etC.

Quantity of Seed
nature of species, weight of
mainly depends on choice of species, spacing.
It broadcasting four times higher seed rate is requred, where as
genination perccntage. For
two times higher sccd rate is required for drill sowing. The quantity of secd required can
formula
be detenined by using a
AD
PN

where. W= Wof secd (g).

A= Arca of the nursery (m).
D = Density of plants (m').
P =Plant per cent.
N = No of seeds in cach gram.

7.10 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES (NATURAL)

multiplication in which
Vegetative propagation or vegetative reproduction is the process of
develops into a new
aportion of fragment of the plant body functions as propagates and
individual. Some plants are able to multiply by vegetative methods, which involve production
union.
of new plants without the act of fertilisation or sexual
Asexual or vegetative propagation of plants is that form of plant propagation in
which the new individual arises from any vegetative part of the parent (ro0t, stem., leaf
from which it was
etc) and possesses exactly the same characteristics of the parent plant
sampled.
7.10.1 STEMS (STOLONS OR RUNNERS)
Sterns (stolons or runners) are horizontal stems that grow above the ground, as in the case
of strawberries. Tiny plantlets form along the stolon and roots form where they touch the
ground. When theconnection with the parent plant breaks, the new plant becomes independent
(Fig 7.8).
7.10.2 ROOTS (TUBERS)
Tubers (roots) are swollen portions of an underground stem that store food. Axillary buds.
commonly known as 'eyes', form over the surface of the tuber and produce shoots that grow
into a new plant the following year (Fig 7.9).
CTICAL
EXEK

Main plant

Side stem (runner)

grows Out from a
bud at the base of
the main stem Bud Internode Node

New plants develop

from the buds of
the runner

Roots

FIG 7.8 Stems (stolons, runners)

Old stem
New shoot Buds

Swollen root
(tuber)

FIG 7.9 Root tubers.

 146

7.10.3 LEAVES
INTRODUCTION TO FORESIRY
Some plants (begonia, streptocarpus, bryophyllum)
produce adventitious buds on their leaves. Notched Leaf.
margins of succulent leaves bear adventitious root
that grow into new plants when the leaves falls on
to the soil (Fig 7.10).
7.10.4 BULBS
Bulbs, such as daffodils, form lateral buds from
the base of the mother bulb, which produce
Adventitious
bud
new smaller bulbs or bulbils in subsequent years FIG 7.10
(Fig 7.11). Adventitious roots from
leaves

Scaly leaves
Leaves Swollen with food

Apical bud with young flower

Lateral buds

Reduced stem

Roots

Fig 7.11 Bulbs

7.11 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES (ARTIFICIAL)
Artificial propagation is the
renewal of a forest crop by sowing, planting or other
methods. It is alsocalled plantation in another artiticial
term, which is defined as ´a forest crop rascu
artificially, either by sowing or planting. A term wilding which is
seedling used in forest planting. defined as `a natua
7.11.1 CUTTINGS
A cutting is a piece that has
Often this involves a piece ofbeen cut off from a mother plant which grows intoa wi
form before planting (Fig sten that is treated with hormones to encourage newproduce roots to

new shoots when 7.12). Sometimes, root with buds on them will
pressed directly into soil.
cuttings
 PRACTICALEXERCISES

Parent 147
plant Cutting
Cut at
slnt
Cutting
Blade
Sand

Soil or
compost
FIG 7.12 Cuttings
z11.2GRAFTING
methodinvolves joining a stem piece (graft) onto the stem of a
This
|S stem piece or bud is called the SC1on and the plant that has roots (Fig
plant with roots is
rootstock. Grafting is commonly used to produce fruit trees sometimes with morecalled the
than one
aiety of the same Irut speCies groWing from the same stem

Large flowers Small flowers

(desirable trait) (undesirable trait)

Small root system Large root system

(undesirable trait) (desirable trait)
Scion

Graft

The new plant has

Stock both of the desirable
features

FIG 7.13 Grafting

I.11.3 BUDDING taken from the stem of a

In this method, a bud surounding bark is Both aretied together
with small portion of stock.
in the bark of
desired plant and inserted into the small slit made
 148

Bud
INTRODUCTION TO FORESTEY PRAC

Incision i sals
in stock
can t
in pl
Bud
removed
7.1
Man
prod
7.12
FIG 7.14 Budding
Fore
prin
and not allowed to dry. Buds of stock are not permitted to sprout. This
practiced in rose, plums etc (Fig 7.14).
7.11.4 LAYERING
method is widely mar

for
In this method, stem branch chosen for
propagation (layer) remains Con
has produced adventitious roots. In ground
the selected branch is bent down to the soil.layering, stem is capable of
attached
to parent till it

An injury is made on it by cutting

bending
Portion touching the soil is cleared(herbs)
of
and of

oblique upward cut on the bent portion of theshallow ring around (ringing) or by giving leaves.
shaped cut at the lower side of the bent layer at the node (tinguing) or bygiving aV.an
treated with auxins to stimulate portion of layer (notching). Injured parts can be
formation of adventitious roots (Fig 7.15).
In air layering, bark of
chosen
injury initiates root formation. The cut branch is cut by girdling or ringing near the
moss is placed around the cut area is treated with auxins. Then a ball of base. This
portion. It is kept moist and enclosed in a sphagnum for
polythene bag. Wo

Plant ma
plant New plant
forms res
sub
Peg 7.1
Th
as

cel
Yie
Short held in
below soil Roots develop of
ln
Fig 7.15 Layering rot
Pr
 PRACTICALEEXERCISES

appear, the stem is cut 149

Whenthe roots below the level
of roots and
isalsopopularlycalled gootee. A longitudinal cut can also be
made in
planted. This method
placed under the flap. This method of artificial branch and wet moss
canbe like litchi, citrus,
plants pomegranate, guava etc. vegetative propagation
is widely used
in
Z12FORESTPLANTATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Managementof forest plantations play pivotal role on the
sustainability of forests and their
productivity.
7:12.1 DEFINITION
Forest management is the practical application of the scientific, technical and economic
principles of forest.
tis that branch of forestry whose function is the organisation of aforest property for
management and maintenance, by ordering in time and place the various operations necessary
for the conservation, protection and improvement of he forest on the one hand and the
controlled harvesting of the forest on the other hand.
operation
It is the application of business methods and technical forestry principles to the
of a forest property.
Management of forests broadly involves :
" Control of composition and structure of the
growing stock.
" Harvesting and marketing of forest produce.
" Administration of forest property and personnel.
commercial enterprise, complicated: as forests are managed
IS, unlike any other dominant, viz most often the production of
muituplicity of purpose, with one use
Wood.
forests cannot be bifurcated. Scientificaly
functions of the essential that forest
Oducuve and protective It is, therefore,
managed forests perform both these, simultaneously.
production for all time, consistent with their
Tesources are maintained in a state of maximum
subsidiary or even the other main functions.
7.12.2 PRINCIPLES OF FOREST MANAGEMENT manage the forest in such a
way
The forest policies of many countries Carry the sentence: "Toproducts in perpetuity." Sustained
The most
as to forest
ensure a sustained timber and other
yield of
"Principle of
world is the
the Increasing Yield
celebrated principle of forest management all
was
over
replaced by the
Principle of
ch are in the earlystages