Investigatory Project LDR

INDEX
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. CERTIFICATE
3. Aim
4. Introduction
5. Theory
6. Material required
7. Circuit Diagram
8. Procedure
9. Observations
10. Conclusion
11. References
1
Acknowledgement
Kalyani Central Model School (affiliated to CBSE), Kalyani, Nadia, has
conducted the project session 2024-25, on the topic :
__________________________________________________________________
In this project, those who assist and inspired cordially are the honorable Principal
of our school Mr. and the guide teachers Mr.
Avishek Bhattacharya and Mr Anshuman Biswas. So I must acknowledge them
and also the other teachers our school who lead me to make this work with their
kind and sincere efforts.
I also acknowledge the non-teaching stuff of our school who also help me to
complete this work.
I also remember and acknowledge all my school friends who continuously

help and cooperate with me in this project.
Thanking you.
Signature
2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ______________________________________________
AISSCE Roll No.______________ session______________, student of Kalyani
Central Model School has prepared the project on the
Topic:_____________________________________________________________
______________________
The student has interacted with us during the project work. The student is very
energetic and obedient.
We wish him/her every success in his/her life.
Signature of the Principal
3
Project Topic:
To study the variations in current flowing in a
circuit containing an LDR
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AIM:
The project's goal is to illustrate the fundamentals of

electrical conduction while being affected by light.
Several applications are possible by using this simple
principle of LDR such as (a) Fire alarm, (b) Light
intensity meters (c) Automatic on/off of street light (g)
Automatic elevator doors, etc.
In this project, I have demonstrated the variations in
current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR. The main
part of the project is LDR of Light Dependent Resistor.
The project can be used in place of photo -voltaic cell . A
light intensity meter can be designed using this project.
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Introduction:
A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor(LDR) is a
light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a
photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits Photoconductivity. A
photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector
circuits, and light and dark activated switching circuits.
These resistors use pure semiconductors like silicon or
germanium. When the light falls on the LDR, then the
electrons get excited by the incident photons and move
from the valence band to the conduction band and
therefore the number of charge carriers increases. In other
words, the conductivity goes up.
Distinction needs to be made here between photocells and
LDRs. In a photocell, when it is excited by light.
(photons), electricity is generated. Unlike photocells,
LDRS, do not generate electricity but only change their
conductivity.
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Theory:
A light dependent resistor works on the
principle of photo. conductivity. Photo
conductivity is an electro-optical phenomenon
in which the material's conductivity cadmium
sulphide track increased when light is absorbed
by the material. Modern light dependent
resistors are made of materials such as lead
sulphide, lead selenide, indium antimonide and
most commonly cadmium sulphide (Cds) and
cadmium selenide.
When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on
the material, the electrons in the valence band of
the semiconductor material are excited to the
conduction band. These photons in the incident
light should have energy greater than the band
gap of the semiconductor material to make the
electrons jump from the valence band to the
conduction band. Hence when light having
enough energy strikes on the device, more and
more electrons are excited to the conduction
band which results in large number of charge
carriers. The result of this process is more and
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more current starts flowing through the device
when the circuit is closed and hence it is said
that the resistance of the device has been
decreased. This is the most common working
principle of LDR. This can be clearly seen from
the graph. The resistance of the LDR falls
rapidly with the increasing intensity of the
incident light. The converse is also true when
light intensity is reduced or cut off.
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Material required:
1. LDR
2. Resistor (1kilo Ohm)
3. LED
4.Switch
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5. Multimeter
6. Incandescent bulb
7. Connecting Wires
8. Board.
9 A .9V Battery
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Circuit Diagram
11
Procedure
Turn the selector switch and set it on R for the

measurement of resistance, in multimeter. Plug
the metallic ends of black probe in terminal
marked common in multimeter and that of red in
terminal marked as P (or +). Short the other
metallic ends and adjust the ‘R adjusting’ to get
full scale deflection reading at zero ohm in the
meter.
Touch the metallic probes to the two metal ends
of the L.D.R. [Fig] and read the value of
resistance when (a) the source is kept at a
distance of 2 cm, fixing the source of light in a
stand and keeping the L.D.R. vertically below it.
(i) Moving the source to 4 cm distance from the
L.D.R. and
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(ii) Moving the source to 6,8 and 10 cm from
L.D.R. and repeating observation three more
times.
Observations
SERIAL NO DISTANCE FROM LDR CURRENT THROUGH LDR
1 10 cm 4.72mA
2 20cm 2.73 mA
3 30cm 1.15mA
4 40cm 0.9mA
5 50cm 0.2mA
Conclusion:
When the distance between light source and

L.D.R. increases the resistance of L.D.R.
increases
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References:
1. NCERT BOOK of class XII
2. Wikipedia
3. www.google.com
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INDEX

I also remember and acknowledge all my school friends who continuously

We wish him/her every success in his/her life.

Signature of the Principal

The project's goal is to illustrate the fundamentals of

2. Resistor (1kilo Ohm)

Turn the selector switch and set it on R for the

When the distance between light source and

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