To design a

program
Th
Algorithm . Pseudocode Flowchart

② ③

7 -

Algorithm
set of comprehensive step
a
by step instructions to resolve a
problem
-

steps must be performed in correct order

-

Any algorithm consists of 5

major components
:
-

I-start

2 -

Input
3-task

4 - output
5 End

Example 1

* Create an
algorithm to
computed , display gross salary for an
hourly employee

Therefore ; (start , input , task output end (

, ,

1-start
2 -

Input the number of hours (N)

3 Input the (R)
hourly pay rate
-

4-
multiply the number of hours worked by hourly rate

.
5
Display the result of calculation that was performed in Step 4 .

6- End
Example 2

* Create
change the temperature from farenheit to centigrade.
an
algorithm to

c =( ·
F -

32)
Therefore : -

1-start
- enter value of
2
temp .
in Fahrenheit

3- subtract 32

4 -

Multiply the result in .

Step (3) by 5
5 -
divide result in Step (4) by 9 .

6
-
Display the result .
C

. End
7

Since to be its steps must be converted into code !

an
algorithm isn't
yet ready
run
;

&↓
-
eudocodeon Pseudocode Flowchart

informal lang. that has rules and

no
syntax
is not meant to be compiled or executed.
-

each statement in it ;
represents an
operation
that be performed
can in a
computer program!

Example 1

* create a Pseudocode to find sum of 2 numbers

·
we can
easily generate it by using the algorithim created earlier !

Algorithm VS . Pseudocode
> Start > Start .

- enter the two numbers in and M

> Input N

the variables N & M

> Sum them and save the result > S = N + M

in the variable S

> output the results > Displays

> End > End
 -

They arent actual programming languages

cannot be compiled into an executable
program
-

They short term simple english to write code before

-

use or a

it gets converted into a

specific program .

Example
* Write the
algorithm and Pseudocode to find if
any given number is odd/even

Algorithm Pseudocode

. Start
1 . Start
1

.
2 enter value of the number .
2 Input N

the number (-1) to the "

3 raise
. 3 . x =
( 1) N
-

power of the number entered

in Step .
2

4 If
. if display
4 the result of step 3 is 1 then
then . X = 7
,

display the number is even N is even

. If the result of
5 Step 3 is -1 , . If X
5 = 1 then display
then the odd N is odd
display no .
is

Basic template for Pseudocode !

1 . Start

N
.
2
Input
3 .
S =
0

4 .
k = 1
. S
5 =
S + K
6
. If k = N then
display S : End
7 . k = k +1

8 : Go to step 5
 Draw flowchart to computed the gross
a
display salary of
-

an

hourly employee !
·

Algorithm
1 -
Start
2 -

Input the number of hours (N)

3 Input the (R)
hourly pay rate
-

4-
multiply the number of hours worked by hourly rate

.
5
Display the result of calculation that was performed in Step 4 .

6- End

·
Flowchart

Start
↓

sim ↓ all inputs in one step.

gross pay (G) =

NXR

↓
Lisplay
a
J

Fend
Draw a flowchart to find the sum of 2 numbers .

(Using Pseudocode
·
pseudo code · Flowchart

1 start
Nand M
t
2
Input ↓
-

Enter
M
3 5 N
nam/
.
= +

4 .

Display S
↓
. End
5
#ets
N = + M

Display
↓

Send

Try one on your own !

* if have N numbers find the value

you maximum .

Start
↓

But
N
yo numbers when have

Display
I max val .

E
 MATLAB - Basics

Exponential & scientific notation

• When writing extremely large numbers we can use exponential

notation / scientific notation
• Either very large or very small numbers

Predefined constants

- Matlab has several predefined special constants, such as:-

• The constant pi = 3.14

• The symbol Inf = infinity

> A number so large that matlab can't present it exp.
-
5/0 generates the answer “Inf”

• The symbol NaN = not a number

• The symbol eps = the smallest number which when added to

one generates a number greater than it (1)

• Symbols i and j denote an imaginary unit, where i=j= sqrt(-1)

We use i and j to create + represent complex
numbers like:
X= 5 + 8i

* Try not to use the names of special constants as variables!

