Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
MODULE 2
VISION
I. COURSES CODE/TITLE: PEC 108/ The Teaching Profession
A center of human II. SUBJECT MATTER
development committedto the
pursuit of wisdom, truth, justice, PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATIONS OF TEACHERS IN THEIR PROFESSIONS
pride, dignity, and local/global
competitiveness via a quality but
affordable education for all qualified Time -Frame
clients. CHAPTER 2: PHILOSOPHICAL WEEK 2
ORIENTATIONS OF TEACHERS IN THEIR
MISSION PROFESSIONS
Establish and maintain A. Philosophy
anacademic environment B. Philosophy of Education
promoting the pursuit of excellence C. Philosophy of Education in the
and the total development of its Teaching Profession
students as human beings, with D. Traditional Philosophies
fear of God and love of country and E. Idealism
fellowmen. F. Realism
G. Pragmatism
GOALS H. Existentialism
Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa aims
to:
1. foster the spiritual, intellectual,
social, moral, and creative life of its
client via affordable but quality III. COURSE OUTCOME
tertiary education;
1. Explain the importance of the philosophical orientation of teachers
2. provide the clients with reach
and substantial, relevant, wide in teaching and learning;
range of academic disciplines, 2. Draw implications of the different philosophies of education in the
expose them to varied curricular teaching behavior and teaching practices;
and co-curricular experiences 3. Distinguish content-centered philosophies from learner-centered
which nurture and enhance their philosophies and cite philosophical orientations under each;
personal dedications and 4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of the
commitments to social, moral,
philosophical orientations.
cultural, and economic
transformations.

3. work with the government and

the community and the pursuit of
achieving national developmental
goals; and

4. develop deserving and qualified

clients with different skills of life
existence and prepare them for
local and global competitiveness.

1|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
IV. ENGAGEMENT:

PHILOSOPHY DEFINED
Philosophy means perspective or view about something
Philosophy of Education is the perspective or orientation of teachers in their teaching profession. A
perspective is a frame of mind and it relies on where one’s eyes or thoughts are focused on.

Philosophy of education defined

Refers to the wide range of application of various philosophical ideas and methods in addressing
educational issues, problems and concerns.
Philosophy of education tries to understand the different philosophies in their own light, so that
educators can make their own informed opinion about how philosophically they have to
approach educational issues
Educators are committed to be familiar to all the major educational philosophies in order to
adopt their own educational commitments to one or a combination of the educational
philosophies that influenced our educational system

Regarded as an applied philosophy as it promotes a specific type of vision of education and examines
the definition, goals and meaning of education
Rational reflection on the ideal of the “educated human being” as it has a regulative role
over technique, methodology, and procedure in education
Allows teachers to summarize the purpose of their teaching activities, the quality of their
educational product and the process involves in producing their product.
They reflect on their life experiences, synthesize, their educational beliefs, and practices and
products and locate themselves in the larger picture of life and society

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IN THE TEACHING PROFESSION

1. Philosophy of education is very essential in the training of future teachers and in-service teachers
Future teachers are enlightened on the things they ought to do when they become educators
They have to see the ins and out of their profession
Determine the how’s and why’s of their profession
Teacher practitioner re expected to see the highest possible professional standards for
themselves.
2. Philosophy of education is the guide to teachers to plan their teaching.
Teachers who believe that learners are empty receptacles to be filled with information tend to
use lecture method and become more subject and teacher centered
Teachers who believe that children are capable of generating their own knowledge through
experience and social interaction, tend to use inquiry based teaching and become more learner-
centered emphasizing personal growth, freedom and responsibility
3. Philosophy of education helps teachers to develop their own philosophical perspective on education
To become effective professional educator. To have a sound philosophical perspective that
helps them see the interaction and synergy of the components of education- the learners,
curriculum, aims, and goals of education

2|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
TRADITIONAL and OLDEST PHILOSOPHIES

1. Idealism
2. Realism
3. Pragmatism
4. Existentialism

2 CATEGORIES OF TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHIES

1. A Content-centered educational philosophy

Emphasis on the social goals that are external to the individual

Values, interests, and experiences becomes secondary to these social goals because they are
expected to learn and master these goals.
Subject focused curriculum, it has a very academic and theoretical orientation
Highlights that education is concerned with transmitting knowledge and fitting into learners and
societal conditions. Its focus on the role of teachers performing classroom activity and in
implementing rigid mental discipline as well as high structured and regimented school
atmosphere
2. The learner centered Philosophy
Emphasis on the nature of the learners taught
Proposes a kind of education that is continuous throughout life or otherwise known as lifelong
learning
Curriculum is fluid and open ended based on the learner’s interests, motivations, abilities and
choices.
Recognizes the value of individual learner with teachers, curriculum and classroom activity
promoting the ideals of personal growth, freedom, responsibility as well as self-actualization
The value of individual learner is emphasized instead of force-fitting him/her to social conditions
and the attainment of social goals

