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Profiling and Needs Assessment of Nueva Vizcaya Provincial Jail Inmates:

Towards a Creation of a Baseline Profile and Generation of Meaningful and
Functional Community Extension Se...

Article · January 2018

DOI: 10.12691/jsa-2-2-8

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Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 2018, Vol. 2, No. 2, 84-89
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jsa/2/2/8
©Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/jsa-2-2-8

Profiling and Needs Assessment of Nueva Vizcaya

Provincial Jail Inmates: Towards a Creation of a
Baseline Profile and Generation of Meaningful
and Functional Community Extension Services
Kenneth L. Maslang, Santos D. Zamora, Darwin Don M. Dacles*

Presented to the School of Arts and Sciences, Saint Mary’ University

*Corresponding author: darwindacles2002@yahoo.com

Received October 10, 2018; Revised November 12, 2018; Accepted November 20, 2018
Abstract This study profiled the needs of provincial jail inmates and created a meaningful and relevant
community extension program for the inmates to be provided by faculty members of the social sciences department
of saint Mary's university.
Keywords: community extension program, inmates
Cite This Article: Kenneth L. Maslang, Santos D. Zamora, and Darwin Don M. Dacles, “Profiling and Needs
Assessment of Nueva Vizcaya Provincial Jail Inmates: Towards a Creation of a Baseline Profile and Generation
of Meaningful and Functional Community Extension Services.” Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, vol. 2,
no. 2 (2018): 84-89. doi: 10.12691/jsa-2-2-8.

assessment. This will provide a baseline profile for the

creation of meaningful and functional community extension
1. Introduction services for the inmates.
Hence, this study generally aimed to provide an
Life behind jail bars is probably the worst situation an objective view of the characteristics and conditions of the
individual could have. Opportunities like having a good inmates of Nueva Vizcaya Provincial Jail.
paying job, wandering around to appreciate beautiful Specifically, it sought to:
things and places, having a happy and wonderful family, 1. Find out the nature of the inmates in terms of the
going to church, school or any institution and the like are following:
halted. Aside from the curtailment of freedom (of all a. demographic,
sorts), the inmates have to contend with the inconvenient b. family and personal condition, and
living conditions they are in. Justice for those who are c. case, profile.
imprisoned as a consequence of their actions committed 2. Determine the knowledge and level of perception
against a person or people but deprivations of rights and of the inmates towards the Philippines’ Judicial
privileges for those who are not guilty of a crime they are System.
accused of. 2.1. Knowledge of inmates’
In Nueva Vizcaya, the Provincial Jail caters to different a. rights and privileges and
individuals with various conditions from simple to b. legal protection and remedies.
complicated cases. Some are able to resolve their cases to 2.2. Attitudes and Perceptions of inmates in terms
the formal courts with private lawyers while others relied of
with the services offered by the government. In terms of a. judicial system in general;
social condition inside the prison bars, the inmates are b. adequate information about the justice system;
contended with the few activities allotted to them by the c. adequacy of legal defense;
Jail Administration. In several instances they are visited d. unlawful or unreasonable delays, and
by the academe and few socio-civic organizations to e. deffective remedies for disadvantaged inmates.
conduct outreach and extension services. 3. Identify the needs of the inmates as reflected in
From these knowledge and observations, while meaningful their
and substantial in facts, they are not yet fully written and a. family and personal condition;
documented. Hence, in order to have a more objective b. case profile, and
view of the inmates’ conditions in Nueva Vizcaya Provincial c. knowledge and level of perception of the inmates
Jail, there is a need to conduct a formal profiling and needs towards the Philippines’ Judicial System.
85 Journal of Sociology and Anthropology

