RESEARCH ARTICLE | FEBRUARY 18 2015

Laser ablation dynamics in liquid phase: The effects of

magnetic field and electrolyte 
Kuk Ki Kim; Madhusudan Roy; Hyejin Kwon; Jae Kyu Song; Seung Min Park

J. Appl. Phys. 117, 074302 (2015)

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4913253

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 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 117, 074302 (2015)

Laser ablation dynamics in liquid phase: The effects of magnetic field

and electrolyte
Kuk Ki Kim, Madhusudan Roy, Hyejin Kwon, Jae Kyu Song,a) and Seung Min Parka)
Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
(Received 12 November 2014; accepted 8 February 2015; published online 18 February 2015)
We examined the laser ablation dynamics of silver target in aqueous phase to explore the effects of
laser power, ambient electrolytes, and magnetic field on the formation and expansion of laser-
induced plasma plume, bubbles, and nanoparticles. The lifetime of the plasma emission increased
with magnetic field and electrolytes, while they had no influence on the conversion of laser energy
to the energy of laser-induced bubbles formed thereafter. The size of the bubbles was dependent
C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4913253]
only on the laser power. V

I. INTRODUCTION bubble generated in LAL with liquid phase pressure.12,13

Soliman et al. studied the expansion dynamics of bubbles
Lasers have been adopted extensively as useful tools to
theoretically, and Ibrahimkutty et al. confirmed formation of
explore fundamental chemical and physical phenomena
NPs in bubbles by X-ray diffraction.14,15 Besides, works on
since they were introduced in early 1960s.1 Later, they have
the dynamics of shockwaves as well as bubbles were carried
been also employed to fabricate diverse nanostructures as
out.16,17
well; when a solid target is ablated by high-power pulsed
Here, we extend fundamental research to explore the
laser beam in vacuum or ambient gas environment, films or
nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of chemical species from the effects of magnetic field and ambient electrolytes as well as
target material and ambient gas are produced. laser power in LAL using time-resolved optical imaging. In
Recently, laser ablation turned out to be a useful method particular, experimental results in liquid phase under mag-
to synthesize nanoparticles in liquids as laser ablation in liq- netic field are quite rare so far. Previously, we reported that
the effects of magnetic field in pulsed laser deposition of thin

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uid (LAL) phase was first demonstrated by Henglein in
1993.2 LAL is a very clean and environment-friendly tech- films in gas phase are pronounced.18 On the other hand, elec-
nique as all the processes are performed in a well-defined liq- trolytes are known to be helpful to control the size of NPs in
uid reservoir and LAL does not release any toxic gas to the LAL.19 Also, we investigated the plasma and bubble expan-
atmosphere.3 Compared to ordinary chemical reduction sion dynamics in LAL together with the formation mecha-
method, LAL is a more facile technique in that it does not nisms of NPs.
require any extra chemicals except a solid target whose con-
stituents can be properly adjusted according to the purpose. II. EXPERIMENT
Also, NPs so produced are highly pure and, furthermore, The experimental setup designed to study plasma emis-
have surface charges which are often beneficial for their sta- sion and bubble expansion dynamics in LAL is depicted in
bilization avoiding aggregation thereby. Fig. 1. A disk-typed silver target (20 mm in diameter,
Most works in LAL have been mainly focused on fabri- 99.99%) was mounted in a rectangular stainless steel con-
cation of NPs with diverse structures and their applications; tainer with size of 180  160  160 mm3 filled with deion-
Liang et al. investigated the structure of bimetallic magnetic ized water or electrolyte solution. A liquid pump was
NPs produced under magnetic field,4 Rehbock et al. con- installed to circulate the solution thereby refreshing the liq-
trolled the size of NPs along with bioconjugation using uid phase near the target surface and to disperse any NPs
diverse ions,5 and Merk et al. confirmed the stabilization produced by LAL. An Nd3þ-YAG laser (Continuum,
mechanisms of NPs by electrolyte ions through the “salting- Surelite III, k ¼ 1064 nm, pulse duration ¼ 6 ns) operating at
out effect” and suggested wide applications in biomedicine.6 10 Hz was focused onto the target surface using a lens with a
Although LAL has pronounced advantages over conven- focal length of 200 mm. The target was placed close to the
tional methods,7–9 applications of LAL are currently rather
focal point of the lens and was rotated to minimize aging due
limited presumably due to lack of sufficient experimental
to continued laser impingement. A tungsten-halogen lamp
results and detailed understanding of mechanisms involved
and an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD, Andor,
in it. As far as basic research is concerned in LAL, optical
DH734) were adopted to obtain time-resolved images of
and spectroscopic studies have been preferentially employed:
laser-induced bubbles (LIBs). When the plasma emission
Sakka et al. examined plasma emission in LAL of Al and Cu
was detected, the tungsten-halogen lamp was turned off. The
target.10,11 Sasaki et al. reported the changes in size of a
gate width of ICCD was set at 30 ns for plasma emission
imaging, while it was increased to 500 ns for bubble imag-
a)
Electronic addresses: jaeksong@khu.ac.kr and smpark@khu.ac.kr. Tel.: ing. Couple of magnets were mounted, 10 mm apart with
þ82-2-961-0226. Fax: þ82-2-957-4856. each other, inside the container to produce static magnetic

