Chemistry PPR 1

SECTION-C
Q18. Explain Henry's law anwirte its application.
· Henry
give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of gas in a solvent
which is Known as Henry's law.
· "At a
constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to
the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution."
· If we use
the mole fraction of a gas in the solution as a measure of its solubility, Then it can
be said that the mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas over the solution.
p = KH 𝑥
Where, p = Partial pressure of gas.
KH = Henry's constant
𝑥 = Solubility of gas
· If we draw a graph between partial pressure of the gas versus mole fraction of
the gas in the solution, then we shoud get a plot of the type as shown in figure.
· Different gases have different KH values at the same temperature
· Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the
gas in the liquid.
· If temperature increases the value of KH increase so solubilty decreases.
· Values of Henry's Law Constant for some Selected Gases in Water

(inormation only).
· Application :
1. To increase the solubility of CO2 in the soft drinks and soda water, the
bottle is sealed under high pressure .
2. Scuba divers must cope with high concentration of dissolved gases while
breathing air at high pressure underwater. Increased pressure increase the
solubility of atmospheric gases in blood. When the divers come towards
surface, the pressure gradually decreases. This releases the dissloved gases
and leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood. This blocks
capillaies and creates a medical condition known as bends,which are painful
and dangerous to life.
· To avoid bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high concentrations of

nitrogen in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are filed with air
diluted with helium(11.7%helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen)
3. At high altitude the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that
at the ground level. this can leads to low concentrations of oxygen in the
blood and tissues of poeple living at high altitudes or climbers. Low blood oxygen
causes climbers to become weak and unable to think clearly, symptoms of a
condition known as anoxia.
Q19. What is conductivity cell constant (G*)? Explain.
· Conductivity cell consists of two platinum electrodes coated with platinum

black (finely divided metallic Pt is deposited on the electrodes
electrochemically)
· These have area of cross section equal to 'A' and are separated by distance
'l'
· Therefore, solution confined between these electroes is a column of length

l and area of cross section A.
· The resistance of such a column of solution is R = ρl/A = l / κA
· The quantity l / A is called cell constant denoted by the symbol, G*.
· The cell constant is usually determined by measuring the resistance of the
cell containing a solution whose conductivity is already known.
· the cell constant, G* is then given by the equation:
· G* = Rκ = l / A
· Once the cell constant is determined, we can use it for measuring the
resistance of conductivity of any solution.
Q20. Explain Lead-Storage cell.
· It consists of a lead anode and a grid of lead packed with lead dioxide(PbO 2)
as cathode.
· A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as an elecrtolyte.
· The cell reactions when the battery is in use are given below :
Anode : Pb(s) + SO42-(aq) →PbSO4(s) + 2e-
Cathode : PbSO2(s) + SO42-(aq)+ 4H+(aq) + 2e-→PbSO4(s) + 2H2O
PbO2(s) + 2H2 + SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

· Overall cell reaction consisting of cathode and anode reaction is : Pb(s) +
· On charging the battery, the reaction is reversed and PbSO4(s) on the anode
and cathode is converted into Pb and PbO2,resy.
Q21. Write note on Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell.

· One of the most successful fuel cells uses the reaction of hydrogen with
oxygen to form water.
· In the cell, hydrogen and oxygen are bubbled through porous carbon
electrodes into concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
· catalysts like finely divided platinum or palladium metal are incorporated
into the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode reactions.
· The electrode reactions are given below :
Cathode : O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- → 4OH-(aq)
Anode : 2H2(g) + 4OH-(aq) → 4H2O(l) + 4e-
Net reactions : 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l).
Q22.Derive the formula for Concentration [R]1 and [R]2 at time t1 and t2 for the first
order reaction.
· At time t1 from equation (1)
In [R]1 = -kt1 In[R]0 .........Eq. (4)
At time t2,
In[R]2 = -kt2 In[R]0 ............Eq. (5)
where, [R]1 and [R]2 are the concentration of the
reactants at time t1 and t2 respectively.
· Subtracting Eq.(5) from Eq.(4)
In [R]1 - In[R]2 = -kt1 -(-kt2)
In [R]1 / [R]2 = k(t2 - t1)
k = 1 / (t2 -t1) In [R]1 / [R]2 ........Eq.(6)
· So, equation (2) can also be written as
In [R]/[R]0 = -kt
Taking antilog on both the side