2. Research Methodology 5. Civil Status

There are 46 or 40% single inmates, 41 or 35.7%
This research utilized the descriptive – evaluative survey married inmates, 15 or 13% are separated, 9 or 7.8%
method. A structured questionnaire was used but the widow/er, 3 or 2.6% indicated that their civil status is
researchers guided the respondents, clarified and expanded under the common law and 1 or .9% has not indicated any
the questions. Statistical and qualitative analysis was civil status.
employed after gathering data from the respondents. The 6. Ethno-linguistic Group
qualitative data needed by the study are implicitly stated Most of the inmates are Ilocano with 72 or 62.6%,
in the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) so that the second is Tagalog with 22 or 19.1%. Other ethno-
respondents were the ones who provided the data rather linguistic groupings of the inmates are Waray with 6 or
than the researchers. Analysis and clustering of data 5.2%, Isinai with2 or 1.7%, Kalanguya with 4 or 3.5%,
gathered was performed after the data gathering. and 3 or 2.6% for Gaddang, Ibanag and Ayangan groups.
The study was conducted in the Provincial Jail of
3.1.2. Family and Personal Condition
the province of Nueva Vizcaya. The Nueva Vizcaya
Provincial Jail is a place of confinement managed by the 1. Inmates with Children
Provincial government of Nueva Vizcaya and the Bureau There are 75 or 65.2% inmates who have reported that
of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) which they have children and there are 37 or 32.2% who do not
are under the Department of the Interior and Local have any while there 3 or 2.6% did not respond in this
Government (DILG). Inmates here are confined while item.
waiting for their trial, or while being investigated or 2. Living Situation of Children Prior to Imprisonment
serving short term sentences. There are 59 or 51.3% of the inmates reported that they
The research is set first as a population study of all the have children, 34 or 29.6% indicated that they have no
inmates at the Neuva Vizcaya Provincial Jail. However, a kids or children and there are 22 or 19.2% who did not
total of 115 were able to return their questionnaire. During write any. Of those respondents with children, there are 37
that time from September to October 2014, there are about or 32.2% inmates who stated that all of their children are
130 inmates based from the Nueva Vizcaya Provincial Jail living with them before they were incarcerated while 22 or
Delinquency Chart. 19.1% indicated that some of their children are living with
In the narrative presentation of data, some of the them.
respondents were given fictitious names to hide their 3. Family Member Arrest and Imprisonment History
identity and for more personal discussion of their On average, there are 25 or 21.7% inmates have
responses. All the questions were translated to Filipino for indicated that there are other members of their families
greater apprehension and for the inmates to fully who were arrested and imprisoned. Of these arrested and
understand the objectives of the research. imprisoned, brother or other relative of the inmates have
greater in number with 7 or 6.1%. Next to these is father
with 5 or 4.3%. Other members of the family like mother,
3. Results and Discussions stepbrother and son were also reported but with very little
in frequency.
4. Living Condition Prior to Imprisonment
3.1. Nature of the Nueva Vizcaya Provincial Before incarceration, there are 42 or 36.5% inmates
Inmates lived with parents, 37 or 32.2% lived with their spouse
and 17 or 14.8% lived alone. Others with little in number
3.1.1. Demographic lived with their relatives, friends and co-accused.
1. Home Address 5. Age when first in Trouble
Most of the inmates are from Nueva Vizcaya with 100 With regard to age, 30 or 26.1% of the inmates have
or 87%. There are 37 or 32.2% have Bayombong, Nueva been already into trouble for the first time before they
Vizcaya as their home address before incarceration and reach the majority age of 18. Others have been into
next is Solano, Nueva Vizcaya with 20 or 17.4%. trouble between, ages 19 – 35 (28 or 24.3%) and 36 and
2. Age above (26 or 22.6%).
There are 30 or 26.1% inmates who are between ages 6. Reasons for Involvement in Trouble/Crime
17 – 26; there are 29 or 25.2% inmates who are between Six (6) major themes came out on the reasons for
ages 27 – 36 and ages 37 – 45 while there are 25 or 21.7% involvement in trouble/crime, namely: 1) Poverty in life;
inmates whose ages are 46 and above. The youngest 2) Family related problems; 3) Self – defense; 4) Framed –
inmate is 17 years old while the oldest is 62 years old. The up; 5) Influence or effects of intoxicated liquor; and
computed mean age is 36.04. 6) Friends/Peer Pressure (Barkada).
3. Sex The inmates revealed that poverty in life is one of the
There are 108 or 93.9% male inmates and 7 or 6.1% reasons of their commission of problems leading to
female inmates in the study. criminal act, arrest and imprisonment. Of the 115 inmates
4. Religion who were given questionnaires in this study, 13 or 11.3%
Most of the inmates are Roman Catholic with 87 or related that they committed an offense because of scarcity
75.7%. There are 5 or 4.3% who belong to the Iglesia Ni of resources in life. Poverty in life as one of the reasons in
Cristo (INC), 4 or 3.5% Methodist and Dating Daan, only the commission of crime or an offense was also cited in
1 or .9% entry for Pentecost and Islam and 2 or 1.7% the study conducted by Owen and Bloom [1]. In their
entries for Born Again, Evangelical and UCCP. study, about 15% of 294 respondents indicated that
 Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 86