THE TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHIES

IDEALISM

The root word of idealism is idea

Idealism claims that reality is not physically rather it is essentially mental or mentally constructed
For the idealists, truth lies in the realm of ideas
Ideas are the only reliable form of reality because the physical world is always is changing.
Nothing is real and eternal except the ideas that exist in the mind. Ideas are products of the reasoning
mind and constitute the realities that one believes.
Aim of education is the absorption of ideas as well as personal discipline that guarantees the
development of one’s character
What must be taught in schools are the wisdom of the ages and the unchanging principles in life.
Ultimate end of education is to produce persons who must be literate, with sound reasoning mind, and of
good moral character
Educational methods: espouse a kind of education that is holistic, focusing on the thematic arrangement
of subject matter. The use of deductive logic in organizing instruction is a much preferred educational
method. Idealist teachers present their lessons from general to particular in which concepts are
explained and then learners try to complete the tasks.
They considered rote memory, Socratic method and lecture discussion to be more useful and effective
than in any other methods.

3|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
Curriculum: centered on the stimulation of cognitive process which can be nourished when learners
immerse themselves in dialogue with others.
The focus of curriculum is to use ‘textbook knowledge’ in developing ideas, preferably the wisdom of the
ages
A good curriculum for idealism is one that is loaded with formal subjects such as literature, arts,
philosophy, history, religion and humanities

SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF TEACHERS IN IDEALISM

Act as sages on the stage serving as dispensers of knowledge
Define learners learning starting from what they should learn, how they learned and when should they
learn it
Primary duty is to pass on the knowledge as they stand closer to the ideal being who is a possessor of
wisdom and good character

ROLE OF LEARNERS

Primary role is to receive ideas

Act as passive receivers of knowledge because teachers perceive them like empty receptacles waiting
to be filled up with information
Follow the art of questioning, reflection and creativity of their teachers because they are perceived as
models of knowledge.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Usually performed in a subjective way and in a qualitative method

Essays, critic papers, reflection paper and the like are examples of evaluative measures
Learning assessment is done through rigid testing by the teachers.

CLASSROOM ATMOSPHERE
Classroom climate is basically authoritarian
Classroom discipline and control is often times punitive and restrictive of freedom of learners to choose
and explore
Teachers craft the rules and they take responsibility for all paperwork and instructional learning
Learners do not participate in choosing the topics for discussion, including the means and the schedule
to learn them.

ADVANTAGES

Creates an orderly classroom since learners are not allowed to manage their own learning, time and
activities
Teachers have full control of the behavior of learners because they have absolute command of
instructional activities
Accomplished subject content within the desired time frame
Essential topics are less likely to be missed because discussions are appropriately paced

DISADVANTAGE

Old fashioned philosophy because of its emphasis on preserving classical ideas that reflect pass
tradition
Curriculum is difficult to change or undertake innovation
Development of the body is secondary in mind

4|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
EXAMPLE:

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is an example of an idealistic educational policy. The purpose of this act is
to provide all students with a high quality education. If the student does not put forth any effort in his school work,
he will not learn the subject matter regardless of the quality of instruction.

APPLICATION:

1. Teacher H asks one of her students, “What do you want to become when you grow up?” This question is
an indication of what kind of philosophy?

A. Progressivism C. Existentialism
B. Naturalism D. Idealism

RATIONALIZATION: D - Idealism. Idealism is the answer because it stresses the existence of ideas
independent from the material world. Ideas that which exist in the mind are the only reality.

2. Teacher J serves as an inspiration to his students because of his efficiency and effectiveness as a
teacher. The mind set of his students towards him/her is an instance of what kind of philosophy?

A. Realism C. Nationalism
B. Idealism D. Constructivism

RATIONALIZATION: B. Idealism. Idealism is a philosophy which asserts that what’s in the mind is the
only reality. In this situation, the teacher inspires his/her students through the values that he/she
possessed. Values are absolute are told to belong in realm of ideas. Hence, these are considered as
ideas that exist only in the mind.

KNOWLEDGE CHECK!

