GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT OF:: GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM.

STUDENT NAME : FIRAOL TAFESA

ID Number: 0309

1 how can GIS be utilized to enhance hydrological modeling for predicating the impact of Land use
changes on Water availability in specific Watershed?

a) by generating maps : GIS can be used to create maps of Watershed boundaries , drainage lines , land
use, soil and slope

b) integrating models : GIS can be used to integrate models such as a hydrologic models and a land use
forecasting model, to predict the potential hydrologic impact of Land use policies.

c) Assessing the impact of land use : GIS can be used to assess the impact of Land use changes on
runoff,and to prioritize watersheds based on runoff.

d) Developing development plans: GIS can be used to develop development plans for a Watershed that
are consistent with the terrains production potential and limitations

1) here are some examples of how GIS can be used in hydrological modeling

 Soil and water assessment tool ( SWAT) SWAT model can be used to evaluate surface runoff

 MOLUSCE ; The MOLUSCE plug in for QGIS can be used to analyze and simulate land use changes

 Cellular automate model and MIKE -SHE (MIKE 11 hydrologic model these models can be combined
to assess the impact of potential land use changes on hydrologic process

1.2 discuss the data requirements , modeling techniques and potential limitations ?

 Data requirements ; the different input data required by the models can be precipitation, air,
temperature, observed discharge,wind speed,relative humidity,solar radiation,
evapotranspiration, Land use,land cover, vegetation and soil characteristic, elevation Data snow
cover etc. to obtain outputs such as ground water.

 Modeling techniques: commonly used techniques are regression transfer functions, neural
networks and system identification these models are known as stochastic hydrology models.
  Potential limitations; data models can be inflexible making it difficult to adapt to changing
requirement or data structures, complexity is at models can be complex difcult to understand
which can make it difficult for stakeholders to provide input or collaborate effectively

2 Analyze the implications of different map projections on spatial data representation in GIS?

Because they distort geographical elements like shape, area, distance and direction in different
ways.

a) Conformal projections: preserve angels locally so shapes appear true but area and distances
are distorted

b) Equal area projections; preserve area, but shapes may be distorted

c) Equidistant projections; preserve distance from certain points from certain points or along
certain lines, but not every where

d) Compromise projections; not perfectly correct, but not badly distorted either they are often
used for world maps

2.1 how do various projections affect the accuracy of distance, area and shape ?

Different map projections can affect the accuracy of distance area and shape in different ways

I. Conformal projections: preserve angels and shapes but distorts areas and distance for example
the Mercator projection is a conformal, the Mercator projection is a conformal projection that
preserves angels and shapes but distorts areas and distance especially near the pools

II. Equal area projections: preserve area but distorts shapes

III. Equidistant projection

Preserve distances but only from certain in points or along certain lines on the map for example,
the azimuthal equidistant projection show the distance correctly from the center of the map but
distorts distance between other points

2.2 what consideration should be made when selecting a projection for a specific cartographic
purpose?

the size of the area you are mapping is a usually a major factor in your choice

 Distortion

Many cartographers avoid projections that turn the earth into a rectangle because they can distort
space and mislead the reader's interpretation of the world's shape
 Map properties
the four properties of map projection are area, shape, distance and direction

these properties can be either held true or distorted a poorly chosen projection can lead misinterpreted
information and make a mapless affective when selecting a cartographic projection we should consider
the following

 What you want to show

the most important thing to get across should be the starting point for choosing a
projection,then if you want to show points across a large country

 the size of the area

the size of the area you are mapping is usually a major factor in your choice

 Distortion

Many cartographers avoid projections that turn the earth into rectangle

3 Analyze the implications of using different universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) specifically
UTM zones 38N,37N,36N for mapping and spatial analysis in Ethiopia?

 UTM zone 38N

EPSG: 32638

Area of use; between 36°E and 42°E, Northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N,
onshore and offshore, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Georgia, Islamic
Republic of Iran,Iraq,, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Russian Federation,

Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Turkey, Yemen.

Transform Coordinates (get position on a map)

Area of use Eritrea ( EPSG: 20138 with transformation;1100)

 Area of use; Eritrea, Ethiopia, South sudan: sudan (accuracy 9.0)

 UTM 37N (EPSG:20137 with transformation:1100)

EPSG:32637

Area of use: between 36°E and 42°E, Northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N
onshore and offshore,, Djibouti, Egypt,E, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Georgia,,Iraq, Jordan, Kenya,
Lebanon, Russian, Federation, Saudi Arabian, Somalia, Sudan Syria, Turkey and Ukraine.

Transform Coordinates (get position on a map)

Area of use Eritrea, Ethiopia,South sudan, sudan Transform coordinates get position on
a map

 UTM zone 36N (EPSG;20137 with transformation:1100) area of use Ethiopia

EPSG: 32636

Area of use : between 30°E and 36° E , Northern hemispher between equator and 84°N onshore and
offshore: Belarus, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopian, Finland, Israel, Jordan, Kenya,, Lebanon, Moldova Norway,
Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine

Transform Coordinates ( get position on maps),

south Sudan, Sudan

3.2 discuss how the choice of zone affect Data accuracy particularly in terms of
distance and area calculation?

DEM choice affected stream and catchment delineation more than stream flow simulation Errors were
greatest in forsted and flat catchments

Forst cover affected

  DEM resolution: the resolution of the DEM can impact the estimation of sediment yield

However,the the accuracy of surface runoff of is not usually affected much by the increased
DEM resolution especially in flat watersheds

 Distance between profiles: the distance between profiles can affect the value of the
modeling area and it's detail , for example in one study the accuracy of modeled flooded
area was 5.1,,% for 5m interval between profile , but 10.8% for a 200 m interval

 Climate zone,: The impact of hydrological model structure on on the simulation of external
runoff events can vary depending on the climate zone The magnitude and timing of extreme
runoff events can be significantly affected by different parameter sets.

3.3 provide examples of scenario's that illustrate what would happen if we projected Gambella (UTM
zone 36N) in place of Addis Ababa UTM zone 37)?

 Projectile motion : A teacher can demonstrate projectile motion by tossing a bean bag in front of
white board at different angles, the teacher can take a video of the bean bag being tossed and
replay it in slow motion to compare the trajectories and altitudes

 A projection can be used to create a scenario but scenarios often need additional information,
such as baseline conditions,a set of scenario's can be used to represent the range of uncertainty
in projections

THANK YOU