Complex number operations
Matlab handles complex number algebra automatically
• Exp: the no. C1 =1 -2i is entreated as it is or you can type
C1 = complex (1,-2)

Formatting -

Control how a number appears on the screen

commands

Command Description + example

Built in functions
Matlab has hundred of functions
• To compute sin x where X has a value in radius, you type sin (x)
• To compute cos x, type cos (x)
• Exponential function e^x is computed from exp(x)
• The natural logarithm, Inx, is computed by typing log(x)
• You compute base-l0 logarithm by typing log10(x)
• To inverse sine, or arcsine, is obtained by typing asin(x). It returns
an answer in radians not degrees
• The function asind(x) returns degrees
Arrays

• Matlab is good at handling a collection of numbers called arrays as if

they were single variables.
> An example of an array variable is one that contains numbers 0,4,3,6
in this order.
• We use square brackets to define the variable X to contain this collection
by typing x = [ 0,4,3,6]
• Elements of an array are separated by commas or spaces, but commas
are preferred to improve readability & avoid mistakes
* when the variable has different order of numbers it isn't the same!
• if we were to type an array without the square brackets it would
treat this as separate inputs
• We can add 2 arrays x and y to produce another array z by typing the
single line z =x + y.
• We don't type all the numbers in an array in if they are regularly spaced
instead; we type the first number and the last number with the spacing
in the middle separated by colons
• exp: u= 0: 0.1: 10
• To see a particular array we type the no.in btw brackets after the U for
example u(7)

You can use length to determine how many values are in an array.

Polynomial roots

We can describe a polynomial with an array whose elements are the

polynomials coefficients starting with the highest power
• polynomial roots can be found with the roots (a) function where a is the
polynomials array
• We could've combined the two commands into one single
command roots ([ 1, -7, 40, -39])
Saving and retrieving your workspace variables

• if you want to continue a session at a later time you must use the save
and load commands
• Typing save causes matlab to the workspace variables

• To retrieve the workspace type load, you can then continue your work
session
• To save the workspace variables in another five named filename-mat
type, save filename

Plotting with Matlab

 Script files -

pptX.

>
- A file that contains all commands and it , it will have
by running
performed the the command window
operation you type
same as when in

When
you type its name in the command window it will run .

>
- When Matlab M-file should be used
Saving programs a

e 1 m
g program
.
: - .

* 2 types of on-files

function firs
- cript files (command files

Creating a
script file
:
-

1-select New from file menu = > then select script

.
2 use the Keyboard & Edit menu to create + edit file

3-once done select save from file menu in editor/debugger

4- After its been saved write file name in command window

5-you should see results displayed

Advantages : -

commands
* avoid
typing long lengthy
* Do not script file the that of
give a same name as

a command

to check if the name alr exists type :

-

· exist
(example 1')
= if it shows O then it doesn't exist
I if it shows 1 then it exists
Built-in functions :
they are like building blocks that form the
basis of other Matlab functions

>
-
Debugging
A
process of finding & removing the "bugs" or errors a
program
might have

Errors
may be
:
-

1-
Syntax errors

Styping the
wrong command like putting paranthesis & comma
2- Runtime errors

(incorrect mathematical calculations

The
Symbol % designates a comment
,
this isn't executed by Matlab
· used to document files

the symbol may put anywhere in the line

be
to the right of % gets ignored
anything
·

e
g
.

% This is a comment
3) x = 2+ 3 % so is this
-

to the of %
3) X =
right
5 So its not considered !

Controls Input/output

-disp >
-
short for display (used to
display the value of variables only
-disp(t) >
-
displays variables name as shown in Matlab

disp function also display a

message to the user such
:

can as
-

: -

disp (' predicted speed 1( :

Ans => Speed =

69 ;
 input1 displays text on screen ; awaits for the
-

user

write specifical
to
somthing and then stores it in a variable

input /(please of )
-

X =
enter value X :

# if
you were to type X and press enter

x =
5

-
A string variable is composed of letters (text)

menu >
-
generates menu with choices for user input

* Try writing a script file.

Arrays
one of the its ability to handle collections of items
strengths of Matlab is
-

known as
'Arrays' as one
single entity
.

We also
specify the location of any value
using Cartesian coordinates
-

can

or vectors in X, y , and z directions .

· A rector can
only have one column
,
or
only one row

· to
type a row vector in MATLAB , you just type the elements (e g .
.
1
,
2
, 3)
inside square brackets [7 .

you can either

separate elements by a
space or
using a commo ;

however you are less likely to make errors using commas .

·
For column vector -
:

separate the elements

-

you can
by semicolcons !
-

Alternatively you ,
can also create a now rector then use the

transpose notation (1) ; to covert a row Vector >

- column Vector

or Vice versa.

>
- Row vectors
(horizontally)
(vertically) /
>
-
column vectors

Vectors
·
can
easily be combined to other vectors ; this process is called

"appending"
M=
J

vector 'M' [r , . The

eg-to create a new row we type
vector followed
result will be the combination of elements for r
by
the elements of Vector 'M' .
Waking a new row

the (: ) vector of
· colon operator generates a
large regularly spaced elements

exp :
typingX = m:
g:n

would create vector of values with the

a x
spacinga
-

the first value is m

.

-
the last value is n.

* if m-n is the last value would be n!

an
interger multiple of 9 ;
 if not then
*
; it creates the rector up
to the
greatest integer not

our n-value .