“economic pressure” is the primary reason for the offense those inmates who have been incarcerated from 4 to 25
that they have incurred. This was ranked third in their list years.
with the “drug related motivation” as the reason with the 2. Offense/s Committed
highest percentage of 37%. The violation on RA 9165 or the Dangerous Drugs Act
Some of the inmates claimed that they have committed received the highest frequency, 25 or 21.7%. Next to this
the offense due to family problems. There are 12 or 10.4% is the Violation Against Women and Children (VAWC),
inmates who stated reasons related to this aspect. These 14 or 12.2%, then murder, 12 or 10.4% and rape, 10 or
are offenses or crimes filed because of conflicts within 8.7%. In comparison, the crime/offense that has the
their families, with in – laws and step families and due to biggest number enlisted by the Nueva Vizcaya Provincial
broken family relations. The inmates also reflected in their Jail administration as of December 2014 is also on RA
responses that they were forced to commit an offense 6425/9165 Dangerous Drugs Act, a total of 41 or 28.3%.
because they have to defend themselves. There are 14 or Of these 41 inmates, most of them are male adults with a
12.2% inmates who shared reasons that could fall under total of 31, only 2 are female adult and 8 male youths.
this category. 3. Status of Case
Other reasons reported by the inmates are clustered as Most of the inmates are waiting for the schedule of
“Framed – up”. This means that, the inmates perceived their trial in courts. The provisions, submissions and
that they were innocent of the offense which they have representations of their lawyers, public or private, are
been accused of. Among all the given reasons, the on-going, 99 or 86.1% of the inmates. Other cases with
influence or pressure of friends or peer (barkada) has the frequency ranging from 1 – 2 or .9% to 1.7% are
highest percentage, there are 27 or 23.5% responses are either under amicable settlement, for dismissal, no
included in this aspect. This means that they have hearing yet, waiting for medical clearance, for preliminary
committed an offense because of the dictates or influences investigation and under investigation.
of their friends or peers. Their reasons range from the 3. Representation during Trial
negative or pessimistic influences of friendship to the More than half of the inmates, 59 or 51.3%, are
positive or optimistic effects of their friends known as represented by a public lawyer, that is through the Public
their “barkada”. Attorney’s Office (PAO). There are 38 or 33% of the
7. Reactions of Family Members inmates are represented by private lawyer, 6 or 5.2% have
Most of the inmates were anxious about their condition no representation and 1 or .9% was represented first by a
and how their family members have reacted when they public lawyer then succeeded by a private.
learned about the offense or crime they have committed. 4. Number of Inmates who have Received Sentence
