Trigonometry and modelling 7G

1 a The maximum height is at 0.25 m when b The maximum price of the stock is when
sin(1800t)° = 1 sin(0.7t − 3) = 1, so 17.4 + 2 = £19.40
This is when sin(0.7t − 3) = 1
b 0.25sin(1800t ) = 0.1
p
0.1 0.7t - 3 =
sin(1800t)° = = 0.4 2
0.25 t = 6.5297 (4 d.p.)
1800t = 23.578 (3 d.p.)
t = 6 hours 32 minutes
t = 0.013099 minutes
= 0.8 seconds (1 d.p.) c Trader will show a £0.40 profit when
17.4 + 2sin(0.7t − 3) = £17.12 + £0.40
c The minimum height is at −0.25 m when Þ sin(0.7t - 3) = 0.06
sin(1800t)° = −1
Þ 0.7t - 3 = 0.060 (3 d.p.)
This occurs when 1800t = 270, 630
t = 4.371
t = 0.15, 0.35 minutes
Interval = 0.35 – 0.15 = 0.2 minutes So trader should sell 4 hours 22 minutes
= 12 seconds after the market opens.

2 a The maximum displacement is at 4 a The minimum temperature of the oven is

0.03 radians when cos(25t) = 1 when sin(2x − 3) = 1
T = 225 − 0.3 = 224.7 °C
b After 0.2 seconds
b Solve 225 −0.3sin(2x − 3) = 224.7, for
q = 0.03cos(25 ´ 0.2) = 0.03´ 0.28366 0 £ x £10
= 0.0085 radians (2 s.f.)  sin(2 x − 3) = 1,
for − 3  2 x − 3  17
c At t = 0, q = 0.03cos(25´ 0) = 0.03
 5 9 
To find when q = 0.03, solve 2x − 3 = , ,
2 2 2
0.03cos(25t ) = 0.03
x = 2.285, 5.427, 8.569 (3 d.p.)
Þ cos(25t) = 1
x = 2 m 17 s, 5 m 26s, 8 m 34s
Þ 25t = 0, 2p, 4p,...
Þ t = 0, 0.251, 0.503,... (3 d.p.) c 225 − 0.3sin(2x − 3) = 225.2, for x ³ 0
The pendulum is first back to its starting 2
position after 0.251 seconds. Þ sin(2x - 3) = - , for 2x - 3 ³ -3
3
d Solve 0.03cos(25t) = 0.01 2x - 3 = -2.412, - 0.730... (3 d.p.)
1 So oven first reaches minimum
cos(25t) = , 0 £ 25t £ 12.5 temperature at 2x – 3 = –2.412, so
3
x = 0.294 minutes, which is 17.6 seconds
25t = 1.231, 2p - 1.231, 2p + 1.231,
(1 d.p.)
4p - 1.231
25t = 1.231, 5.052, 7.514, 11.335 (3 d.p.)
t = 0.0492, 0.2021, 0.3006, 0.4534 secs

3 a Beginning price when t = 0 is

17.4 + 2sin(0.7  0 − 3) = £17.12
End price when t = 9 is
17.4 + 2sin(0.7  9 − 3) = £17.08

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
5 a Set 0.3sin  − 0.4cos   R sin( −  ) 6 a Set 65cos  − 20sin   R cos( +  )
º Rsinq cosa - Rcosq sina º Rcosq cosa - Rsinq sina
So R cos  = 0.3 and R sin  = 0.4 So R cos  = 65 and R sin  = 20
Rsin a Rsin a 20
= tan a =
0.4 = tan a =
Rcos a 0.3 Rcos a 65
æ 4ö æ 20 ö
a = tan -1 ç = 0.2985 (4 d.p.)
a = tan -1 ç ÷ = 53.13° (2 d.p.)
è 3ø è 65 ÷ø

R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 0.32 + 0.42 R 2 cos 2 a + R 2 sin 2 a = 652 + 202

R 2 (cos 2 a + sin 2 a ) = 4625
R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 0.25
R = 0.5 R = 68.0074 (4 d.p.)
So
So 0.3sinq - 0.4cosq = 0.5sin(q - 53.13°) 65cosq - 20sinq
= 68.0074cos(q + 0.2985)
b i The maximum value of
0.3sin  − 0.4cos is when b Using part (a)
sin(q - 53.13°) = 1, so the maximum
value is 0.5 70 - 65cos0.2t - 20sin0.2t
º 70 - 68.0074cos(0.2t + 0.2985)
ii Solve sin(q - 53.13°) = 1, for the The maximum height is when
interval -53.13° < q - 53.13° <126.87° cos(0.2t + 0.2985) = -1
 − 53.13 = 90 So H = 70 + 68.0074 = 138.0 m (1 d.p.)