In a conversation of the president and the dean, “Reduced the number of days for
the intramurals. Instead of sportive activities, give your learners more reading
materials and provide them more intellectual activities to cultivate the power of
their minds” Can we consider the president as an idealist ? why?

REALISM
A Science and mathematics friendly philosophy which believes that the real world exists independently
from human experience
Truth is determined scientifically or empirically and ideas are verified through scientific inquiry and
experimentation
What makes up reality is the physical world in which human beings live, knowledge can be gained
through the senses
The thing that are real are those that can be touched and measured and not those that human beings
think about
The Aim of education is making learners understand the world through inquiry, verifying ideas in the
physical world, teaching things that are essential and practical.
The preferred methods are inductive process and those that involve teaching for the mastery of facts.
Experimentation, drills and exercises are the best examples of these methods.

5|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
Through repeated practice and feedback, learners are able to master the concepts and apply them in
their right context
Science and mathematics are the heart of realist
Vocational subjects are given second highest priority

ROLE OF TEACHERS

Teachers have the obligations to teach the regularities and rhythm of nature
Transmit knowledge free from personal biases and subjective views because they use objective criteria
in teaching

ROLE OF LEARNERS

Train the senses in analyzing the physical world

Learners are trained in determining truth using the scientific way and they argue by scientific reasoning
Have good mastery of scientific skills such as gathering, organizing and systemizing information to gain
knowledge of the physical world

LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Preferred assessment tools for realism are standardized testing where teachers obtain test result that
can prove learners are learning the materials
Competency testing is done through experimentation, investigatory projects, demonstration aand closed-
test or having one answer like a multiple choice test, labeling diagrams and solving mathematical
problems
Evaluate learners learning using quantitative means

CLASSROOM ATMOSPHERE

Classroom provides less freedom for learners to make choices on what to learn, when to learn and how
to learn
Realist classroom is also filled with pictures, maps, projects, experiments and other outputs of teaching
and learning activities provided or performed.

ADVANTAGES

Proposes an education that is scientific, technical and vocational

Focus of realism is a great advantage because learners ought to master competencies that are useful,
practical and beneficial in their lives
Prepares learners in their career equipping them to become competitive in the work environment

DISADVANTAGES

Failure to take into account the whole person in the learning process
Neglects the importance of ideals and values which can be best learned from history, arts language
philosophy and literature
It de-emphasizes feelings, socialization and other personal factors in learning since everything is viewed
rationally and empirically
Realists emphasis on a very objective, precise, and measurable approach to teaching is seen as a
demerit because knowledge is not always objective rather it is also subjective depending on who
perceives it.

6|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
APPLICATION

1. Teacher X has not only explained the concept of Philosophy of Education but also imparted this to her
students. This demonstrates what kind of philosophy?

A. Naturalism C. Realism

B. Idealism D. Perennialism

RATIONALIZATION: C - Realism. Realism concerns with what is real, actual. For ideas to be realized,
they must be transferred or demonstrated.

2. The curriculum is viewed as a means of developing desirable habits. It is recommended that the way
/means to form these habits is through the mastery of organized subject matter. Which philosophy is
behind this educational view?

A. Naturalism C. Realism
B. Idealism D. Pragmatism

RATIONALIZATION: C. Realism. This educative process is viewed mainly as the transmission of

information and knowledge. The curriculum has the function of forming the body and this
interrelationship gives rise to the dictum "sound mind in a sound body."

PRAGMATISM

Philosophy of action because it springs from the Greek word “pragma” which means action, practice, to
do, or to accomplish
Its basic assumption is that ideas and actions must go hand in hand as this is the ideal process of
knowledge
Rejects the idea of knowledge and truth as unchanging and absolute as espoused by idealism and
realism
Asserts that there is no fix, absolute and permanent truth
Human beings do not live in a finished world, but they live in an on going, moving and a growing world

Aim of education

Learners are expected to learn best through their own experiences, particularly when they apply the
ideas in adapting to changes and in resolving the problems they encounter in life
The airm of pragmatic education is the reconstruction of the learners experiences
Ordinary and natural life experiences have to be reflected, enriched and reconstructed to solve one’s
concerns in life and to create knowledge as well

Educational Methods

Learners best learn from experience

Pragmatic teachers prefer using individualized instruction and structured activities than lecture type
Includes experimental methods, creative and constructive projects’field trips
Laboratory work and learner activities
Role playing, internships or on-the-job training, group projects and field studies

