmufpdrf;½dkif;
wpfw;kH udk wl;azmf&&dí S rif;Bu;D ]csLvD0rf} tm;qufo\/
rif;BuD;u ausmufaoG;orm;tm;ac:í ausmufpdrf;wHk;
udk tuJjzwfaponf/ ausmufaoG;orm;u ...
]]½dk;½dk;ausmufwpfwHk;om jzpfaMumif;ygbk&m;}}
[kavQmufMum;\/
rif;BuD;onf &mZrmef&Sum ][dkpD}\ b,fajc
axmufukd jzwfypfap\/
148 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
rif;BuD;csLvD0rf uHawmfukefí rif;BuD;]0l0rf}
eef;wufavonf/ [dkpDu xdkausmufpdrf;wHk;udk rif;BuD;
0l0rftm;qufojyefonf/ rif;BuDF;0l0rfu ausmufaoG;
orm;udk tuJjzwfap&mwGif ausmufaoG;orm;u...
]]ausmufpdrf;r[kwfyg? ½dk;½dk;ausmufwHk;om jzpf
ygonfb&k m;}} [kyifavQmufwif\/ odjYk zifh rif;Bu;D 0l0rfu
[dpk \D nmajcaxmufukd jzwfypfaponf/
rif;BuD;0l0rfuHawmfukefí rif;BuD; ]0if0rf} eef;
wufaomtcg [dkpDonf xdkausmufpdrf;wHk;udk ydkufvQuf
]usifpef} awmifajcwGif xdkifíidkavonf/ xdkodkY oHk;&uf
qufíidak v&m rsu&f nfcef;ajcmufum aoG;rsm;,dpk ;D vm
\/ rif;Bu;D 0if0rfonf þowif;udMk um;aomtcg [dpk x D H
odkY vlvTwfí þodkYar;jref;aponf/
]]avmuBu;D wGif ajcaxmuftjzwfc&H olrsm;pGm
&S\
d / toif bmaMumifh þrQ 0rf;enf;aMuuGaJ e&oenf;}}
[kar;&m [dkpDu ... ]]uREkfyfonf ajcESpfzufr&Sdawmhí
idak ejcif; r[kwyf g/ &wemjrwfukd ausmufw;kH xifrw S jf cif;?
opöm&SdrIudkvdrfnmrItjzpf xifrSwfcH&jcif;aMumifh &ifem
vGef;í idkaejcif;jzpfygonf}} [kajzMum;\/
[dkpD\pum;udk Mum;vwfaomf rif;BuD;onf
ausmufaoG;orm;udak c:í [dpk q D ufoaom ausmufprd ;f
wH;k udk cGMJ unfah p&m tbd;k te*¢xu kd wf efaom ausmufprd ;f
wH;k jzpfaeonfukd awGUavonf/ xdak usmufprd ;f wH;k udk ][dpk D
ausmuf} [kac:wGiaf vonf/
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 149
&wemjrwfausmufwHk;rSwf} [laompum;yH\
]&wemjrwf k
qdkvdk&if;rSm vlwdkYonf wpfcsdefwpfcgwGif tppfudk twk
tjzpf? trSefudktrSm;tjzpf txifrSm;wwfMuonf/ odkY
txifrmS ;Muaomfvnf; tppfonftppfomjzpf\/ trSef
onf trSeo f mjzpf\/ olUyifu, kd v f u©Pmudk ajymif;rypf
Edkifay/ aemufqHk;wGif t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif; trSefudk
trSet f wdik ;f jrifvmMurnfomjzpfonf[k qdv k jkd cif; jzpf
\?