 = 143.13 c Find consecutive times that the tourist is at

the maximum height. This is when
c Using part (a)
cos(0.2t + 0.2985) = -1
23+ 0.3sin(18x)° - 0.4cos(18x)°
0.2t + 0.2985 = p, 3p
º 23+ 0.5sin(18x - 53.13°)
t = 14.216, 45.631 (3 d.p.)
The minimum occurs when
The time for one revolution is
sin(18x - 53.13°) = -1
45.631–14.216 = 31.4 minutes (1 d.p.)
So the minimum temperature is
23- 0.5 = 22.5°C
d Find the times the tourist is at 100 m
It occurs when 18x − 53.13 = 270 ,
70 - 68.0074cos(0.2t + 0.2985) = 100
x = 17.95 minutes (2 d.p.)
30
cos(0.2t + 0.2985) = - = -0.4411
d At exactly 23 °C, 68.0074
23+ 0.5sin(18x - 53.13°) = 23 0.2t + 0.2985 = 2.0277, 2p - 2.0277
Find solutions for 0.5sin(18x - 53.13)° = 0 0.2t + 0.2985 = 1.1139, 4.2555
for 0 £ x £ 60 , i.e. in the interval t = 8.646,19.785 (3 d.p.)
-53.13 £18x - 53.13 £1026.87 Between these times the tourist is above
So 18x - 53.13 = 0,180, 360, 540, 720, 900 100 m because the highest point is reached
at t = 14.216 minutes.
Solutions are 3, 13, 23, 33, 43, 53 minutes
So time spent above 100 m in each
(nearest minute)
revolution = 19.785 – 8.646
= 11.1 minutes (1 d.p.)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
7 a Set 200sin  − 150cos   R sin( −  ) c Solve
º Rsinq cosa - Rcosq sina  4 x 
1700 + 250sin  − 0.6435  = 1800
So R cos  = 200 and R sin  = 150  25 
Rsin a 150 for the same interval as in part b ii
= tan a =
Rcos a 200 æ 4p x ö 100
sin ç - 0.6435÷ = = 0.4
æ 3ö è 25 ø 250
a = tan -1 ç ÷ = 0.6435 (4 d.p.)
è 4ø 4px
- 0.6435 = 0.4115, p - 0.4115,
R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 2002 + 1502 25
R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 62500 2p + 0.4115, 3p - 0.4115
R = 250 = 0.4115, 2.7301, 6.6947, 9.0133
x = 2.10, 6.71, 14.60, 19.21 (2 d.p.)
So 200sinq -150cosq
º 250sin(q - 0.6435) These results show where E = 1800 V/m.
So, because of the shape of the sine curve,
æ 4px ö æ 4px ö E £ 1800 V/m when 2.10 £ x £ 6.71 and
b i 1700 + 200sin ç ÷ -150cos ç 14.60 £ x £ 19.21
è 25 ø è 25 ÷ø
æ 4px ö Challenge
º 1700 + 250sin ç - 0.6435÷ 1 k
è 25 ø a Energy µ E 2 and Energy  , so E 2 =
The maximum value of E is when t t
When E = 1950, t = 20 seconds
æ 4px ö
sin ç - 0.6435÷ = 1 k = 19502 ´ 20 = 76 050 000
è 25 ø
So maximum value of E is When t = 30, E = 1592.1683 V/m
1700 + 250 = 1950 V/m Find where E = 1592.1683 V/m, using the
formula for E from question 7:
ii This maximum occurs when
æ 4px ö æ 4p x ö
sin ç - 0.6435÷ = 1 1592.1683 = 1700 + 250sin ç - 0.6435÷
è 25 ø è 25 ø
Look for solutions in the interval æ 4p x ö
-0.4313 = sin ç - 0.6435÷
4px è 25 ø
-0.6435 £ - 0.6435 < 4p - 0.6435
25 4p x
- 0.6435 = -0.4460, 3.5876, 5.8372,
4px p 5p 25
- 0.6435 = ,
25 2 2 9.8707,12.1204
4px This gives these results 0 £ x < 0.393cm ,
= 2.2143, 8.4975
25 8.42cm < x < 12.9cm and
4px = 55.3575, 212.4375 20.9cm < x < 25cm
x = 4.41cm, 16.91cm (2 d.p.)
b Two limitations of the model are
(i) assumes that the field strength is the same
from the front to the back of the microwave
and (ii) the microwave oven would not
necessarily work exactly the same every time
it is used.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3