Major Quiz 1 solution

Ques. 1. Consider a discrete-time signal

(
n, 0 ≤ n ≤ 10
x[n] =
0, otherwise

If y[n] = x[n] ∗ δ[n], i.e., the convolution of x[n] with δ(n), Evaluate y[4].

Soln. 1. Convolution of any signal x[n] with the unit impulse δ[n] is the signal itself:

y[n] = x[n] ∗ δ[n] = x[n]

To find y[4], we evaluate x[4], i.e.,

y[4] = x[4] = 4

Ques. 2. If discrete-time signal x[n] = sin(π 2 n), is periodic, find the period.

Soln. 2. For a discrete-time signal to be periodic, there must exist a positive integer N such that:

x[n + N ] = x[n] for all n

In other words, the signal is periodic if:

sin(π 2 (n + N )) = sin(π 2 n)

Using the periodic property of the sine function:

sin(θ + 2π) = sin(θ)

Thus, for sin(π 2 (n + N )) = sin(π 2 n), we require:

π 2 N = 2πk for some integer k

2k
N=
π

Since π is an irrational number, there is no integer N that satisfies this equation. It means
the signal x[n] = sin(π 2 n) is not periodic and no fundamental period exists for this signal.

Z ∞
Ques. 3. Find the value of e−t δ(2t − 2)dt, where δ(t) is the Dirac delta function.
−∞

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Soln. 3. Method 1: Using change of variables and shifting property -

Z ∞
I= e−t δ(2t − 2) dt,
−∞

where δ(t) is the Dirac delta function.

Step 1: Change of variables - By substituting u = 2t
u du
t= , dt = .
2 2

Substituting these into the original integral, we get:

Z ∞
u du
I= e− 2 δ(u − 2) · .
−∞ 2

Step 2: Apply the shifting property of the delta function, which states that:
Z ∞
f (u)δ(u − a) du = f (a).
−∞

u
In our case,f (u) = e− 2 and the delta function δ(u − 2) shifts the evaluation to u = 2.
Therefore, using the shifting property, we get:
1 −2 1 1
I= · e 2 = · e−1 = .
2 2 2e

Method 2: Using scaling and shifting property - Since δ(2t − 2) = 21 δ(t − 1), the
integral can be written as
Z ∞
1 1 1
e−t δ(t − 1)dt = e−1 = .
−∞ 2 2 2e

Ques. 4. The sequence x[n] = 0.5n u[n], where u[n] is the unit step sequence, y[n] = x[n] ∗ x[n],
∞
X
i.e. x[n] is convolved with itself to obtain y[n]. Find y[n].
n=−∞

Soln. 4. Method 1: Given the sequence x[n] = 0.5n u[n], where u[n] is the unit step function,
we want to compute y[n] = x[n] ∗ x[n], i.e. x[n] is convolved with itself to obtain y[n].
Sum of x[n]: The sequence x[n] = 0.5n u[n] is nonzero only for n ≥ 0, so:
∞
X ∞
X
x[n] = 0.5n
n=−∞ n=0

2
This is a geometric series with the first term a = 1 and common ratio r = 0.5. The sum of
this series is:
∞
X 1
0.5n = =2
n=0
1 − 0.5

Now
∞
X
y[n] = (x[n] ∗ x[n]) = x[k]x[n − k]
k=−∞

To find ∞
P
n=−∞ y[n], we use that the sum of the convolution of two sequences is equal to the
product of the sums of the individual sequences:
∞ ∞
! ∞
!
X X X
y[n] = x[n] × x[n] = 2 × 2 = 4
n=−∞ n=−∞ n=−∞

Method 2: The sequence x[n] = 0.5n u[n] is defined by the unit step sequence u[n], which
is 1 for n ≥ 0 and 0 for n < 0. Therefore, the sequence x[n] is given by:
(
0.5n for n ≥ 0
x[n] =
0 for n < 0

We need to find y[n] = x[n]∗x[n], which is the convolution of x[n] with itself. The convolution
of two sequences x[n] and x[n] is defined as:
∞
X
y[n] = (x[n] ∗ x[n]) = x[k]x[n − k]
k=−∞

Since x[n] = 0.5n u[n], the convolution becomes:

n
X
y[n] = 0.5k 0.5n−k
k=0

Simplifying the expression:

(
0.5n nk=0 1 = 0.5n (n + 1), n ≥ 0
P
y[n] =
0, n<0
P∞
Next, we are asked to compute the sum n=−∞ y[n]. Since y[n] = 0 for n < 0, the summation
simplifies to:

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 ∞
X ∞
X
y[n] = 0.5n (n + 1)
n=0 n=0

This sum can be split into two parts:

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
n n
0.5 (n + 1) = 0.5 n + 0.5n
n=0 n=0 n=0
P∞
Part 1: n=0 0.5n n
This is a standard sum and can be computed using the formula for the sum of nrn :

∞
X r
nrn = , for |r| < 1
n=0
(1 − r)2

Substituting r = 0.5:

∞
X 0.5 0.5
0.5n n = 2
= =2
n=0
(1 − 0.5) 0.25
P∞
Part 2: n=0 0.5n
This is a standard geometric series with sum:

∞
X 1
rn = , for |r| < 1
n=0
1−r

Substituting r = 0.5:

∞
X 1
0.5n = =2
n=0
1 − 0.5

Final Sum: Now, adding the two parts:

∞
X
0.5n (n + 1) = 2 + 2 = 4
n=0
P∞
Thus, the value of n=−∞ y[n] is 4 .

Ques. 5. If the response of an LTI system to a unit step response is 1 − e−αt , Evaluate impulse
response.

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Soln. 5. Impulse response h(t) is the derivative of the step response s(t). Given that the unit
step response is s(t) = 1 − e−αt , we differentiate it with respect to t and get

d d d
h(t) = (1 − e−αt ) = (1) − (e−αt ),
dt dt dt
= 0 + αe−αt ,
= αe−αt .

Ques. 6. Is the system h(k) = 7(13)k u(−k − 1) − 6(12)k u(k) casual?

Soln. 6. For discrete-time LTI system, the system is causal iff the impulse response h[k] satisfies
h[k] = 0 for all k < 0. Clearly, for the given impulse response, the first term 7(13)k u[−k − 1]
is non-zero when −k−1 ≥ 0 =⇒ k ≤ −1, while the second term 6(12)k u[k] is zero for k < 0.
Hence, the overall impulse response h[k] ̸= 0 for k ≤ −1. Therefore, the system is non-causal.

Ques. 7. For a periodic signal v(t) = 30 sin(100t) + 10 cos(300t) + 6 sin(500t + π4 ), evaluate the
fundamental frequency in rad/s.

Soln.7. To determine the fundamental frequency of the periodic signal

π
v(t) = 30 sin(100t) + 10 cos(300t) + 6 sin(500t + ),
4
we need to consider the angular frequencies present in the signal:

• ω1 = 100 rad/s from sin(100t)

• ω2 = 300 rad/s from cos(300t)
• ω3 = 500 rad/s from sin(500t + π4 )

The fundamental frequency ω0 of the periodic signal is the greatest common divisor (GCD)
of the angular frequencies involved in the signal.

• GCD of 100, 300, and 500 is 100.

Therefore, the fundamental frequency in rad/s of the signal is 100.


1,
 n = 1, 2
Ques. 8. The discrete-time signal x[n] is given as x[n] = −1, n = −1, −2 Evaluate

0, n = 0 and |n| > 2

y[n] = x[n + 3].

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Soln. 8. The signal x[n] can be represented as
x[n] = {−1, −1, 0, 1, 1}
↑

Therefore, y[n] = x[n + 3] = {−1, −1, 0, 1, 1, 0}, i.e., right shift by 3 units, which implies
↑

−1, n = −5, −4,

y[n] = 1, n = −2, −1,

0, n = −3, n < −5 and n > −1


Z ∞
Ques 9: Evaluate δ(t − π/6)6 sin (t)dt.
−∞

Soln. 9. From the sifting property of δ(t), we have

Z ∞
x(t)δ(t − t0 )dt = x(t0 )
−∞
Z ∞
Comparing with δ(t − π/6)6 sin (t)dt, we see t0 = π/6 and x(t) = 6 sin (t) such that
−∞
Z ∞ π  1
δ(t − π/6)6 sin (t)dt = x(t0 ) = 6 sin =6× =3
−∞ 6 2