0021-8979/2015/117(7)/074302/7/$30.00 117, 074302-1 C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC

V
074302-2 Kim et al. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 074302 (2015)

FIG. 1. The experimental setup for

laser ablation in liquid. (a) Magnetic
field setup and (b) light scattering setup.

field of 0.39 T and NaCl solution (7 mM) was prepared to and efficient thermal energy transfer to ambient liquid.
examine the effects of electrolytes in LAL. In our experi- Accordingly, the spectral emission is observed only at early
mental condition, 7 mM of NaCl solution was the optimum times.21 At high laser powers, the density of electronically

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concentration giving maximum extinction with minimum excited species increased and the emission could be detected
FWHM in the extinction spectrum of Ag NPs solution pre-
pared by laser ablation. NPs produced by LAL was shined
by a HeNe laser (Melles-Griot, 25LHP928-230) and its scat-
tered light was detected by ICCD to provide their temporal
images.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show time-resolved images of the
plasma plume and volume of LIBs, respectively, generated
upon laser irradiation of a silver target in deionized water at
various laser powers. As shown in Fig. 2(a), the plasma
emission intensity increased and lasted longer with increas-
ing laser power; the emission, at 50 mJ/pulse, was clearly
observable at 80 ns but it faded away at later times
(220 ns), while it was quite distinct even up to 420 ns as
the laser power was increased to 150 mJ/pulse. The size of
LIBs also increased with laser power as displayed in Fig.
2(b). It took more time until the bubble reached its maximum
size as the laser power increased. This clearly manifests that
the size of LIBs and the rate of expansion are strongly de-
pendent on the laser power. On the other hand, Sasaki et al.
reported that the size of LIBs became smaller and it took less
time for their peak size when the ambient liquid pressure
increased.12
The emission in LAL disappeared faster compared to that
in the gas phase where plasma emissions in general lasted as
long as 1–2 ls depending on the species therein, which indi-
cates that the plasma energy decreases more rapidly than in
FIG. 2. Time-resolved images of (a) plasma plume and (b) laser induced
gas phase. That is, the plasma plume in LAL cools down very bubbles produced by laser ablation of a silver target in deionized water at
quickly through optical emission, electron-ion recombination, different laser powers.
074302-3 Kim et al. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 074302 (2015)

at later times. In the gas phase pulsed laser deposition, the electrolytes and magnetic field more clearly, the life times at
ejected target material could be transported to a substrate different LAL conditions are shown in Fig. 3(b). They were
mounted a few cm away from the target thereby enabling dep- 80 ns, 129 ns, 102 ns, and 128 ns for deionized water, deion-
osition of thin films,18 while the plume in LAL was confined ized water under magnetic field, NaCl solution, and magnetic
in a small volume of 1.5 mm in diameter. field plus NaCl solution, respectively. This results manifest
Time-resolved images and life times of the plasma that electrolytes and magnetic field are certainly beneficial to
plumes generated in four different conditions at 100 mJ/ prolong the plasma emission.
pulse are displayed in Fig. 3(a); deionized water, NaCl solu- In LAL, the spectral width of plasma emission becomes
tion (7 mM), deionized water under magnetic field, and NaCl quite broadened by Bremsstrahlung emission, and the expan-
solution (7 mM) plus magnetic field. Interestingly, the emis- sion of the plasma plume is restricted due to ambient liquid
sion was fairly extended with ambient electrolytes and/or phase. Thus, the plasma energy is lost quickly and the optical
magnetic field; at 420 ns, the plasma emission was vague in emission peaks are to be detected only at earlier times;21 the
deionized water but it became apparent with aid of either plasma plume cools down in 80 ns and recombination
electrolytes or magnetic field. To illustrate the effects of the occurs.23 Under magnetic field of 0.39 T, however, the

