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    00PotFieldSlide PPT Pages 2

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    00PotFieldSlide PPT Pages 2

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    00PotFieldSlide PPT Pages 2

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    of 1

    Example 10.1 (ii) 10.1.

    2 Gauge Transformations
    Since the volume charge density and current density are We have succeeded in reducing six components (E and B)
    both zero, where are the electric and magnetic fields from? down to four (V and A). However, V and A are not uniquely
    ρ = 0 and J = 0 determined.
    We are free to impose extra conditions on V and A, as long
    They might originate from surface charge or surface current. as nothing happens to E and B.
    ∂ µk
    E=− (∇ ⋅ A) = − 0 (ct − | x |)zˆ Suppose we have two sets of potential (V, A) and (V’, A’),
    ∂t 2
    µ0 k ∂ µk which correspond to the same electric and magnetic fields.
    B = ∇× A = − (ct − | x |) 2 yˆ = ± 0 (ct − | x |)yˆ
    4c ∂x 2c A′ = A + α and V ′ = V + β
    B = ∇ × A = ∇ × A′ ⇒ ∇ × α = 0 ⇒ α = ∇λ
    ∂A′ ∂A  ∂α 
    E = −∇V ′ − = −∇V − −  ∇β + 
    ∂t ∂t  ∂t  ∂λ
    K = nˆ × (H + − H − ) ⇒ (β + ) = k (t )
    There is a surface current K in the yz plane. ∂λ ∂t
    1 µ0 k ⇒ ∇( β + ) = 0
    How do we know? = nˆ × ctyˆ =5ktzˆ ∂t 6
    µ0 c

    Gauge Transformations 10.1.3 Coulomb Gauge and Lorentz Gauge


    There are many famous gauges in the literature. We will
    α = ∇λ = ∇λ ′  A ′ = A + ∇λ
     show the two most popular ones.
    ∂λ ∂λ ′ ⇒ ∂λ
    β = − + k (t ) = − ∂
     V ′ = V − ∂t
    1
    ∂t ∂t ∇ 2V + (∇ ⋅ A) = − ρ
    ∂t ε0
     2 ∂ A
    2
     ∂V 
    Conclusion: For any scalar function λ, we can with impunity  ∇ A − µ0ε 0 2  − ∇  ∇ ⋅ A + µ0ε 0  = − µ0 J
    add ∇λ to A, provided we simultaneously subtract ∂λ/∂t to V.  ∂t   ∂t 
    The Coulomb Gauge: ∇ ⋅ A = 0
    Such changes in V and A do not affect E and B, and are
    1
    called gauge transformation. ∇ 2V = − ρ (Poisson's equation)
    ε0
    We have the freedom to choose V and A provided E and B 1 ρ (r′, t )
    do not affect --- gauge freedom.
    V (r, t ) =
    4πε 0 ∫ r
    dτ ′ (setting V =0 at infinity)

    V instantaneously reflects all changes in ρ. Really?


    ∂A
    7
    E = −∇V − unlike electrostatic case. 8
    ∂t

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