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    Cells and Tissues-1

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    Cells and Tissues-1

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    Cells and Tissues-1

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    A WINDOW TO THE INVISIBLE WORLD

    The human body is a complex and fascinating organism, but it is also very
    small. Many of the structures that make up the body, such as cells and
    tissues, are too small to be seen with the naked eye. This is where the
    microscope comes in.

    Request for the following materials and equipment in the Bio Lab of ce:
    a. Compound microscope
    b. Lens paper and cleaner
    c. Prepared slides
    • Onion root tip (Allium cepa)
    • Squamous epithelium

    ACTIVITY 1: Identifying the Parts of a Microscope

    1. Obtain a microscope and bring it to the laboratory bench. (Use the proper transport technique!)
    Compare your microscope with the gure in your LMS and identify the following microscope
    parts:

    Base: Supports the microscope. Substage light: Located in the base, the light passes
    directly upward through the microscope.

    Stage: The platform the slide rests on while being viewed. The stage has a hole in it to
    permit light to pass through both it and the specimen. The mechanical stage permits
    precise movement of the specimen.

    Condenser: Concentrates the light on the specimen. The condenser has a height
    adjustment knob that raises and lowers the condenser to vary light delivery. Generally, the
    best position for the condenser is close to the inferior surface of the stage.

    Iris diaphragm dial: Dial attached to the condenser that regulates the amount of light
    passing through the condenser. The iris diaphragm permits the best possible contrast
    when viewing the specimen.

    Coarse adjustment knob: Used to focus on the specimen when on 4x or 10x.


    Fine adjustment knob: Used for precise focusing once coarse focusing has been
    completed. Use only this knob when on 40x or 100x.

    Head or body tube: Supports the objective lens system, and the ocular lenses.

    Arm: Vertical portion of the microscope connecting the base and the head.

    MC1 Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory. All rights reserved. ceseran.2324.v1.0


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    Ocular (or eyepiece): There are two lenses at the superior end of the head, through which
    observations are made. An ocular lens has a magni cation of 10x. If your microscope has a
    pointer, it is attached to the right ocular and can be positioned by rotating the ocular lens

    Nosepiece: Has four objective lenses and permits sequential positioning of these lenses
    over the light beam passing through the hole in the stage. Use the nose piece to change
    the objective lenses.

    Objective lenses: Adjustable lens system that permits the use of a scanning lens, a low-
    power lens, a high-power lens, or an oil immersion lens. The objective lenses have different
    magnifying and resolving powers.

    2. Look at the objective lenses carefully. The shortest lens is the scanning lens, and has
    magni cation of 4x. The low power lens is 10x. The high-power objective lens is 40x. The oil
    immersion objective lens is usually the longest of the objective lenses and has a magnifying
    power of 100x. Record the magni cation of each objective lens of your microscope.
    3. Rotate the lowest power objective lens until it clicks into position, and turn the coarse
    adjustment knob about 180 degrees. Notice how far the stage (or objective lens) travels during
    this adjustment. Move the ne adjustment knob 180 degrees, noting again the distance that
    the stage (or objective lens) moves.

    ACTIVITY 2: Viewing the Objects Through the Lens


    1. Clean the ocular and the objective lenses with lens paper slightly moistened with lens cleaner.
    2. Obtain a slide sample. Adjust the condenser to its highest position and switch on the light
    source of your microscope.
    3. Place the slide on the stage (in the slide holder) centered over the light beam passing through
    the stage.
    4. With your lowest power objective lens in position over the stage, use the coarse adjustment
    knob to bring the objective lens and stage as close together as possible.
    5. Look through the ocular lens and adjust the light for comfort using the iris diaphragm. Now use
    the coarse adjustment knob to focus slowly away from the stage until it is as clearly focused as
    possible. Complete the focusing with the ne adjustment knob.
    6. Sketch what you have observed as it appears in the eld (the area you see through the
    microscope).
    7. Most laboratory microscopes are parfocal. This means the slide should be in focus (or nearly
    so) at the higher magni cations once you have properly focused. Without touching the focusing
    knobs, increase the magni cation by rotating the next higher magni cation lens into position
    over the stage. Make sure it clicks into position. Using the ne adjustment only, sharpen the
    focus. Notice the decrease in working distance. On high power or oil immersion, focusing with
    the coarse adjustment knob could drive the objective lens through the slide, breaking the slide
    and possibly damaging the lens. What new details can you observe?

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    ACTIVITY 3: Observing the Basic Cell Structures and Tissues

    Obtain the following prepared slides from the Bio Lab Of ce:
    • 1 Epithelial tissue
    • 3 Connective tissue
    • 2 Muscle tissues
    • 1 Nervous tissue

    Observe the basic cell structures such as the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Compare
    the structures as described in your resource material (Canvas). Draw on a separate sheet and label
    the parts and other distinguishing features. You should be able to identify the tissue and the
    speci c type of cell that comprises the tissue, key features such as basement membrane, matrix,
    cilia, and agella.

    ACTIVITY 4: Observing Mitosis

    Obtain a slide of onion root tip (Allium cepa). Set up the microscope for slide viewing (Activity 2).
    View the slide on the objective which provides the best view of the representative object. In the
    circles below, draw a representative sample of the different stages of mitosis, taking care to
    correctly and clearly draw the shape in the slide. Draw your structures proportionately to their size
    in your microscope’s eld of view.

    Prophase Anaphase

    Metaphase Telophase

    Access your Canvas for your learning reinforcement.

    MC1 Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory. All rights reserved. ceseran.2324.v1.0


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