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FIG. 3. (a) Time-resolved images of
the plasma plume produced by laser
ablation of a silver target in deionized
water, deionized water under magnetic
field, NaCl solution, and NaCl solution
under magnetic field at 100 mJ/pulse.
The concentration of NaCl and the
strength of magnetic field were 7 mM
and 0.39 T, respectively. (b) The decay
profiles of the integrated plasma emis-
sion intensities.
074302-4 Kim et al. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 074302 (2015)

optical emission was observable even at 420 ns, which A shockwave and LIB follow the plasma emission in
implies that the J  B force (J: charge current density, B: liquid laser ablation. Figure 4 shows the shadow images of
magnetic field) plays a role not only in gas phase as reported shockwaves at 1 ls after laser ablation for various laser
by Neogi and Thareja but also in liquid phase. They powers. The shockwave was imaged by a shadow image
observed that, in the gas phase, the atomic emission inten- method, where the shockwave was positioned by a dark
sities in carbon plume were inversely proportional to the dis- image of the compressed liquid formed along with the propa-
tance between the magnets and it took more time for gation of the shockwave. A bright spot is observed in front
electrons to cool down under magnetic field. This can be of the target even after the plasma emission as shown in Fig.
understood as follows: as the magnetic field induces electron 4 as well as in Fig. 2(b). This spot is considered to originate
flow in the plume, the plume is more energized through joule from the scattered light by localized NPs. The shockwave
heating and thus electrons cool down more slowly. This showed up at an early stage of LIB formation after the
effect was more distinctive as the spacing between the mag- plasma emission disappeared: the shockwave velocity was
nets was shortened.22 2600 m/s at the laser power of 100 mJ/pulse. The shock-
Also, it was reported that the plasma splits towards the wave velocity was unaltered with variation of the laser
magnetic field in the gas phase; the emission at the boundary power in our experiment, while it showed dependence on the
of the plume was more intense due to the interaction of the laser power and laser pulse duration according to Vogel
plume with the magnetic field and thus lobe-type emission et al.17 This conflict seems to stem from the difference in the
was observed.18,22 However, in our experiment, such phe- experiment; they observed shockwaves generated by an elec-
nomena were not quite conspicuous presumably because the trical breakdown at the focal spot of the laser instead of
emission disappeared prior to the splitting of the plume. laser-impinging on a solid target.
Still, we suggest that the reduced emission intensity under Figure 5(a) shows time-resolved changes in the volume
magnetic field as shown in Fig. 3(b) has to do with the lobe- of LIBs at various laser powers. It was clear that the volume
type emission observed in the gas phase.18 Besides, in the of the LIB increased with the laser power and the LIBs
gas phase, the atomic emission intensities and delay times shrank with time. Also, the expansion velocity of the LIBs
changed with ambient gases and their pressures due to the was faster and their volumes reached their peaks at later
compression effect in the plume;20 the transport velocity of times as the laser power increased. The height and volume of