ywå j rm;rS e f v Qif EG H r S m repf } [laom jrefrm
]ywå
pum;yHkESifh eD;pyfonf/
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rif;BuD;csD½Trf0rfonf wl&d,mudk tvGefESpfoufojzifh
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w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 151
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vmjcif;om jzpfayonf/ olonf jiif;wl&d,m tzGJUBuD;
wD;rIwfonfhtcgwdkif; jiif;udk yg;pyfüawhí rIwfav[ef
aqmifNyD; a&maESmyg0ifvmcJhonf/ þodkYjzifh ESpfaygif;
twefyifMumcJo h nf/
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acR;wvH;k vH;k usvsuf yg;pyfuvnf; tjrKyw f pDpD xGuaf e
onf/ awmifcg;yef;odaYk &mufaomtcg tarmqdu Yk m ajc
ukeaf eaomaMumifh vSn;f oefurkd í DS &yfem;aeavonf/
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onf/ ¤if;jrif;rsdK;udk 0efqGJcdkif;vQif uRrf;usifcsifrS uRrf;
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 155
usifayrnf/ xdkUtwl vlawmfvlcRefrsm;udk awGUwwf jrif
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w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 157
tbdk;te*¢xdkufwefaom ukefausmuf&GJ&wem
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w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 159
ay;vdkuf&apumrl w&m;vufudkif&SdNyD; csifEdkifiHonf
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xdkodkYr[kwfyJ csifrif;BuD;u uwdopömazmufzsufygu
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qufoavonf/ rif;BuD;vnf; tvGefb0ifusoGm;um
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160 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
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w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 161
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w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 163
onf/ vlajcwdwfaomtcg vif;&Srf;½lu [dkpDausmufudk
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]ZD;useo f nf q&mhxuf wnfMunfcefn Y m;\} [k
uGefjzL;ZD;u qdkavonf/
ZD;&Sonf ea0wdrfaumifjzpfoGm;\/ olu rwf
wyf&yfvu kd Nf y;D ]]olwt Ykd m;vH;k q&mhxuf omonfqv kd Qif
tb,faMumifh q&mhxHwGif wynfhcHaeMuoenf;}} [k
ar;avonf/
uGefjzL;ZD;u wynfh ]ZD;&S} udk xdkifapNyD; þodkY
qdak vonf/ ]],ifa[GUonf Muifemw&m;ESihf opömw&m;
&Sad omfvnf; a&vdu k o
f ifih g;vduk o
f ifh raewwfacs? ZD;uHk
onf tajymtqdak umif;aomfvnf; pdwx f m;ESrd chf sNy;D rae
wwfacs/ ZD;vkonf tvGefowdå&Sdaomfvnf; vdkufavsm
&rSef;rodacs/ ZD;usefonf wnfMunfcefYnm;aomfvnf;
trsm;ESifh0ifqHhatmif raewwfacs/ olwdkY (4) a,muf
pvHk;onf olYomvGefcsufESifhol &SdMuovdk olYcsKdU,Gif;csuf
ESio hf v
l nf; &SMd uonf/ xdaYk Mumifh q&mhxw H iG f wynfch MH u
jcif;jzpfonf}} [k qdkavownf;/
e*g;½kyf0,frsufvHk;jc,f
e*g;½kyf0,f rsufvHk;jc,f
]vsef} rif;qufacwf (at'D 502 - 557) u
]usefpif;a,mif} [k ac:aom yef;csDq&mBuD;wpfOD;&Sd\/
wpfaeUwGif olonf ]eefuif;} NrdKU&Sd ]tef;avmhpD} 0wf
ausmif;awmfBuD;\ tkwfeH&HwGif e*g;av;aumif a&;qGJ
avonf/ e*g;av;aumifrSm touf0if vIyf&Sm;aea&mh
ovm;[k xifrmS ;&avmufatmif ouefay:vSojzifh vl
tajrmuf t rsm; vma&muf M unf h ½ I M u\/ od k Y & mwG i f
168 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
y&dowfrsm;onf e*g;½kyfrsm;udk teD;uyfMunfhvdkufMu
aomtcg ]][if - e*g;½kyfawGrSm rsufvHk;vJ rygygvm;}}
[k wtHhwMo ajymqdkMuukef\/
]rsufvHk;wpfvHk;qGJ&wm cufwmrSwfvdkY yef;csD
q&mBu;D ]use;f } udak c:qGcJ ikd ;f &ifNy;D wmyJ} [kvnf; y&dowf
tcsKdUu ajymMuonf/ q&musef;udk udk,fwdkifudk,fus
oGm;a&mufyifhac:Muolrsm;rSmvnf; jywfonf[lí r&Sd?
odkYaomf q&musef;u rvkdufvdkay/ olu ...
