FE190669

EN 15011

December 2020

ICS: 53.020.20

Classification index: E 52-029

Cranes - Bridge and gantry cranes

English Version EN 15011:2020

Version of 2020-12-P
 EN 15011:2020-12

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 15011

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2020

ICS 53.020.20 Supersedes EN 15011:2011+A1:2014

English Version

Cranes - Bridge and gantry cranes

Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Ponts Krane - Brücken- und Portalkrane
roulants et portiques

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 November 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 15011:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page

European foreword............................................................................................................................................. 5
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 7
3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 9
4 List of significant hazards ................................................................................................................11
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures .................................................................15
5.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................15
5.2 Requirements for strength and stability ....................................................................................16
5.2.1 Load actions ..........................................................................................................................................16
5.2.2 Limit states and proof of competence..........................................................................................25
5.2.3 Stability ...................................................................................................................................................26
5.3 Electrotechnical equipment ............................................................................................................27
5.3.1 Physical environment and operating conditions ....................................................................27
5.3.2 Electrical supply ..................................................................................................................................27
5.3.3 Protection against electric shock by direct contact ................................................................27
5.3.4 Control circuits and control functions.........................................................................................27
5.3.5 Operator interface and mounted control devices ...................................................................28
5.3.6 Power driven motions .......................................................................................................................29
5.3.7 Batteries .................................................................................................................................................29
5.4 Non-electrotechnical equipment ...................................................................................................29
5.4.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................29
5.4.2 Braking systems ..................................................................................................................................29
5.4.3 Hoisting equipment ............................................................................................................................30
5.4.4 Travelling and traversing.................................................................................................................31
5.4.5 Slewing equipment .............................................................................................................................32
5.4.6 Tolerances .............................................................................................................................................33
5.4.7 Gear drives.............................................................................................................................................33
5.4.8 Protection against special hazards ...............................................................................................34
5.5 Limiting and indicating devices .....................................................................................................34
5.5.1 Rated capacity limiters .....................................................................................................................34
5.5.2 Indicators ...............................................................................................................................................36
5.5.3 Motion limiters ....................................................................................................................................36
5.5.4 Performance limiters.........................................................................................................................37

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Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................93

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European foreword

This document (EN 15011:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147
“Cranes - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2021.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 15011:2011+A1:2014.

The major technical changes in this edition compared to EN 15011:2011+A1:2014 are in 5.1, 5.2.1.3.2,
5.2.1.5, 5.2.2.2 and 6.3.2. Moreover, the status of Annex D has been changed from normative to
informative.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.

For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see Annex H.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.

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Introduction

This document has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for bridge and
gantry cranes to conform with the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive,
as mentioned in Annex ZA.
As many of the hazards related to bridge and gantry cranes relate to their operating environment and
use, it is assumed in the preparation of this document that all the relevant information relating to the use
and operating environment of the crane has been exchanged between the manufacturer and the user (as
recommended in ISO 9374, Parts 1 and 5), covering such issues as, for example:
— clearances;

— requirements concerning protection against hazardous environments;

— processed materials, such as potentially flammable or explosive material (e.g. coal, powder type
materials).

This document is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.

The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
are covered, are indicated in the scope of this document.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C
standard.

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1 Scope
This document applies to bridge and gantry cranes able to travel by wheels on rails, runways or roadway
surfaces, and to gantry cranes without wheels mounted in a stationary position.
NOTE Light crane systems (assembly of lifting devices, crane bridges, trolleys and tracks; wall-mounted, pillar
and workshop jib cranes) are covered by EN 16851.

This document specifies requirements for all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events
relevant to bridge and gantry cranes when used as intended and under conditions foreseen by the
manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This document does not include requirements for the lifting of persons.
The specific hazards due to potentially explosive atmospheres, ionising radiation and operation in
electromagnetic environment beyond the scope of EN 61000-6-2 are not covered by this document.
This document is applicable to bridge and gantry cranes manufactured after the date of its publication as
a European standard.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 81-43:2009, Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts - Special lifts for the transport of
persons and goods - Part 43: Lifts for cranes

EN 363:2018, Personal fall protection equipment - Personal fall protection systems

EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators

EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 2: Displays

EN 12077-2:1998+A1:2008, Cranes safety - Requirements for health and safety - Part 2: Limiting and
indicating devices

EN 12644-1:2001+A1:2008, Cranes - Information for use and testing - Part 1: Instructions