Demonstration :

> X = 0: 2 : 8 -
> m -
n = 0-8 = 8 which is a
multiple of 21
therefore the vector X =
[0 ,
2
,
9, 6
, 8
while if we type this insted

x = 0 : 2: 7 >
-
m-n = 0 -
7 = 7 not a
multiple of 2X

therefore our vector X stops after 6 : X =

50 ,
2 ,
4, 6)
> The increment be
a can
negative
-
.

if thats the case the m-value should be than

greater our n !

exp :
v =
10 : - 2 : 4

line space command creates

linearly spaced row vector
·
a

syntax :
linespace (x1 , X Limit
&
lower limit
no · of
points

·
logspace command creates an of
logarithmically spaced elements
array
Syntax :
logspace (c ,
b ,
n)
Yno of
· prints
no. btw
10d los

An & two-dimensional that

array having rows columns is a
array can be

called a 'matrix'
denoted by bold letters .
usually case

a size of an
array is determined by the no ·
of rows X no · of columns

·
exp .
3x2 >
- 3 rows a 2 colums

* No of rows mentioned first

.
are
always !
-

Indices which are subscripts like (ij) are used to indicate an elements

location with to its column .

respect rows +

> Most direct to create matrix is to the matrix row

way a type by row,

separating each element

by their rows & columns .
exp : A =
(2 ,
4 ,
10 ; 16 3 7] ; creates the following
, ,

A =

[41]
 * When matrix has & the next
a
many elements
you can
press Enter Continue
typing on

finished when bracket (3) .

line ... MATLAB knows
you are
you add the closing

Transpose operation does the following

-

:
-

a =
[ = 55] a =
[ -]
· it swiches the rows & columns

vector into
converts a row a column vector
!
Alternatively type (') to
transpose the and still
-

the same
you can
array get
exact result .

Array Indices

>
-
Array indices arerow
& column numbers of an element in
any given array
to track the

location of elements

exp : the notation v(5) refers to the fifth element in the vector .
V

· A (2 , 3) refers to the element in row 2

,
column 3 in Matrix A .

Can be used to correct entries in without

retyping the entire
array
-

an
array
to of
exp .

change the element in row7 ,

column 3 a matrix D to 6

you type : -
D (1 3)
,
= 6

Array addressing
4 v (i) all and of vector
represents rows columns

& V (2 : 5) "the second

through fifth elements (12) ,
V(3), V(4) , +(5)
2) A ( :, 3) denotes all the elements in the 3rd column of Matrix A .

& A (3 ,: ) /" 1 in the 3rd row of A

.

Empty array

contains elements and is expressed [] .

-

no as

exp .

A(3 : ) =
5) deletes the 3rd row in A.

A ( :, 2 4) 5] : =
"and
through 4th columns in A
 clear used to clear all variables that
is
you specify
-

exp : A - clears A
clear
only before
proceeding with
any more

commands .

The (A) function returns element A if A

max the
algebraically in is a

elements.
Vector having all real

A =
C -
2 + 2i
,
4 + i ,
-

1 -

3i] ;
B =
max(A)

Output
B = 4 . 000 + 1 , 000 :

* if A has one or more complex elements the max , min and sort
, ,

functions act on the abs . values of the element that has the

largest magnitudee.

=
[
expi

max(Al returns the vector [10 -5],

·
 Midterm Review !

Pseudocode P KK24341 K
example Comput
= ...
:

1 .

Start
.
2 Inputn We
*
changed the variable

3 .

SoP1 K to i; since we alr

4 . i =
1 have .
K

5 .
p =
Paki
j

<
6 .

If EU then
displend
i+
7 .#+ i =

easy elp !
8 to 5 will be
go
.

(know it well
difficult
Focus
* on the labwork !!! nothing more

any factorial
Find the value of number
example 2 :

4) =
4x3X2x1 = 24

I I
. Start
1 1 Start
.

.
2 Input N
.
2 N
Input
.
3 S =
1
3 . 5 =

4 .
k
= 1
4 K = N

first
.

5 . 5 = 55k
5 .

S =
SAK
6 .
If k = N then disp (end
:
6 If K =
1 then disp (end)
:

7
.
4 =
k+1
7. k =
k - 1

8 .

go to 5 8 go .
to 5
 No
>
-
explanation
No
* convert from decimal to

something

+ understand.
focus on these !
-> Practice
>
-
coding (Labwork) > start
- with the
>
-
Pseudo code lab work.

> Flow
- Chart
3 understand
(EASY inshallah)MID-
well ! TERM

Application of
Arrays !

Polynomial operations
-

· The function
poly(r) computes the coefficients of the
polynomial
whose roots are
specified by the array r .

the result that contains the

polynomial's coefficient.
is
array
a row

p =

poly([1 .

To add 2 that describe coefficient

polynomials add the
·
their
, arrays