A Technical Survey on Micro Level Project

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Submitted by
SRINITHI S

Roll No.: 7176 23 03 116

FY BE EEE Sec.2 – 2023- 24 Batch – Semester I

In partial fulfilment of

ELECTRON DEVICES

23 FYP 113

Coimbatore Institute of Technology

Coimbatore

November 2023.
 Table of Contents

S.no. Contents Page.no.

1 Introduction 2

2 Principle 3

3 Block Diagram 4

4 Roles of Each Block in Circuitry 5

5 Important Electronic Component 8

6 Characteristics of Important Component 9

7 Advantages of the Module 10

8 Limitations of the Module 11

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Introduction

 Survey Report on the CPU. Welcome to this comprehensive report on the CPU
module! In this exploration, we will delve into the concept and components of this
essential element of computing.
 Our journey begins with an in-depth examination of the block diagram of the
circuitry. This diagram showcases the intricate network of electronic pathways that
enable the CPU module to perform its vital functions.
 We'll unravel the complexities of this diagram, giving you a clear understanding of
how each block contributes to the overall functionality of the module. Next, we'll dive
into the functions and limitations of the CPU module.
 By uncovering its key functions, you'll discover the incredible capabilities that make
this module the powerhouse of computing. Throughout this report, we'll highlight the
important electronic devices and components that make up the CPU module.
 By learning about these essential building blocks, you'll gain a deeper appreciation
for the intricate engineering and design required to create a fully functional CPU
module.
 Finally, we'll discuss the advantages and limitations of this module. By examining its
strengths and weaknesses, you'll be equipped with a well-rounded understanding of
its capabilities and potential applications. Join us on this enlightening journey as we
explore the fascinating world of the CPU module.
 By the end of this report, you'll have a comprehensive understanding of its inner
workings and its significance in the field of computing.

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The Principle or Concept of the Equipment

 The CPU or Central Processing Unit is the brain of a computer system. A CPU is
a hardware that performs data input/output, processing, and storage functions for
a computer system. It is a crucial component that determines the overall
performance and capabilities of a computer.
 A CPU can be installed into a CPU socket, which is generally located on the
motherboard. This socket allows for easy installation and replacement of the
CPU. Once installed, the CPU can perform various data processing operations,
making it an essential part of the computer system.
 The CPU consists of three main components: the Control Unit, the Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU), and the Registers. The Control Unit is responsible for
coordinating and controlling the operations of the CPU. It fetches instructions
from memory and directs the execution of those instructions.
 The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations. It can
perform tasks such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logical
comparisons. The ALU is crucial for carrying out mathematical and logical
operations required by the computer system.
 Registers are small, high-speed memory units within the CPU that store data,
instructions, programs, and intermediate results. They provide quick access to
data and instructions needed for processing. Registers play a vital role in the
overall performance and efficiency of the CPU.

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Block Diagram of the Entire Circuitry of the Module

 The Block Diagram of the CPU module is a schematic representation of the

various interconnected components inside the system. At the center of the block
diagram is the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit, while the input/output
devices and the memory make up the peripheral subsystem.

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 Fig 1: Block Diagram Of CPU

The Roles of Each Block in the Circuitry

Memory or Storage Unit:

Fig 2: Memory unit of CPU

 As the name suggests this unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate
results. The memory unit is responsible for transferring information to other units
of the computer when needed. It is also known as an internal storage unit or the
main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM) as all
these are storage devices.
 Its size affects speed, power, and performance. There are two types of memory in
the computer, which are primary memory and secondary memory. Some main
functions of memory units are listed below:

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 1. Data and instructions are stored in memory units which are required for
processing.
2. It also stores the intermediate results of any calculation or task when they are in
process.
3. The final results of processing are stored in the memory units before these results
are released to an output device for giving the output to the user.
4. All sorts of inputs and outputs are transmitted through the memory unit.

Control Unit:

Fig 3: Control Unit of CPU

As the name suggests, a control unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer
but it does not carry out any data processing operations. For executing already stored
instructions, It instructs the computer by using the electrical signals to instruct the
computer system. It takes instructions from the memory unit and then decodes the
instructions after that it executes those instructions. So, it controls the functioning of the
computer. It’s main task is to maintain the flow of information across the processor.
Some main functions of the control unit are listed below:

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  Controlling of data and transfer of data and instructions is done by the control
unit among other parts of the computer.
 The control unit is responsible for managing all the units of the computer.
 The main task of the control unit is to obtain the instructions or data which is
input from the memory unit, interprets them, and then directs the operation of the
computer according to that.
 The control unit is responsible for communication with Input and output devices
for the transfer of data or results from memory.
 The control unit is not responsible for the processing of data or storing data.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):

Fig 4: ALU of CPU

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical
functions or operations. It consists of two subsections, which are:

 Arithmetic Section
 Logic Section

Now, let us know about these subsections:

Arithmetic Section: By arithmetic operations, we mean operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and division, and all these operation and functions are

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performed by ALU. Also, all the complex operations are done by making repetitive use
of the mentioned operations by ALU.

Logic Section: By Logical operations, we mean operations or functions like selecting,

comparing, matching, and merging the data, and all these are performed by ALU.

Note: CPU may contain more than one ALU and it can be used for maintaining timers
that help run the computer system.

Important Electronic Devices or Components Inside this Module

The CPU module comprises different electronic devices. These devices work together to
perform various functions in a computer system. One of the key electronic components
inside the CPU module is the transistor. Transistors are responsible for amplifying and
switching electrical signals, enabling the CPU to process data effectively. Another
important component is the capacitor, which stores and releases electrical energy to
stabilize the voltage levels within the module. Additionally, resistors are used to control
the flow of current and ensure the proper functioning of the CPU module.

In addition to these components, the CPU module also includes other important elements.
The clock generator, for example, generates precise timing signals that synchronize the
operations of different parts of the CPU. This synchronization is crucial for the proper
execution of instructions. The power supply unit provides the necessary electrical power
to all the components within the module, ensuring their smooth operation. Lastly, the
cache memory, a high-speed memory, stores frequently accessed data to improve overall
system performance.

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 Fig 5: Component of CPU

How that Important Device Function Characteristics of the Device

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer system. It is responsible for
executing instructions and performing calculations. Modern processors have several
characteristics, including:

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  Speed: The clock frequency (MHz or GHz) indicates the speed of the processor.
The higher the clock frequency, the faster the processor can execute instructions.
 Cores: A multicore architecture implies that the processor has multiple separate
processors within the package. The application and OS treat these processors as
similar to multiple processors in separate sockets.
 Cache size/type: Cache is a small amount of memory that is used to store
frequently accessed data. The larger the cache size, the more data can be stored,
and the faster the processor can access it.
 Hyperthreading: Hyperthreading is a technology that allows a single physical
processor to appear as two logical processors to the operating system. This can
improve performance in certain situations.

Advantages of this Module

Fig 6: Faster Processing

The CPU module facilitates faster processing of data and instructions, leading to quicker
output results.

Fig 7: Efficient Use of Resource

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The CPU module utilizes resources in an efficient manner, providing optimal use of
power and reduction of waste.

Fig 8: Increased Productivity

The CPU module enhances the productivity of users, enabling them to complete tasks
faster with greater ease.

Limitations of this Module

Fig 9: Heating for Board

The complex circuitry of CPU modules occasionally leads to overheating, resulting in

system failure. Additional cooling systems may be required to address this issue.

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 Fig 10: Laptop

The processing power of the CPU module limits the amount of data that can be processed
simultaneously, potentially slowing down the system under high-load conditions.

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