]]b,fjzpfrwke;f /rsuv f ;kH qGaJ y;vdu k ,
f if e*g;[m
tkwef &H x H u J csucf si;f ysx H uG of mG ;rSmaygh}} [kq\ kd /
q&musef;taMumif;jycsufrSm ,kwdårwefí vl
awGuolro k m;ajymonf[yk if rSw, f Ml uonf/ q&muse;f
onf xdo k Ykd txifrcHvakd omaMumifh wpfaeYwiG f e*g;½kyu f kd
rsuv f ;kH qGaJ y;&avawmhonf/
xdkaeYu q&musef;aemufwGif vlwpftkyfBuD;
vku d yf gvmMuonf/ tkwef &H aH &SUodaYk &mufvQif q&muse;f
u pkww f u H ikd Nf y;D e*g;wpfaumifukd rsuv f ;kH qGaJ y;aeonf/
aq;pufusonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ½kwfw&uf rdk;arSmifus
um avtjyif;txef wdu k cf wfvmonf/ aumif;uifwiG f
vQyfa&mif wpfvufvufjzifh rdk;Ncdrf;oHrsm; NcdrfhNcdrfhnH
aeonf/ rdk;Ncdrf;oHaMumifh tkwfeH&HBuD; tufuGJoGm;um
rsuv f ;kH jc,faome*g;½kyo f nf tNr;D udk zswcf eJ cwfvu kd Nf y;D
rdk;ay:odkY ½SL;ueJ ysHwufoGm;avawmh\/
y&dowfrsm;onf xdke*g;udk rsufpdwqHk; Munfh
Mu&if; rSifoufrdaeMuavonf/ watmifhtMumwGif
w½kwfpum;ykH ykHjyifrsm; 169
aumif;uifü rd;k om;uif;pifum aeomvmonf/ tkwef &H H
ay:udk Munfv
h u
kd af omtcg rsuvf ;kH rjc,f&ao;aom e*g;
oH;k aumifom useaf wmhonfukd awGU&avownf;/

e*g;½kyf0,f rsufvHk;jc,f} [laom pum;yHo


]e*g;½k k nf
rlvu q&mBu;D ]usepf if;a,mif} \ yef;csv D uf&m ajymif
ajrmufyu kH kd azmfjyjcif;omjzpfonf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif tcsuf
tcsm tusq;kH ? txdrq d ;kH jzpfaom a&;om;ajymqdk jyKrl
csuu e*g;½kyf0,f rsufvHk;jc,
f kd ]e*g;½k jc,f} [lí wifpm;oH;k EIe;f
Muavonf/
tcGeftwkwfonf usm;xufaMumuf&
tcGeftwkwfonf
usm;xufaMumuf&
wpfaeYwiG f uGejf zL;ZD;onf xdu
k &f rS ;f awmifajc rS
jrif ; &xm;jzif h jzwf o ef ; oG m ;\/ xd k t cg rd e f ; rwpf
a,muf\ ido k uH Mkd um;&\/ toHvm&mudk Munfv h u
kd af om
tcg tokbtuFsD0wfxm;aom rdef;rom;wpfa,muf
ocFsKdif;ajryHkay:arSmufNyD; ½dSLufBuD;wiif idkaeonfudk
awGU&\/ uGejf zL;ZD;onf &xm;udk &yfapNy;D em;pGiahf e\/
wynfhjzpfol ]ZD;uHk}udk tusKd;taMumif; ar;&ef vTwf
vdu
k \ f /
172 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
ZD;uHkonf xdkrdef;rtem;okdYa&mufvQif ]]tpfr
Bu;D Munf&h wm y&da'0 rD;awmufavmifaeyH&k w,f? b,f
vdk jzpfvdkYwkef;}}[k ar;\/ xdkrdef;ru ...
]]'Dt&yfrSm usm;awGaomif;usef;aew,f? usm;
udkufvdkY uRefra,mu©rvnf; aoNyD? uRefra,musfm;
vnf;aoNy?D ckwpfcg uRerf om;av;vnf; usm;pmjzpf&&Sm
Ny/D uRerf &ifxrJ mS y&da'0rD; rawmufavmifbJ aeEdik af &mh
vm;}}[k ½SdLufí½SdLufí ajymavonf/
uGejf zL;ZD;u &xm;ay:rS qif;vmum ]]usm;awG
'Davmufawmif aomif;use;f ae&ufeYJ bmjyKvYkd wjcm;udk
rajymif;MuovJ}}[k ar;\/
]]'DrSm vlolta&muftaygufenf;vdkY tcGef
twkwfawG r&Sdbl;q&m&JU}} [k xdkrdef;ru jyefajzonf/
uGefjzL;ZD;onf twefMumawGae\/ xdkYaemuf
olw Y ynfrh sm;bufvn S Nhf y;D ...