EN 12644-2:2000+A1:2008, Cranes - Information for use and testing - Part 2: Marking

EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes - General design - Part 1: General principles and requirements

EN 13001-2:2014, Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions

EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018, Cranes - General Design - Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of
steel structure

EN 13001-3-2:2014, Cranes - General design - Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes
in reeving systems

EN 13001-3-3:2014, Cranes - General design - Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail
contacts

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accordance with EN 14492-2:2019 should be selected in accordance with the principles depicted within
A.4.
5.2 Requirements for strength and stability
5.2.1 Load actions

5.2.1.1 Selection of operating conditions

The operating conditions and the design duty (classification) that are selected and used as the basis of
design, in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015 and EN 13001-2:2014, shall be specified in the technical file
of the crane. Examples of the operating conditions may include, as relevant, the following:
— operational temperature limits;

— in-service wind speed limit;

— the wind state, as defined in EN 13001-2:2014, for out-of-service condition;

— high risk provisions (if any) taken in-to account;

— displacement limits for the crane runway in the loaded condition.

For cranes located outdoors, the recurrence period in accordance with EN 13001-2:2014 for out of
service wind shall be not less than:
— 25 years for cranes located permanently outdoors;

— 5 years for indoor cranes which may occasionally be parked outdoors.

Guidance for specifying the operation duty is given in Annex A.

NOTE For information needed for the derivation of classification parameters see also ISO 9374-5.

5.2.1.2 Selection of loads and load combinations

The basic load combinations for the load calculation shall be selected in accordance with
EN 13001-2:2014.
5.2.1.3 Determination of dynamic factors

5.2.1.3.1 Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane

The masses of the crane shall be multiplied with factor ϕ1 = 1 + δ when calculating the stresses in load
combinations in accordance with EN 13001-2:2014.
For masses with unfavourable gravitational load effect the factors shall be taken as δ = 0,10 and ϕ1 = 1,10,
and for masses with favourable gravitational load effect as δ = −0,05 and ϕ1 = 0,95.
5.2.1.3.2 Dynamic effects when hoisting a grounded load

Dynamic effects and the related load actions shall be taken into account as specified in EN 13001-2:2014.
The dynamic factor ϕ2 shall be determined by one of the following methods, which shall not be mixed or
cross referenced with each other in any way:
a) applying the method given in EN 13001-2:2014, where stiffness class HC and the hoist drive class HD
are specified for the crane;

b) using analytic modelling, where the crane and trolley structures, hoisting mechanism and the hoist
drive system are taken into account. Design value of the hoisting speed shall be selected in

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accordance with the HD class (EN 13001-2:2014) for each relevant load combination. Annex C gives
an analytic solution for a particular type of bridge crane to determine the factor ϕ2 and can be used
where applicable;

c) measuring of the hoist rope force. Hoisting shall be assumed to commence from a rope tightness
condition at a maximum hoisting speed, which can be attained by taking into account the
characteristics of the hoist drive system.

5.2.1.3.3 Load caused by travelling on uneven surfaces

The dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, with or without hoist load, on roadway or on rail tracks
shall be considered by the specific factor ϕ 4.
For continuous rail tracks or welded rail tracks with finished ground joints without notches (steps or
gaps) the specific factor ϕ 4 = 1.
For roadways or rail tracks with notches (steps or gaps) the specific factor ϕ4 shall be calculated in
accordance with EN 13001-2:2014. For rubber tyred cranes the flexibility of the tyre shall be taken into
account.
The factor ϕ4 for steps may be set equal to 1,0, separately in any of the following cases:
— the step is 1 mm or less and the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane, including the
masses of the trolley and the hoist load, is 4 Hz or less;

— the wheel subject to the step is arranged in a hinged, multi-wheel bogie system;

— rubber tyred cranes.

The factor ϕ4 for gaps may be set equal to 1,0, separately in any of the following cases:
— the gap is 5 mm or less and the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane, including the
masses of the trolley and the hoist load, is 8 Hz or less;

— the wheel subject to the gap is arranged in a hinged, multi-wheel bogie system;

— rubber tyred cranes.

Where the factor ϕ4 is set to 1,0 both for steps and for gaps, the corresponding load combination of
EN 13001-2:2014 may be omitted.
5.2.1.3.4 Loads caused by acceleration of drives

For crane drive motions, the change in load effect, ΔS, caused by acceleration or deceleration is presented
by the following equation:
∆S S
=
(f ) − S (i) (1)

where
S(f) is the final load effect;
S(i) is the initial load effect.

