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    00PotFieldSlide PPT Pages 4

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    00PotFieldSlide PPT Pages 4

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    Retarded Potentials

    Retarded Potentials
    Satisfy the Lorentz Gauge Condition
    In the nonstatic case, it is not the status of the source right Show that the retarded scalar potentials satisfy the Lorentz
    now that matters, but rather its condition at some earlier time gauge condition.
    tr when the “message” left. 1 ρ (r′, tr ) ∂ 2V 1
    V (r, t ) = ∫ τ ′ ∇ − µ ε =− ρ
    2
    r d V
    tr ≡ t − (called the retarded time) 4πε 0 r
    0 0
    ∂t 2
    ε0
    c
    Sol: 1  ρ (r′, tr )  1 r (∇ρ ) − ρ (∇r )
    ∫ ∇  ∫
    Retarded potentials: ∇V =  dτ ′ = dτ ′
    1 ρ (r′, tr ) 4πε 0 r  4πε 0 r2
    V (r, t ) =
    4πε 0 ∫ r
    dτ ′ Argument: The light we see now
    left each star at the retarded time  f  g ∇f − f ∇ g
    µ J (r′, tr ) corresponding to that start’s Using quotient rule: ∇   =
    A(r, t ) = 0 ∫ dτ ′ distance from the earth. g g2
    4π r
    ∂ρ −1
    ∇ρ = ∇ρ (r′, tr ) = ∇tr = ρ ∇r ∇r = rˆ
    This heuristic argument sounds reasonable, but is it ∂tr c
    correct? Yes, we will prove it soon. −1 ρ rˆ ρ rˆ
    13
    ∇V = ∫ [
    4πε 0 cr r 2
    + ]dτ ′
    14

    Retarded Potentials Retarded Potentials


    Satisfy the Lorentz Gauge Condition (ii) Satisfy the Lorentz Gauge Condition (iii)
    −1 ρ rˆ ρ rˆ −1 ρ ρ (r, t )
    ∇ ⋅∇V = ∇ 2V =
    4πε 0 ∫ ∇ ⋅[ +
    cr r 2
    ]dτ ′ ∇ 2V = ∫
    1 1
    [− 2 ρ + 4πρδ 3 (r )]dτ ′ = 2 ∫ dτ ′ −
    4πε 0 c c 4πε 0 ε0
    ρ rˆ ρ rˆ
    1 rˆ rˆ
    ∇ ⋅[ +] = ∇ ⋅ ( ρ ) + ∇ ⋅ ( ρ 2 )
    2 ρ 1 ∂2 ρ ∂2 ρ ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
    cr r c
    1 rˆ
    r
    rˆ
    r
    rˆ rˆ ∫ 4πε 0 dτ ′ = ∫ 4πε 0 ∂tr2 dτ ′ =
    ∂tr2 ∫ 4πε 0
    dτ ′ =
    ∂tr2
    = 2
    ∂t
    = [ ⋅∇ρ + ρ∇ ⋅ ] + [ 2 ⋅∇ρ + ρ∇ ⋅ 2 ]
    c r r r r
    ∂ρ −1 ρ − ρ 1 ∂ 2V ρ (r, t )
    ∇ρ = ∇ρ (r′, tr ) = ∇tr = ρ ∇r = − rˆ and ∇ρ = rˆ ∇ 2V = −
    ∂tr c c c c 2 ∂t 2 ε0
    rˆ 1 rˆ ∂ 2V 1 1 ∂V2
    ρ (r, t )
    ∇ ⋅ = 2 and ∇ ⋅ 2 = 4πδ 3 (r ) ∇ 2V − µ0ε 0 2 = − ρ ∇ 2V − 2 2 = −
    r r r ∂t ε0 c ∂t ε0
    ρ rˆ ρ rˆ 1 ρ ρ 1 ρ
    ∇ ⋅[ + 2 ] = [− + 2 ] + [− 2 + 4πρδ 3 (r )]
    cr r c cr r r c
    1
    = − 2 ρ + 4πρδ (r )
    3 15 16
    c

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