Ques. 10. Consider a discrete-time LTI system described by the following difference equation
y[n] − 2y[n − 1] + y[n − 2] = x[n] − x[n − 1]
Given y[n] = 0 for n < 0 and input x[n] = δ[n], find y[2] =
Soln. 10. We are given
y[n] = x[n] − x[n − 1] + 2y[n − 1] − y[n − 2]
y[n] = 0 for n < 0
(
1, n = 0
x[n] = δ[n] =
0, n ̸= 0
Substituting n = 0, 1, 2 iteratively in the difference equation, we get
y[0] = x[0] − x[−1] + 2y[−1] − y[−2] = 1 − 0 + 0 − 0 = 1
y[1] = x[1] − x[0] + 2y[0] − y[−1] = 0 − 1 + 2 × 1 − 0 = 1
y[2] = x[2] − x[1] + 2y[1] − y[0] = 0 − 0 + 2 × 1 − 1 = 1

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Ques. 11. Find the even part of x(t) = tejt .
Soln. 11. Method-I (with conjugate): For complex signals, E{x(t)} = (x(t) + x∗ (−t))/2.
Clearly, for x(t) = tejt , we have Given x(t) = tejt = t cos (t) + jt sin (t). Then the even part
of x(t) is
1
xe (t) = [x(t) + x∗ (−t)]
2
1
= [t cos (t) + jt sin (t) + (−t) cos (−t) − j(−t) sin (−t)]
2
1
= [t cos (t) + jt sin (t) − t cos (t) − jt sin (t)] = 0
2
Method-II (without conjugate): The even part of x(t) is
1
xe (t) = [x(t) + x(−t)]
2
1
= [t cos (t) + jt sin (t) + (−t) cos (−t) + j(−t) sin (−t)]
2
1
= [t cos (t) + jt sin (t) − t cos (t) + jt sin (t)] = jt sin (t)
2

Ques. 12. Two sequences x1 [n] and x2 [n] have the same energy. Suppose x1 [n] = α0.5n u[n],
where α is a positive real number and u[n] is the unit step sequence. Assume
(√
1.5 n = 0, 1
x2 [n] =
0 n = otherwise

Evaluate the value of α.

Soln. 12. Two sequences x1 [n] and x2 [n] are with the same energy. We need to find the value of
α such that the energies of both sequences are equal.
The energy of a sequence x[n] is computed as follows:
∞
X
Ex = |x[n]|2 .
n=−∞

The energy of x1 [n] is:

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
2 n 2 2
E x1 = |x1 [n]| = |α(0.5) | = α (0.5)2n .
n=0 n=0 n=0

This is a geometric series with first term 1. The sum of this series is:
∞
X 1 1 4
(0.25)n = = = .
n=0
1 − 0.25 0.75 3

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 Thus, the energy of x1 [n] is:
4
Ex1 = α2 · .
3

The energy of x2 [n] is:

√ √
Ex2 = | 1.5|2 + | 1.5|2 = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3.

Now, we equate the energies since the energies are equal:

Ex2 = Ex1 ,
4
3 = α2 · ,
3

Solving for α2 :
3 9 3
α2 = 3 · = =⇒ α = . (given α > 0)
4 4 2
Thus, the value of α is 32 .

Ques. 13. A cascade of 3 Linear Time Invariant systems is casual and unstable. Which of the
following statements is true?

1. Each system in the cascade is individually casual and unstable.

2. At least one of the three LTI systems is necessarily unstable and least one system is
casual
3. At least one system is casual and all systems are unstable
4. None of the above statements are true.

Soln. 13. 2. At least one of the three LTI systems is necessarily unstable and at least one system
is causal.

Ques. 14. For LTI system with output y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t) with impulse response h(t) and input
x(t). Find output if input is x(t)ejωo t and impulse response is h(t)ejωo t .

Soln. 14. By the definition of convolution integral, we have

Z ∞
y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t) = x(τ )h(t − τ )dτ
−∞

8
 Now, we are given x2 (t) = x(t)ejωo t and h2 (t) = h(t)ejωo t . Hence, the output
Z ∞ Z ∞
y2 (t) = x2 (t) ∗ h2 (t) = x2 (τ )h2 (t − τ )dτ = x(τ )ejωo τ h(t − τ )ejωo (t−τ ) dτ
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
jωo τ jωo t −jω0 τ jω0 t
= x(τ )e h(t − τ )e e dτ = e x(τ )h(t − τ )dτ = ejω0 t y(t)
−∞ −∞

Ques. 15. Let z(t) = x(−t) ∗ x∗ (t), i.e., the convolution of x(−t) and x∗ (t). Evaluate z(0).
R∞ ′
Soln. 15. z(t) = −∞ x(−τ )x∗ (t − τ )dτ . Using change of variables τ = −τ , it is easy to see that
R∞
z(0) = −∞ |x(τ )|2 dτ . By definition, z(0) is therefore the total energy of the signal.