Lecture 26

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26-Integration by substitution VU

Lecture # 26

Integration by substitution

This is like the Chain Rule we saw for differentiation. The idea is to integrate functions that are
composition of different functions.

d
[G (u )] = f (u )
du
Also this means that

d
∫ f (u=
)du ∫ du [G(u=
) ] du G (u ) + C

Let u be a function of x . Then we have

d d du du
[G=
(u ) ] [G (u )]=
⋅ f (u )
dx du dx dx
Now if we apply the integral on both sides w . r . t x we get

 du  d
dx ∫ [G (u ) ]=
∫  f (u ) dx = dx G (u ) + C
dx

 du 
∫  f (u ) dx  dx = ∫ f (u )du
Example

∫ (x + 1)50 .2 x dx
2

du
Let =
u x + 1 . Then = 2x .
2

dx
Now we can rewrite the given problem as

 du 
∫ (x + 1)50 .2 x dx
= ∫ u = ∫u
2 50 50
dx du
dx 

 du 
∫  f (u ) dx  dx = ∫ f (u )du

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26-Integration by substitution VU

u 51 ( x 2 + 1)51
∫ u du = 51 + C = 51 + C , where =u x + 1
50 2

Caution: Don’t feel tempted to just add 1 to the power 50 in the original problem!! That
will be incorrect.
The reason is that the “Power Rule” for the integrals is applicable to function which are
not a composition of others.

In this example, ( x 2 + 1)50 is a composition of two functions.


Here is a summary of the general procedure we need to follow to do integration by u -substitution.

Step 1: Make the choice for u, say u = g (x)


Step 2: Compute du/dx = g/(x)
Step 3: Make the substitution u = g (x), du = g/(x) dx in the original integral.
By this point, the whole original integral should be in terms of u and there should be no x’s in it.
Step 4: Evaluate the resulting integral
Step 5: Replace u by g (x) so the final answer is in x.

• No hard and fast rule for choosing u.


• The choice of u should be such that the resulting calculus
• Results in a simplified integral.
• There may be more than one choice of u in some cases.
Only practice and experience makes things easier.
Think of this choice of u like playing chess. You need to choose it so that the future
looks bright for problem solution!
Integrand is the derivative of a known function with a constant added or subtracted from
the independent variable.
If the integrand is the derivative of a known function with a constant added or
subtracted from the independent variable, then the substitution is the easiest.
Here is table 5.2.1 that we saw earlier. This will help recall BASIC integration
formulas.

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26-Integration by substitution VU

We want to integrate a function in which “The integrand is the derivative of a known function with a
constant added or subtracted from the independent variable”

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26-Integration by substitution VU

Example

∫ sin( x + 9)dx =∫ sin(u )du =−cos(u ) + C =−cos( x + 9) + C

u= x + 9
du
=1 ⇒ du =
1.dx
dx
The integrand sine is the derivative of cosine function

Example
u 24 ( x − 8) 24
∫ ( x − 8) dx = ∫ u du = 24 + C = 24 + C
23 23

u =x − 8 ⇒ du =1.dx =dx
Integrand is the derivative of a known function and a constant multiplies the independent variable

Example
du 1 1 1
∫ cos(5 x=
)dx ∫ cos(u )= ∫ cos(u=
5 5
)du
5
sin(u ) =
+C
5
sin(5 x) + C

u = 5x
du
du = 5dx ⇒ = dx
5
Example

∫ sin
2
( x)cos( x)dx

Let u = sin( x), then du = cos( x) dx

So

u3 sin 3 ( x)
∫ sin ( x)cos( x)dx = ∫ u du = 3 + C = 3 + C
2 2

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26-Integration by substitution VU

Example

cos x
∫ x
dx

1
Let u = x , then du = dx
2 x
So
cos x
∫ x = dx ∫ 2cos(u=
)du 2 ∫ cos(u=
)du 2sin(u ) =
+ C 2sin( x ) + C

Complicated example

∫t 3 − 5t 5 dt
43

What should the substitution be?


Well the idea is to get an expression to equal u so that when we differentiate it, we get a formula
that involves a du and everything that was left over in x after the substitution.

∫t 3 − 5t 5 dt
43

u= 3 − 5t 5
1
du =−25t 4 dt ⇒ − du =t 4 dt
25
So
4
1 3
1 1 1 u
∫t − ∫ 3 u du =
3 − 5t 5 dt = − ∫ u du = − +C
43 3
25 25 25 4
3
4
3
= − (3 − 5t ) + C
5 3

100

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