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The change in load effects, ΔS, is caused by the change of drive force, ΔF, given by the equation:
∆F F f − F i
= (2)
( ) ()
where
F(f) is the final drive force; and
F(i) is the initial drive force.
Loads induced in a crane by acceleration or deceleration caused by drive forces may be calculated using
rigid body kinetic models. The load effect S shall be applied to the components exposed to the drive forces
and where applicable to the crane and the hoist load as well. As a rigid body analysis does not directly
reflect elastic effects, the load effect S shall be calculated by using a dynamic factor ϕ5 defined in
EN 13001-2:2014 as follows:
S= S
( i ) + φ5 × a × m (3)

and
φ=
5 φp × φ A (4)

where
S(i) is the initial load effect caused by F(i);
ϕA is the amplification factor;
ϕp is the factor for effect of sequential positioning movements;
a is the acceleration or deceleration value;
m is the mass for which a applies.
The factor ϕA shall be taken from Tables 3 and 4 unless more accurate factors are available from elastic
model calculations or measurements. The factor ϕp shall be taken from Table 5.
Where the force S is limited by friction or by the nature of the drive mechanism, this frictional force shall
be used instead of calculated force S.
Table 3 — Factor ϕA for travel, traverse and slewing mechanism

Factor ϕA

Drive type Dead weight of moved masses Weight of

freely
Typical Considerable suspended
backlash for backlash, e.g. load
gearbox open gears
Stepless speed control (e.g. frequency control) 1,2 1,5 2,0

Multi step speed control (e.g. slip ring motor with 2,0
1,6 2,0
rotor resistors)
Two step speed control (e.g. pole changeable 2,0
1,8 2,2
squirrel cage motor with creep speed)
Single speed control (e.g. squirrel cage motor 2,0
2,0 2,4
without creep speed)

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Table 4 — Factor ϕA for hoist mechanism

Factor ϕA Factor ϕA
Drive type
lifting lowering
Stepless speed control 1,05 1,10

Multi step speed control 1,15 1,20

Two step speed control 1,20 1,35
Single speed control 1,20 1,30

Factors in Tables 3 and 4 take account for switching on/off the speed and speed change.
Table 5 — Factor ϕP

Class of load positioning

in accordance with ϕP
EN 13001-1:2015
P0 and P1 1,0
P2 1,15
P3 1,3
For freely suspended load the factor
ϕP is set to 1,0.

Positioning movements may increase the total load effects, when made in non-optimal manner. This is
taken into account by factor ϕP dependent upon the class P. Guidance for determining the class P is given
in Annex B.
5.2.1.4 Loads caused by skewing

5.2.1.4.1 General

Skewing forces for top running cranes and trolleys shall be calculated in accordance with 5.2.1.4.2 to
5.2.1.4.4. More guidance and examples are given in Annex D, which provides a simplified method for
calculating the forces generated when considering both RIGID and FLEXIBLE crane structures. Skewing
forces for underhung cranes shall be calculated in accordance with 5.2.1.4.5.
In general, the skewing forces shall be addressed to load combination B. Where the crane is provided
with continuously active anti-skew devices, the forces, without the benefit of anti-skew devices (e.g.
failure of the device), shall be addressed to load combination C.
Where two bridge cranes are linked by articulated connection beams, they should be considered as a
single bridge crane.
NOTE 1 The method given in EN 13001-2:2014 is applicable to rigid structures. Cranes can possess both rigid
and flexible characteristics; therefore, a more general method is required as given here. With this method also
flexible structures, uneven number of wheels, unequally distributed wheel loads as well as different types of guide
means and anti-skewing devices can be considered.

NOTE 2 Forces arising from skewing are generated when the resultant direction of rolling movement of the
travelling crane no longer coincides with the direction of the runway rail, and when the front positive guiding means
come into contact with the rail. This is caused by tolerances and inaccuracies, which arise in the manufacture of the
crane (bores of track wheels) and that of the runway's rail (bends, kinks). The values and distribution of these forces
depend chiefly upon the clearances between the runway rail and the wheel flanges or guide rollers and the latter's

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location, also on the number, arrangement, bearing arrangement and rotational speed synchronisation of the track
wheels and structural flexibility.