From all the reported responses of inmates, three (3) Only 4 inmates are already sentenced, namely: 1 or .9%
common reactions appeared, these are: 1) Feeling of sentenced for 1 – 2 year imprisonment, 3 or 2.6% for 7 – 9
unhappiness; 2) Get annoyed or angered; and 3) Feeling of year imprisonment and 1 or .9% was sentenced for life
humiliation/disappointment. imprisonment. More than half of the inmates are still
The inmates related the reactions of their family waiting for their cases to be heard or their cases are still
members which are either having the feeling of sadness, under trial, 69 or 60% and 41 or 35.7% have no idea about
being hopeless, lonely and a lot of regrets. Some of the the sentence that they will receive from the court.
family members of inmates feel down and they are 5. Frequency of Imprisonment
absorbing a lot of regrets, especially for those who Most of the inmates, 88 or 76.5% are imprisoned for the
believed that they just defended themselves and were first time. There are 10 or 8.7% inmates who are
innocent of the crime they have been accused of. imprisoned twice, 5 or 4.3% inmates are jailed three times,
Other reactions from family members, though they express 2 or 1.7% are jailed four times already and 1 or .9% serves
their sadness, are optimistic and that they understand well jail punishment for ten times.
their kin in relation to their imprisonment. Of the 115 6. Age when First Imprisoned
respondents, 25 inmates or 21.7% have written that their Many of the inmates were previously imprisoned when
family members get annoyed or angered regarding their they were younger (18 – 21 years old = 42 or 36.5%).
imprisonment. Other responses are clustered under the Others have been first imprisoned when they were already
feeling of humiliation and disappointment. This means older, 22 years old and above with the frequency from
that the inmates’ family members show their feeling of 4 – 9 or 3.5% - 7.8%.
frustration and disillusionment to what happened to them.
There are 11 or 9.6% of all the surveyed inmates indicated
the reactions of family members which could be classified
3.2. Knowledge and Level of perception of
under this cluster. the inmates towards the Philippines’
Judicial System
3.1.3. Case
1. Length of Stay in Jail 3.2.1. Knowledge of Inmates Regarding Their Rights
and Privileges
Most of the inmates indicated that they were imprisoned
for less than a year (44 or 38.3%). There are 13 or 11.3% 1. The right to bail
of the inmates reported that they are already imprisoned More than half of the surveyed inmates, 72 or 62.6%,
for a year, 20 or 17.4% stayed in jail for 2 years already have knowledge about this and 43 or 37.45% admitted
and 14 or 12.2% reported that they have been behind bars that they do not have any idea about this particular right.
for 3 years. A frequency from 1 – 4 or .9% – 3.5% covers However, even though bail can be posted in most of the
87 Journal of Sociology and Anthropology