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the chemical species in the plume is inversely proportional LIB as a function of the laser power are displayed in Fig.
to the mass and collisions induced by the differences in the 5(b), where both the height and volume showed linear de-
velocities cause the compression. pendence on the laser power. With increase in the laser
As we add electrolytes, the plasma emission was observ- power, it took longer time until the volume of LIB reaches
able at 420 ns and its lifetime increased to 102 ns from 80 ns. its peak value as described in Fig. 5(c). However, at laser
Ionic species including electrons are key factors in powers higher than 100 mJ/pulse, the time did not increase
Bremsstrahlung emission, which is the origin of the contin- and showed saturation. This complies with the result of De
uum emission. Therefore, in electrolytes solution, as well as Giacomo et al.,24 who observed that the collapse time of LIB
Agþ, H3Oþ, OH ions and electrons which are produced by no longer increased as they increased the laser fluence above
laser ablation of a silver target, ambient electrolytes may 70 J/cm2.
Figure 6(a) shows time-resolved shadow images of LIBs
well promote the activity of Bremsstrahlung emission. In the
formed by laser ablation of a silver target in deionized water,
liquid phase, the lifetime of plasma emission is shortened as
deionized water under magnetic field, electrolyte solution,
the plasma energy is rapidly transferred to the liquid phase.
and magnetic field plus electrolyte solution at 100 mJ/pulse.
The density of the excited species in the plasma increases
Unlike in plasma emission, the differences in the above-
with increase in the ablation laser power, which brings about
mentioned four cases were not quite noticeable. The
more intense plasma emission. On the other hand, laser abla-
time-dependences of the LIB volumes for different ablation
tion in electrolytes solution shows pronounced effects on the
conditions as illustrated in Fig. 6(b) also manifest that neither
lifetime of the plasma emission through the enhanced activ-
magnetic field nor ambient electrolytes disturb the expansion
ity of Bremsstrahlung emission; although a drastic increase
velocity of LIB in liquid. Energetic species ejected from the
in the density of the excited species is not expected; this
leads us to suggest that, in electrolytes solution, the motion
of hot electrons in the plume is more hampered due to elec-
trostatic interaction with ambient ions. As a result, the den-
sity of excited species (which determines the plasma
emission intensity) stemming from collisions with energetic
electrons decreases, and the emission intensity decreases
while the local high temperature is maintained for longer
time to give extended lifetime of the plasma emission since
the thermal relaxation is delayed. A synergic effect of elec-
trolytes and magnetic field was not marked as depicted in
Fig. 3(a) because the influence of magnetic field is most FIG. 4. Shadow images of the laser-induced shockwave in deionized water
effective at the boundary of the plasma.18 at 1 ls after laser ablation: the laser power dependence.
074302-5 Kim et al. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 074302 (2015)

15 July 2024 15:53:52

FIG. 6. (a) Time-resolved shadow images of the laser-induced bubbles in
deionized water, deionized water under magnetic field, NaCl solution, and
NaCl solution under magnetic field at 100 mJ/pulse. The concentration of
NaCl and the strength of magnetic field were 7 mM and 0.39 T, respectively.
FIG. 5. (a) The volume of the laser-induced bubbles vs. time after laser abla- (b) The volume of the laser-induced bubbles vs. time after laser ablation.
tion at different laser powers. (b) The height of laser-induced bubbles and
volume of laser-induced bubble vs. laser power. (c) Time of the laser- to the formation of LIB is described by the following
induced bubbles vs. laser power.
equation:16,17
target and liquid vapors exist in the LIB formed after plasma
4p 3
emission. Plasma expansion is fairly influenced by ambient EB ffi R ðP1  Pv Þ;
3 max
electrolytes and magnetic field as it is basically the phenom-
ena of charged particles, while the dynamics of LIB is less where EB is laser induced bubble energy, Rmax is maximum
dependent on them since it is more directly related with the size of laser induced bubble, P1 is ambient pressure, and Pv
change of phase. But the ambient pressure in the liquid phase is vapor pressure inside bubble.
certainly affects the dynamics of LIBs.12 In our experiment, The conversion efficiency of laser energy to LIB energy
we did not investigate such pressure dependence and the is listed in Table I; the laser energy is more efficiently con-
experiments were performed at a given laser power of 100 verted to the LIB energy with increase in the laser power.
mJ/pulse. Although the transfer of LIB energy to the sur- The material ejection via evaporation and subsequent ioniza-
rounding liquid is not efficient, its energy is ultimately dissi- tion of ejected species and ambient water molecules in the
pated through repetitive expansion and contraction.25 Also, it plasma volume are facilitated with increased laser energy,
turned out that the size of LIB depends on laser pulse dura- which help accumulation of more energy in the LIB.
tion and laser power,17,26 which is in line with our results. Accordingly, the conversion efficiency remained nearly
As mentioned earlier, the plasma lifetime increased with unchanged regardless of the conditions of LAL such as elec-
laser power but the volume of LIB did not show any clear trolytes and magnetic field. Other factors which show certain
relation with electrolytes and magnetic field. This leads us to influence on the expansion of LIB are the density and viscos-
conclude that the volume of LIB in LAL is determined by ity of liquid. Tsuji and coworkers reported that the size of
the total energy conveyed to the target from the laser pulse, LIB in 18 mM polyvinylpyrrolidone solution was slightly
and electrolytes and magnetic field cannot contribute to smaller than that in deionized water. They ascribed this to
increase the volume of LIB. The conversion of laser energy the increase in the density and viscosity.27 Besides, Sasaki
074302-6 Kim et al. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 074302 (2015)