[R] = [R]0 e-kt ............Eq.(7)
· Comparing equation(2) with y = mx + c, if we plot In[R] against t, we get a
straight line with slope = -k and intercpt equal to In[R]0
· The first order rate equation (3) can also be written in the form
k = 2.303/t log [R]0/[R] ... ....Eq.(8)
or log [R]0/[R] = kt/2.303
· If we plot a graph between log [R]0/[R] vs t,
the slope = k / 2.303
Q23. Derive formula for determining activation energy from Arrherius equation
using rate constant at different temperatures.
Activation energy using graph :
· In k = -Ea / RT + In A .... ....Eq.(1)
· The plot of In k vs 1/T gives a straight line as shown in figure.
· In figure, slope = -Ea / R and intercept = In A.

So, we can calculate activation energy (Ea) and Arrihenius constant A using
these values.
Formula of activation energy :
· It has been found from Arrihenius equation that increasing the temperature
or decreasing the activation energy will result in an increase in rate of the
reaction and an exponential increase in rate constant.
· Thus, at temperature T1, equation (1) is
In k1 = - Ea / RT1 + In A ..... ..Eq.(2)
· At temperature T2, equation (1) is
In K2 = Ea / RT2 + In A ..... Eq.(3)
(since A is constant for given reaction )
K1 and K2 are rate constant at temperatures T1 and T2 respectively.
· Subtracting equation (2) from (3), we obtain
In K2 - In K1 = -Ea / RT2 + -Ea / RT1
In K2 / K1 = Ea / R [ 1/T1 - 1/T2 ]
log k2 / k1 = Ea / 2.303R [1/T1 - 1/T2]
log k2 / k1 = Ea / 2.303R [ T2 - T1 / T1T2 ]

· From above formula activation energy can be calculate using measured
values of rate constant at different temperatures.
Q.24 Give preparations of haloalkanes.
· The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by helogen on reaction with
concentrated halogen acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride etc.
(1) Reaction with thionyl chloride (SOCL2) :
· Thionyl chloride is first preferred because in this reaction alkyl halide is
formed along with gases SO2 and HCL. This two gaseous products are
R -OH + SOCL2 → R - CL + SO2 + HCL

escapable, hence, the reaction gives pure alkyl halides.
(2) Reaction with halogen acids OR Lucas Test :

· The reaction of primary and secondary alcohols with HCL require the
presence of a catalyst, ZnCl2. With tertiary alcohols, the reaction is
conducted by simple shaking the alcohol with concentrated HCL at room
temperature.
· Constant boiling with HBr (48%) is used for preparing alkyl bromid.
· Good yields of R---I may be obtainedby heating alcohols with sodium or
potassium iodide in 95% orthophosphoric acid.
· The order of reactivity of alcohols with a given haloacid is 3* > 2*>1*.
R-OH + HCL ---ZnCl2-→ R-Cl + H2O

(3) Reaction with Phosphorus halides :
· Phosphorus tribromide and triiodide are usually generated in situ
(produced in the reaction mixture) by the reaction of red phosphorus with
bromide and iodide respectively.
· 3R-OH + + PX3 → 3R-X + H3PO3 (X=Cl, Br)
· R-OH + PCl5 → R-Cl + POCl3 + HCL
R - OH + NaBr + H2SO4 →
(4) Reaction with NaBr and H2SO4 :

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SECTION-C

Q18. Explain Henry's law anwirte its application.

Where, p = Partial pressure of gas.

· If temperature increases the value of KH increase so solubilty decreases.

· Values of Henry's Law Constant for some Selected Gases in Water

· To avoid bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high concentrations of

3. At high altitude the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that

· Conductivity cell consists of two platinum electrodes coated with platinum

· Therefore, solution confined between these electroes is a column of length

PbO2(s) + 2H2 + SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

Q21. Write note on Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell.

Taking antilog on both the side

· In figure, slope = -Ea / R and intercept = In A.

log k2 / k1 = Ea / 2.303R [1/T1 - 1/T2]

log k2 / k1 = Ea / 2.303R [ T2 - T1 / T1T2 ]

R -OH + SOCL2 → R - CL + SO2 + HCL

(2) Reaction with halogen acids OR Lucas Test :

R-OH + HCL ---ZnCl2-→ R-Cl + H2O

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