crime cases, there are limited number of inmates who are 3.2.5. Perceptions of Inmates on the Adequacy of Legal
posting bail because of poverty. Defense
2. The right to involuntary admission of guilt The inmates agree that: Everyone has access to
More than half of the inmates, 68 or 59.1% believed adequate legal defense under the country’s justice system
that they have knowledge about the right against (M=2.06); their legal counsel is concerned about protecting
involuntary admission of guilt and 47 or 40.9% have no their rights as clients (1.91); their legal counsel has
knowledge regarding this right. knowledge and expertise in law (1.96); their legal counsel
3. Right to legal counsel, knowledge on the existence of is doing their best in protecting their rights (2.09); their
PAO and offices or agencies that help the poor or legal counsel explain to them the progress of their case
disadvantaged inmates (2.06); and their legal counsel explain to them possible
Most of the inmates indicated that they have knowledge strategies regarding their case (2.06).
about the right to legal counsel (76 or 66.1%,), the
existence of the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) before 3.2.6. Perceptions of Inmates on the Unlawful or
detention (70 or 60.9%), offices that help the poor when Unreasonable Delays
they have cases in court (63 or 54.8%). Conversely, more
The inmates agree on the condition that the accused are
than half, 80 or 69.6%, do not have any knowledge about
forced to confess to a crime in order to expedite the
offices or agencies that accept complaints against delays
litigation of his/her case (M=2.46). The inmates are
in the prosecution of cases in court. undecided if: the accused are tortured in order to confess a
3.2.2. Knowledge of Inmates Regarding Legal crime (2.94); their cases are proceeding at a reasonable
Protection and Remedies pace (2.6); and their cases are proceeding at a faster pace
(3.07).
1. Serving warrant of arrest
There are more inmates, 75 or 65.2%, who have no 3.2.7. Perceptions of Inmates on the Effective
knowledge about the nature of a warrant of arrest. Less Remedies for Disadvantaged Inmates
than half, 40 or 34.8%, of the inmates sampled have
The inmates agree that they could have avoided
knowledge on the issues of warrant of arrest.
incarceration if only they have money to post bail
2. Laws and rules on protection of juvenile offenders (M=2.37). They also agree that the poor are more likely to
There are 50 or 43.5% of the inmates having knowledge be detained while waiting for trial (M=2.26) and the poor
of such policy and 65 or 56.5% of the inmates have have access to free service of a lawyer (2.24). The inmates
no knowledge about this. Though, there are more who
are undecided on the idea that the poor have access to
do not know about the policy on the protection of
effective service of a lawyer (2.53) and the poor are likely
juvenile offenders, the Nueva Vizcaya Provincial Jail to be tortured or forced to confess a crime (2.9).
have a policy in place, separating the juvenile offenders.
Young offenders are detained together with the women
offenders. 3.3. Needs of the Inmates as Reflected in
3. Legal procedures after the arrest. Their Family, Personal Condition, Case
Less than half of the inmates have knowledge about the Profile and Condition as Detainees
procedures after the arrest, 46 or 40% and more than half of the Nueva Vizcaya Provincial Jail
have no knowledge about these, 69 or 60%.
Taken together, the profile of the inmates’ family,
3.2.3. Level of Perceptions of Inmates towards personal condition, their cases and general condition as
the Judicial System detainees of the Nueva Vizcaya Provincial Jail, four (4)
The inmates agree that: the Philippine judicial system categories of unmet needs are needed to be addressed,
can be trusted (M= 1.99); judges in courts are honest, namely: Family and Personal Issues; Community
trustworthy and incorruptible (M=2.48); judges in courts Intervention; Monitoring and Expanding of Present
are just and fair (M=2.23); and judges in courts are fully Projects/Programs; and Access to justice by the Inmates.
knowledgeable of legal procedures. Family and Personal Issues
The inmates are undecided on the statements that: the With reference to the information gathered from
justice system treats both the rich and the poor equally the inmates’ family and personal issues, it is highly
(M=2.73); only the rich could have treatment under the recommended that family based interventions must be
law (M=2.68); and the poor could not expect fair crafted to help the inmates in making up with their
treatment under the law (M=2.53). families. Child-related issues, family problems/conflicts
and abuse of prohibited drugs must be taken into
3.2.4. Perceptions of Inmates on the Adequacy consideration. Problems on parenting and counseling
of Information about the Justice System (group and individual) and family re-unification programs.
The inmates agree that there is: adequacy of access to Community Intervention
information on how the justice system works (M= 2.43); Vocational training, social programs highlighting the
adequacy of access to information concerning one’s right needed lessons for women and juvenile offenders in the
(M=2.19); adequacy of access to information concerning reintegration to the society and religious teachings are
available legal remedies or options to the poor (M=2.32); very much desirable and always being related by the
and adequacy of access to information concerning where inmates and jail administrators during the focused group
to file complaints about delays in cases. discussion (FGD) and one-on-one interviews.
 Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 88