TABLE I. The conversion ratio of laser to bubble energy at different laser There can be many factors which determine the size of
powers and ablation environment. NPs produced by laser ablation in liquid. And the density of
Bubble energy (mJ) Conversion (%)
atomic species responsible for the plasma emission is cer-
tainly one of the key factors. Accordingly, the particle size
50 mJ 1.5 2.9 can be smaller when the density of emitting species becomes
75 mJ 3.5 4.6 lower. However, the details may be highly complicated;
100 mJ 5.2 5.2
decreased density of emitting species by lower laser power
125 mJ 7.5 6.0
plays a role to reduce the thermal size quenching effect and
150 mJ 9.8 6.5
results in the growth of NPs when nanosecond lasers with
Bubble energy (mJ) Conversion (%) low repetition rate are employed as ablation lasers.30 On the
Water 5.0 5.0
other hand, with femtosecond lasers with high repetition
NaCl 6.4 6.4
Magnet 5.1 5.1
rates, the size of NPs increases at higher laser power because
NaCl þ magnet 5.6 5.6 the supply of the material in liquid phase by laser ablation is
faster than its diffusion rate.31

et al. proved that the size of LIB is inversely proportional to IV. CONCLUSION
the liquid phase pressure.12
Figure 7 shows time-resolved scattered light image of We investigated the effects of laser power, ambient elec-
nanoparticles obtained after laser ablation by sheet-focusing trolytes, and magnetic field on the laser-produced plasma in
of a HeNe laser normal to the expansion of LIB, where a LAL and observed that the lifetime of plasma emission
half circle denotes the size of the LIB. It is apparent that increased with addition of electrolytes and magnetic field.
nanoparticles are formed from ejected materials inside the This suggests that electrolytes have strong influence on the
LIB. This is in line with the results of Ibrahimkutty et al., Bremsstrahlung emission and J  B force plays a central
who showed that small primary particles with size of role to extend the lifetime of the plasma emission, while the
8–10 nm are located near the target inside the LIB, and sec- volume of LIBs remained nearly the same. On the other
ondary particles with size if 45 nm formed by aggregation of hand, the laser power was highly influential not only on the

15 July 2024 15:53:52

the primary particles were observed further away using small intensity of plasma emission but also on the volume of LIB.
angle x-ray scattering.15 Also, Soliman et al. confirmed The conversion of laser energy to the formation of LIB was
time-resolved scattered light images of LIB using flash lamp not facilitated by neither magnetic field nor electrolytes and
with optical parametric oscillator;28 scattered light was was just dependent on the laser power. However, the shock-
detected near the boundary of LIB only when the target was wave generated upon laser ablation in liquid phase did not
installed while there was no scattered without it. Although show significant dependence on the laser power. We also
we have not investigated the effects of electrolytes and mag- confirmed that nanoparticles are formed inside the LIB
netic field on the size of NPs produced by LAL explicitly, it directly by their scattered images.
is expected that both play important roles in the growth of
NPs. NPs are partially oxidized like Au-O-Au, and they ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
become vulnerable to the attack by Cl ions in NaCl solu-
This research was supported by the Basic Science
tion.29 The electrostatic repulsion between charged NPs so
Research Program through the National Research
produced in electrolytes solution reduces the average size of
Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of
NPs. In magnetic field, NPs experiences dipole-dipole inter-
Education (No. 2012R1A1A2001960).
action and dipole-field force, which are most effective for
ferromagnetic NPs.4 Therefore, we do not expect direct and 1
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