Housing Situation

Housing Shortage
Department of Architecture
National Institute of Technology, Patna
HOUSING SHORATGE
HOUSING SHORATGE
India is facing a severe shortage of housing,

especially in urban areas. According to a report
by the Technical Group on Urban Housing
Shortage, about 18.78 million urban housing
units are required in India, of which 96% are in
the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and
Low-Income Group (LIG) categories.
The shortage of affordable housing is a major

concern in India, as a significant portion of the
population is unable to afford decent housing.
BASIC STATISTICS
Urban Area with 1 lakh population – City

Urban area with less than 1 lakh – Town
Urban area with population 10 lakh – metropolitan cities
40 percent of urban population resides in 53 cities.
60 percent GDP and 70 percent of employment is in 7936 cities in India
200 million urban population will be added in coming 20 years with the 2.76 % of growth rate
per year.
BASIC STATISTICS
As per 2011 census record

Total population - 1,210.98 million
Urban population- 377.10 million (31.16%)
Total Population 1210.98 million

Growth Rate 17.64% (2001-11)
Literacy 74.04%
Population density 382 person / sq.km
No. of Districts 640
No. of Sub districts 5924
Town/cities 7936
Municipal/ Census Towns 3893
Villages 6,41,000
Urban population 377 million (31.16 %)
Metropolitan cities 53
Share of urban population in India (Census of India) This rapid growth in urban population is putting pressure on
40.00% 38% informal settlements with limited infrastructure to support
34%
35.00% Estimated
31.16% Census quality of life.
30.00% 28.53% 2011
Census
2011
25.00% Census
2001 65 million, 2011
20.00% World Urbanization
Prospects
15.00% 2018,UN
Slum population in India
10.00%
5.00%
52 million, 2001
0.00%
2001 2011 2018 2021
“About one in six Indian city residents lives in an urban slum with
Urbanization Percentage,India
unsanitary conditions that are "unfit for human habitation,“ Census 2011
Poor sanitation and hygiene is one of the major issues
in the urban India especially in informal settlements.
Delhi slum population- 1.6 million (15%), Census2011
Mumbai slum population- 5.2 million,(42 %) Census 2011
Chennai slum population- 1.2 million(29 %) Census2011
Kolkata slum population- 1.3 million (30 %) Census2011
Slum of Bhalswa, New Delhi

Share of Urban Population in Classes I–VI of Cities and Towns in India
• Class-I cities with populations exceeding 100,000 are witnessing
huge growths in their populations increasing density and
congestion.
• The concentration of the population in these cities has resulted in
the formation of monocentric primate cities and a lack of a
uniform distribution of economic centers over space.
• Class-I cities comprise about 70% of the urban population and,
interestingly, within the Class-I cities, the million-plus cities
dominate the landscape in population terms and, in the 3
decades since 1981.
• The implication of the urbanization trend has been that the Class-
I cities have been witnessing serious problems related to housing
shortage. The problem of housing shortage that was earlier
limited to metropolitan cities has spread to other Class-I cities as
well (Tiwari et al. 2015)
HOUSING SCENARIO
The housing shortage in India does not appear very big, considering the size of the homeless population in the country in
2011 was only 1.77 million (0.15% of the total population), which is slightly less than what it was in the previous decade.
Homeless Population in Rural and Urban India in 2001 and 2011
The problem becomes acute when, in addition to homelessness, the replacement needs of houses in bad physical condition
(due to age and structural durability), as well as the ones that offer substandard living conditions (due to the level of
congestion inside the house), are also considered.
In million
Households living in Non- Serviceable kutcha/ 0.99
Temporary Houses
Households living in obsolescent houses ( excluding 2.27
non serviceable kutcha/temporary houses
Households living in congested houses required 14.99
new houses
Homeless households 0.53
Total Housing Shortage 18.78
Technical Group on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) (2012-17), Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MOHUPA, Government of )
Technical Group on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) (2012-17), Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MOHUPA, Government of )
HOUSING SCENARIO
Tiwari and Parikh (2012) estimate that the total housing shortage in India is approximately 51 million units and an additional
113 million houses will be required if semi-permanent units are also replaced.
This would mean that 21% of households are in urgent need of housing and another 46% are living in inadequate housing
conditions and, thus, 67% of India need decent housing.
Over and above these, the problem of lack of access of households to basic services (electricity, water, and sanitation) greatly
increases the challenge of providing decent housing.
It is surprising that after 70 years of planning and policy designing since independence, a total of 53% of households do not
have access to drinking water and toilet facilities in their premises, and 33% of households do not have access to electricity
(Census 2011).
Tiwari, P., and J. Parikh. 2012. Global Housing Challenge: A Case Study of CO Emissions in India. SPANDREL Journal 5: 96–104.
HOUSING SCENARIO
Urban Households, Housing Stock, and Housing Shortages in India, 1971–2011
Although the Planning Commission estimated the housing shortfall in urban areas to be 18.78 million housing units in 2012 (Figure), Tiwari
and Parikh (2012) estimate this shortage to be higher by about 3 million at 21.87 million because of the inclusion of “nondurable” houses in
their calculations.
Housing Need in India in 2011
The increase in housing shortages over time is a consequence of the continuous dilapidation of housing stocks from previous decades.
Using the values in Table above , we find that 27% of the shortages in urban areas are due to the existence of physically unfit structures
(nondurable and obsolete) and that 69% of the housing shortages in urban areas are attributed to congested living conditions. This not
only poses questions about the quality of life in Indian cities but also about overpriced houses, compelling households to adapt to
congestion.
The addition of new housing stock in the market has not reduced shortages, implying that the target consumers for the new stock are
different from those households who are creating the market demand for housing, and the stock is unaffordable even for the targeted
consumer group, which leads to lesser absorption and higher vacancy rates.
Rural Households, Housing Stock, and Housing Shortages in India, 1971–2011
The nature of housing shortages in rural and urban