The use of anti-skew devices with travel motions reduces the guiding forces between the rail and guiding
means. It also reduces the lateral slip forces of the wheels, but some lateral slip remains due to wheel
alignment tolerances and lateral deformations of structures, which effect should be considered.
5.2.1.4.2 Skew angle

The skew angle shall be calculated as follows in Figure 1:

Figure 1 — Parameters of skew angle

The total skew angle to be considered in design is

α =α g + α w + α t

where
α is the skew angle to be considered in design;
αg is the skew component sg/wb;
αw is the component due to wear - rail and wheel flange/guide roller;
αt is the component due to alignment tolerances of rail/wheel.
The values for skew angles shall be determined in accordance with Table 6.

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Table 6 — Skew angle computation

Skew Skew angle resulting from Flanged wheels Guide rollers

component

4
α g = s g min / Wb when s g ≤ s g min
3
αg Track clearance
4
α g 0, 75 × s g / Wb when s g >
= s
3 g min

Crane travelling; Recommended minimum

sgmin = 10 mm sgmin = 5 mm
track clearances
Trolley traversing; Recommended
sgmin = 4 mm sgmin = 2 mm
minimum track clearances
Tolerances (wheel alignment and
αt α t = 0, 001 rad
straightness of the rail)

αw Wear of wheel flanges/rollers and rails α

= w 0, 10 × bh / Wb α
= w 0, 03 × bh / Wb

The skew angle shall be α ≤ 0,015 rad to achieve good travel behaviour of the crane or the trolley.
NOTE For larger track clearances the skew angle is reduced to 75 % because cranes and their trolleys use the
full track clearance only rarely. Usually only the forward guide means is in contact with the rail.

5.2.1.4.3 Friction slip relationship

The following simplified empirical relationship shall be used to calculate the friction coefficient for
longitudinal and lateral slip:

( ×σ
µ f µ 0 1 − e −250   
= ) (5)

where
μf is the slip coefficient;
μ0 is the friction factor. In the absence of an
experimentally determined value, the following shall
be used:
μ0 = 0,3 for steel wheels on cleaned rails;
μ0 = 0,2 for steel wheels on non-cleaned rails in usual
environment;
μ0 = 0,2 for wheels made of spheroidal cast iron in all
conditions;
e is the base of natural logarithms, 2,718;
σ is the slip factor.
The slip factor is the ratio of the slip distance – transverse and/or longitudinal – to the corresponding
travel distance. For the transverse slip the slip factor is equal to the instantaneous total skewing angle (α
or α+Δα). See D.3.2.

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5.2.1.4.4 Selection of calculation methods

Either of two simplified calculation methods shall be used: either a RIGID or FLEXIBLE method. The RIGID
method assumes the structures of the crane and the runway to be rigid. The FLEXIBLE method assumes
the structure to be flexible. In cases of doubt the FLEXIBLE method should be utilized.
Calculation models to be adopted relative to the crane/trolley structural configuration are listed within
Table 7.
Table 7 — Calculation models of bridge and gantry cranes

Type Structural configuration Applicable method for calculation of

loads due to skewing:
Method RIGID

A
Bridge crane, trolley. Even, horizontal, almost stiff.
Guide means on one or both end carriages.
Each end carriage shall be calculated
separately with the method RIGID.
Concerning the skewing forces the
crane divides into two almost
independent, individually guided
carriages.

Crane with articulation, respectively crane with

flexible support (● = articulation about an axis
parallel with crane track).
Guide means on both end carriages.
Method RIGID.

Crane without articulation.

Guide means on both end carriages.

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Type Structural configuration Applicable method for calculation of

loads due to skewing:
The method depends on the flexibility of
the structure.
The decision is made by the result of the
method RIGID.
Procedure:
Crane without articulation. a) Calculate the skewing forces with the
Guide means on only one end carriage. method RIGID;

D b) Supply a fixed support for the end carriage with guide means. Supply a floating support for
the unguided end carriage (see Figure D.2c)). Apply the forces calculated with method RIGID to
the floating end carriage. The originally parallel end carriages receive an angle position ∆α to
each other. Calculate µ f (α + ∆α ) in accordance with 5.2.1.4.3;

c) If µ f (α + ∆α ) / µ f (α ) > 1, 15 then the skewing forces shall be calculated with the method
FLEXIBLE. Otherwise the calculation with the method RIGID is sufficient. E.g.:

µ f (α + ∆α ) = µ 0  1 − e

(
× α + ∆α
−250    )  and µ =

 f (α ) µ 0 (1 − e −250 ∝
).
5.2.1.4.5 Skewing forces for underhung cranes

The skewing forces of the underhung cranes, having rigid structure and running on the bottom flanges of
rigidly fixed runway beams, shall be calculated with the same principles as the top running cranes. See
D.2. However, the guiding force Fy may be divided on two wheel flanges of a leading bogie. The minor
lateral forces of the trailing bogies may be ignored. Figure 2 represents an example of the structures and
one possible set of the most critical skewing force combinations.
For configurations where either a runway beam (or both of them) or the bogies on one of the runways,
can float laterally, the lateral forces Fy1 and Fy2 are balanced by separate guiding forces Fy on both leading
bogies. In these cases the guiding forces 1/2 Fy shall be taken conventionally as 20 % of the maximum
static vertical force Fz of the wheel. Fy1 and Fy2, frictional forces are then 10 % of the vertical wheel force
of each wheel. The guiding forces, Fy, and frictional forces, Fy1 and Fy2, balance each other separately on
both runways, forming internal force systems within the bogies (element b) in Figure 2), and also local
internal force systems within the bottom runway flanges. These forces balanced locally do not impose
external forces on the crane structure.

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Key
1 bottom flange and cut web of runway beam No. 1
2 bottom flange and cut web of runway beam No. 2
3 crane girder; end carriage beams under the runways not shown
4 hoist trolley with load
5 4-wheel bogies at each corner of the crane
Fy1 transverse frictional skewing forces applied between the wheels and the top surface of the bottom flange
of the runway 1
Fy2 transverse frictional skewing forces applied between the wheels and the top surface of the bottom flange
of the runway 2
Fy guiding force applied to the wheel flanges of the guiding bogie
Fy, min minimum transverse forces to be also considered in bogie design as shown in element b)
Fz maximum wheel force in vertical direction

Figure 2 — Skewing forces of underhung crane

Besides the skewing, the lateral forces on the bogies of the underhung cranes are created also by
acceleration of the crane loaded asymmetrically and by acceleration of the hoist trolley and load. These
forces shall be considered in accordance with 5.2.1.3.4.
5.2.1.5 Overload condition

The maximum force, which effects on the crane, when a lifting force limiter operates, shall be calculated
and taken into account in the relevant load combination of EN 13001-2:2014.
5.2.1.6 Test loads

The overload test loads to be taken into account in calculation shall be in accordance with 6.3.2.
5.2.1.7 Design basis for multi-point lifting in cases where the lifting forces are not equalized

For cranes, which are equipped with two or more lifting points for lifting a single load, e.g. container
lifting frame, the loading on an individual lifting point will depend upon the position of the load centre of
gravity with respect to the lifting points. Location of centres of gravities with relevant loads shall be
specified in the technical file and in the operating instructions.
In force calculations both the case of a mid-air load suspension and that of a load being grounded, possibly
in an inclined position or on an inclined plane, shall be considered. The forces from the latter case

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(inclined grounding) shall be addressed to one of the load combinations A, B or C based upon its
frequency of occurrence.
The proof of static strength for the lifting points shall be based upon the maximum force resulting from
the hoist load and maximum load eccentricity. The maximum force possible in each lifting point shall be
considered as a regular load in all relevant load combinations A, B and C in accordance with
EN 13001-2:2014. Due consideration shall be given to the effect of horizontal load actions on the forces
in the lifting points.
The proof of fatigue strength shall take into account the whole range of centre of gravity locations, the
frequency of occurrence of these locations and distribution of load values. The resulting fatigue loading
shall be expressed by a series of forces on the lifting points and their respective frequencies of occurrence.
Horizontal load actions and inclined grounding shall be considered in case they appear in load
combination A.
5.2.2 Limit states and proof of competence

5.2.2.1 Limit states and proof of competence of structural members

The limit states and proof of competence of structural members and connections shall be in accordance
with EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018.
5.2.2.2 Limit states of mechanical components

Proof of competence of ropes in rope drives shall be in accordance with EN 13001-3-2:2014.

Proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts shall be in accordance with EN 13001-3-3:2014.
Proof of competence of bearings shall be in accordance with EN 13001-3-4:2018.
Proof of competence of hooks shall be in accordance with EN 13001-3-5:2016.
Proof of competence of hydraulic cylinders shall be in accordance with EN 13001-3-6:2018.
For other components, the load effects and required life (number of cycles) shall be derived from the
service and load conditions specified in 5.2.1 and they shall not exceed the limit states specified by the
component manufacturer.
5.2.2.3 Local stresses from wheel loads

Trolley wheels generally transmit vertical and horizontal wheel loads. The effects of these wheel loads
on the supporting structure shall be taken into account in combination with global stresses.
Distribution of wheel loads of a crane or a trolley shall not be considered equalised unless equalising is
ensured by appropriate arrangements (e.g. pinned bogies, balancers, flexibility of structures).
Stresses in the web under the rail, resulting from vertical wheel loads, shall be calculated in conformance
with EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018. When passing over girder cuts (e.g. from main girder to cantilever),
the effective distribution length is halved, which shall be taken into account in the calculation.
Annex E presents one method to determine the stresses in the case of cranes with the trolley travelling
on the lower flange of the girder.
The local stress due to the wheel load shall be combined with the global normal and shear stresses for
the determination of the equivalent stress in accordance with the principles given in
EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018.
For fatigue assessment in accordance with EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018:
— the total number of wheel overruns at the mostly loaded position shall be taken into account;

— For top-running trolleys, where the weld joint of flange/web is subjected only to transverse
compressive stresses, the weld may be regarded as a fail-safe component, when selecting the specific
resistant factor γmf;

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— For under hung hoists travelling on the bottom flange of a girder, the weld shall be regarded as a non
fail-safe component, when selecting the specific resistant factor γmf.

5.2.2.4 Proof of strength of lifting points

Lifting points (holes and lugs) used for erection and maintenance purposes shall be calculated in
accordance with EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018, taking into account the following:
— the proof of fatigue strength may be omitted;

— in the proof of static strength, a partial safety factor equal to 1,34 on the lifting force and a load factor
of 1,5 shall be taken. This load factor covers the dynamic effect during hoisting and inaccuracies in
the dead weight estimates;

— a misalignment of 5 degrees between the plane of a lifting lug and the direction of the lifting force
shall be assumed;

— in the joint of a lug to the main structure, the proof for combined stresses, those in the lug with the
simultaneous stresses in the main structure, shall be done in accordance with
EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018;

— the strength of the main structure at the connection to a lug shall be proven for the same force as the
lug.

Lifting points influence as notch cases to the fatigue of the main structure. This shall be taken into account
in the proof of fatigue strength of the main structures in regular load cases.
5.2.2.5 Elastic deflection

The elastic deflections of the crane structure shall not have a detrimental influence on the function of the
crane. Guidance is given in ISO 22986.
The design value of the elastic deflection shall be provided, see 7.3.2.
5.2.2.6 Vibration frequencies of crane structures

Recommended natural frequencies of structural vibrations are given in ISO 22986. Where frequencies
are lower, consideration shall be given to the effect of additional fatigue on the structure and to load
control. Consideration shall also be given to minimize the amplitude and duration of vibrations e.g. by
using stepless controls.
For gantry cranes the frequency of horizontal vibrations induced by and in the direction of a regular
movement, should be not less than 0,5 Hz. Lower frequencies could be justified, where those do not have
influence on general usability or load positioning accuracy of the crane.
NOTE See also 5.6.1 concerning cabins.

5.2.3 Stability

5.2.3.1 General requirements

A crane is considered to be stable, when the overturning moment calculated with specified loads and
factors is smaller than the stabilizing moment about any tipping axis.
The partial safety factors for the proof of stability of the crane shall be taken from EN 13001-2:2014.

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5.2.3.2 Design of tie-downs

Where the stability of the crane does not conform to 5.2.3.1 in out-of service wind conditions, it shall be
equipped with tie-downs. The tie-downs shall be designed with the partial load factors in accordance
with the EN 13001-2:2014.
The additional risk coefficient factors for design of tie-downs and their fastening points shall be taken as
follows:
― for steel sections γn = 1,20;
― for wire ropes and chains γn = 1,60.
5.2.3.3 Stability of rubber tyred gantry crane (RTG)

Rubber tyred gantry cranes shall remain stable when they experience an immediate tyre deflation whilst
travelling at maximum operational speed down a maximum incline in both the loaded and unloaded
conditions.

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