]]rif;wdrYk w
S xf m;Mu? tcGetf wkw[
f m usm;xuf
ydkaMumufp&m aumif;w,f}} [k qdkavownf;/

uGefjzL;ZD; (bDpD 552 - 479)? uGejf zL;&Syf [kvnf;jyefq\ kd /


trnf&if;um; ]uGejf cL;}? ]vl}Ekid if H cRzD el ,fom;/ cRe;f csL;
acwfu tawG;tac:a&;ESihf Edik if aH &;okcrdeBf u;D jzpf\/
uGejf zL;&Sy0f g'\ zcifBu;D jzpf\/
]ZD;} onf w½kwfvdk ynm&Sd[k t"dyÜg,f&\/
]uGejf zL;ZD;}udk ynm&SBd u;D ]uGe}f odrYk [kwf q&mBu;D ]uGe}f [k
ac:qdk Ekid o f nf/
Oya'ynm&Sdwdkif;
Oya'udk rav;pm;
]pdeyf [
k ukd }f qdok o
l nf jynfaxmifcsi;f ppfcif;Mu
aomacwfwGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; *dkPf;awmfom;BuD;
wpfO;D jzpf\/ olonf ][ef}Edik if w H iG f eef;&if;0ef tjzpf 15
ESpfwkdifwdkiftrIxrf;cJhonf/ wpfaeYaomtcg [efEdkifiH
bk&if ][efausmif[dk} u ...
]]w&m;Oya'jzifh tkyfcsKyf&onfrSm wu,fyif
rvG,fyguvm;}} [k nnf;nLajymqkd\/
]]rvG,fp&m r&Sdygbk&m;/ w&m;Oya'jzifh tkyf
csKyf&mwGif OD;pGmtm;jzifh qkay;'Pfay;pepf &Sd&rnf/
t*wd vdu k pf m;jcif;r&Sad p&/ aumif;usK;d jyKorl sm;udk qkay;
174 acwÅ&mpdrf;0g
&rnf/ pGr;f &nf&o dS rl sm;udk &mxl;cs;D jri§ &hf rnf/ rif;Bu;D onf
um; Oya'rsm; jyXmef;xm;aomfvnf; rif;aqGrif;rsKd;ESifh
tyg;awmfNrJ rSL;awmfrwfawmfw\ Ykd tvku d kd vduk af vsmNy;D
vufoifh&m pm;awmfac:jyaeawmfrlonf/ odkYjzpfav&m
wdkif;oljynfom; vltrsm;wdkYvnf; tb,frSmvQif Oya'
udk av;pm;awmhrnfenf;}} [k pdefyk[dkufu 'dk;'dk;a'guf
a'guf ajymqdk\/ rif;BuD;vnf; &Sufawmfrlum ...
]]0efrif;\ avQmufMum;csuo f nf em,lz, G f jzpf
\/ w&m;Oya'udk rnfodkYusifhoHk;oifhaMumif; igudk,f
awmfod&SdavNyD}} [k qdkavonf/
xdaYk emufrsm;rMumrDwiG f pdeyf [ k u
kd \
f aemifawmf
0rf;uGJwpfa,mufonf &mxl;av; &vdk&jim; arQmfvifh
wBu;D jzifh rif;aejynfoaYkd &mufvmonf/ pdeyf [ k u kd v f nf;
rif;BuD;xH tcpm;0ifí rdrd\ aemifawmftwGuf &mxl;
awmif;cHavonf/ rif;BuD;onf twefMum EIwfqdwfae
\/ Ny;D rS ]] igud,k af wmftm; 0efrif;avQmufMum;cJzh ;l aom
pum;rsm;onf ,ckupd Eö iS hf qefu Y siaf eyguvm;/ igud, k f
awmfonf 0efrif;\ avQmufMum;csuu f kd ypfy,fNy;D 0efrif;
\ vdktifqE´udk vufcHvdkufavsm&rnfavm? odkYwnf;
r[kwf 0efrif;\ avQmufMum;csufudk em,lNyD; 0efrif;\
awmif;cHcsufudk jiif;y,f&rnfavm}} [k ar;avonf/
eef;&if;0ef pdeyf [ k ukd v
f nf; wpfu, kd v
f ;kH &Sed ;f zde;f
oGm;um rif;Bu;D tm; OD;cdu k í f 0efcsawmif;yefavownf;/

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