7|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
Curriculum Features

Tailored from the experience of the learners by considering their needs and interest
Focused on the process (how to’s) of learning rather than content ofr the subject matter
Taught the rudiments of learning instead of what they discover and learn about the subject matter itself
Advocates for change in the curriculum as it opposes the traditional textbook based knowledge

Significant Role of Teachers

Teachers acts as facilitator, guides, advisers, fellow travelers of knowledge with the learners
They guide and suggest when the learners need assistance.
Serve as challenger and inquiry leaders inside the classroom
Present realistic and interesting problems, which they are expected to solve
They work as a team, solve problems, make decisions and communicate effectively using higher
ordered thinking skills

Role of the learners

Learners are the center of the educative process and learning takes place within them
Active participants in the search of more practical knowledge
Learners are taught that there is no absolute and permanent truth
Learners understand that what is real is that which is observed

Learning Assessment

Pragmatic teachers are convinced that when knowledge is applied to real life, there is a deeper
understanding of concepts through the act of doing and personal experience.
The preferred assessment tools of pragmatism include journals, simulations, individual portfolios,
games, field works, and On-the-Job Training because they help integrate the learners' personal
experiences and the course material.

ADVANTAGES

A pragmatic education teaches the learners to think and act in a practical way.
The teachers serve only as facilitators of learning.
The methods they use are suitable to the developmental needs and experiences of the learners
emphasizing process rather than the subject content
its emphasis on social and democratic education.
Pragmatic ideas are bent to change the society through social reform because the ultimate purpose of
this philosophy is to solve human problems.
When social reform becomes the heart of teaching, learners develop practical attitude that allows the
development of human values and purposeful creativity.

DISADVANTAGES

pragmatism lacks fix aims to give learners stability and direction. This occurs because there is laxity of
discipline observed by pragmatic teachers.
Its emphasis on personal experience as the basis of learning. Critics assert that personal experience as
a foundation of learning is not enough to learn because it is quite impossible to obtain knowledge
through direct experiences only. As a matter of fact, not all direct experiences are educational. There is
still a need to marry personal experience and formal education to acquire knowledge.

Existentialism
8|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
Existentialism argues that reality is subjective within the individual. Reality rests on how individuals
perceive things through their own lenses. What is real is dependent on the perceivers because human
beings do not have the same experience of something.
Everything that human beings consider as a reality is through their own lens. Human beings control how
they view the world therefore, they control their reality.
Personally defined existence is the key concept to the philosophical treatise of existentialism.
It asserts that learners have the right to define themselves because they are not passive receivers of
knowledge and of tradition. Learners are rather active participants in it. While they accept established
traditions, they do not blindly accept it because they have the ability to discern and choose those that
are worth keeping and discarding. They exercise their discernment and mature judgment by critically
analyzing and evaluating things that are presented to them.

Aim of Education
reality is the result of one's choices, experiences, and views about the world.
They must be given the chance to make academic decisions on what, how, and how they learn.
They are given the 'voice' or participation in directing their activities and their own learning process.
The purpose of education is to provide learners with a wide array of alternatives because they are
unique and free choosing individuals.
develop learners to become responsible individuals because they are made up of intellect and emotion.

Educational Methods
The methods used in existentialist education are those that provide learners with assistance in their
journey toward self-realization through journals, portfolio, reflection papers, and modular instructions.
These methods are essential in allowing learners to have superior ability to reason, reflect, obtain
independent thoughts, and be motivated to continual growth.
Existentialist educational method also ensures that learning is self-paced with the learners having more
personal decisions in their learning while the teachers take the role of a facilitator and guide in the
learning.

Curriculum Features

The center of the existentialist curriculum is on humanities, psychology, philosophy, and the arts.
promotes self-actualization by joining sports activities. engaging in a diverse, personal, and spiritual life,
taking leadership positions, and other academic and non-academic undertakings.
Arts, music, dance and the like, are very much encouraged because they develop creative imagination
more than showing and imitating established models.
less emphasis on math, science, and other natural sciences because these disciplines provide less
opportunity in promoting self-awareness and self-discovery.

Significant Role of Teachers

Existentialist teachers present the principles. theories, concepts, and perspectives worden prescribing to
their learners their own personal positions on them.
They encourage their learners to examine critically these principles theories, and perspectives as they
are very essential in gurangan in their choices.
This implies that the primary role of existentialist teachers is to provide learners with options and
choices.

9|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Municipality of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Captivating knowledge Through Education
An effective existentialist teacher is one who helps learners discover and develop their personal values
even if these values run contrary to established traditions.

10 | P a g e