areas is different.
The problem of housing shortages is more serious in
rural areas (in absolute terms) than in the urban
centers due to the size of the rural population in India
(69% of the total population), of which 17% (28.9
million) are in urgent need of houses, as shown in
Figure .
Housing shortages in rural areas have almost been

stagnant (except in 2011), though the number of
households has doubled in the past 4 decades.
This indicates that, with the availability of land in rural areas, construction of a house is easier, although the quality of
construction has been lacking. According to the estimates of Tiwari and Parikh (2012) (see Table 3), 59% of the shortages in
rural area are due to the bad condition of the physical structures (nondurable and obsolete) and 37% is due to congestion,
which is contrary to the pattern in urban areas where congestion is a bigger challenge than the quality of structures.
Urban Housing Shortage Among Different Socio Economic Group
Classification of Housing with reference to income:
• Economically weaker section (EWS) – Rs 5000 per month
• Low Income Group (LIG) – 5000 to 10000 per month
Report of The Technical Group On Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) (2012-17) using consumption expenditure
data of NSS 66th Round 2009-10, found that
- 1/3th of urban household comprise of EWS category
Housing Shortage according to Income Group

Category 2007 2012
Million Unit % Million Unit %
EWS 21.78 88.13 10.55 56.18
LIG 2.89 11.69 7.41 39.44
MIG/HIG 0.04 0.18 0.82 4.38
Total Shortage 24.71 18.78
Ministry of HUPA, 2012
Solution in Housing sector to reduce Housing Shortage
• By implementing policies, schemes etc.

• By boosting affordable housing
• By building integrated townships
• Provide input to redevelopment
• Increase FSI limit and building vertical cities
Policy Framework And Regulations By Government

Housing Situation

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Housing Shortage

India is facing a severe shortage of housing,

The shortage of affordable housing is a major

Urban Area with 1 lakh population – City

As per 2011 census record

Total Population 1210.98 million

Mumbai slum population- 5.2 million,(42 %) Census 2011

Chennai slum population- 1.2 million(29 %) Census2011

Kolkata slum population- 1.3 million (30 %) Census2011

Slum of Bhalswa, New Delhi

Homeless Population in Rural and Urban India in 2001 and 2011

The nature of housing shortages in rural and urban

Housing shortages in rural areas have almost been

Housing Shortage according to Income Group

• By implementing policies, schemes etc.

Policy Framework And Regulations By Government

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