The finding that the violation of the Dangerous Drugs community interventions; monitoring and expanding
Act received the highest frequency of commission among of current programs; and inmates’ access to justice.
the inmates suggests that there is a need for community 4. The task of rehabilitating the inmates must not be
intervention regarding drug abuses. In-prison programs carried by the institutions of government alone. The
should be integrated with the current events in the private sector should also share a great part,
community or society outside the jail so that the treatment particularly in relation to the professional works
of the inmates shall not only be temporary but long-lasting, and services of the different disciplines that
if not permanently absorbed. students and teachers are capable of.
Monitoring and Expanding of Present Projects/Programs 5. The profile and needs assessment provided general
There is a need to monitor and expand the existing and specific information about the nature of the
activities, projects and programs for their functionality and inmates and their needs relative to demographic,
practical application. family, personal and case profile. These information
The inmates revealed that the Jail administrators are very helpful for the jail administrators,
provide them of various activities; for recreation, an the private sector who shall be offering their
avenue for them to hone their creativity including their expertise and professional services, the business
talents, family time and acceptance of visitors. Some sector for their social corporate responsibility and
religious groups like the Iglesia Ni Cristo (Inc), Dating the various civil societies who may realize the
Daan, etc. are also visiting the inmates and giving them prevailing needs of the inmates and persevere to
spiritual encounters. At last, the academes also do their share their part.
share in Jail Visitations. PLTC, Inc. College, Nueva
Vizcaya State University (NVSU) and Saint Mary’s 4.2. Recommendations
University (SMU) also have their annual or semestral
outreach activities. 1) That a sustained profiling and needs assessment of
Notwithstanding, all these efforts aiming for the provincial jail inmates be conducted every two
inmate’s recovery and development may not be fully (2) years, including those that commit juvenile
realized when these will not be re-program following a delinquencies (youth) for appropriate capacitation
process or series of activities that shall be monitored and and extension services;
evaluated every after each undertaking. 2) Since it has been found out that there are barriers on
Access to justice by the Inmates that impede the inmates’ access to justice, the
The findings on the perceptions of inmates towards the following are strongly recommended:
Philippines’ judicial system point to critical issues that 2.1. There is a need to address the problems on the
are highly recommended to be acted upon. It could be inmates’ access to justice like the lack of
discerned that the inmates suffer from physical information on the government’s legal aid
obstructions relating to their access to both the legal program, remedies, rights and entitlements,
aspects of justice system and the remedies that could be and legal aid procedures; and
utilized on the litigation and proceeding of their cases. The 2.2. The inmates’ rights and privileges to pertinent
inmates also have complications accessing useful information regarding their cases must be re-
information about their rights and privileges and have affirmed.
problems on where to get assistance relative to their cases. 3) Given the four areas of unmet needs, the following
In particular, the inmates’ perceptions on unlawful and are recommended:
unreasonable delays of their cases are very low. They have 3.1. The inmates must be educated with the
no idea if their cases are proceeding at a reasonable and possible solutions for the family and personal
faster pace. issues. These are lessons on parenting, counseling
by group and individual, family reunification,
physical/sexual abuse treatment and the
4. Conclusions and Recommendations rehabilitation of those dependent of prohibited
drugs, intoxicated liquors and cigarettes;
4.1. Conclusions 3.2. Programs regarding pre-release of inmates
must also be given a consideration so that they
From the above stated findings, the research concludes shall have a successful and meaningful re-
that: entry to the society;
1. The inmates have general and specific nature in 3.3. Building of additional units or rooms to
terms of demographic, family, personal and case accommodate more inmates as the Nueva
profile. Provincial Jail sometimes exceeds its capacity
2. There are physical and intellectual barriers that resulting to overcrowding and lack of facilities;
impede the inmates’ access to justice, especially in 3.4. Programs to be implemented for the inmates
the litigation and period of proceedings of their must be based and coordinated with assessed
cases. They agree to some aspects of the justice inmates’ needs related by them and not
system but are undecided or have no idea with other thought or imposed by people who did not
provisions relative to their case and that these may even experience being incarcerated; and
lead into oblivion. 3.5. Monitoring and expansion on the provisions
3. Four categories of unmet needs must be taken into for the acquisition of basic necessities for
considerations, these are: family and personal issues; inmates.
 89 Journal of Sociology and Anthropology

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