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    Implementing ICT4D Slides Session 3

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    Implementing ICT4D Slides Session 3

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    Implementing ICT4D Slides Session 3

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    Implementing ICT4D

    Session 3
    ICTs and Socio-Economic Development
    MGDI 60701

    Richard Heeks

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    Session Aim and Learning
    Outcomes
    Aim - to explain how best to put ICT4D into practice

    Learning Outcomes: participants will be able to:


    - explain the steps of ICT4D strategy
    - describe good practice in ICT4D implementation
    - utilise the design-reality gap model
    - identify key determinants of ICT4D adoption and use
    - summarise key ICT4D evaluation issues

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    The ICT4D Value Chain
    Exogenous
    Enablers
    Factors

    Precursors Inputs Intermediates / Outputs Outcomes Development


    -Data systems -Data Deliverables -New -Financial and Impacts
    -Legal -Money -Locations (e.g. communication other quantitative -Public goals
    -Institutional -Labour and telecentres) patterns benefits (e.g. SDGs)

    正在载⼊…
    Strategy Implementation Adoption Use
    -Human Knowledge -ICTs (e.g. PC, -New -Qualitative - Other impacts
    -Technological -Technology mobile, tablet) information and benefits (intended and
    -Leadership & -Values and -Software decisions -Disbenefits unintended)
    Sustainability
    Vision Motivations applications -New actions and
    -Drivers/Demand -Political support Scalability transactions
    -Goals and
    Objectives
    Constraints

    READINESS AVAILABILITY UPTAKE IMPACT

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    Overview of ICT4D Strategy

    How do
    we get
    Where are there? Where do
    we now? we want
    to get to?

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    1. Create ICT4D
    Planning
    Structures/Roles
    Steps of ICT4D
    Strategy
    2a. Audit Current 2b. Get Guidance
    ICT4D from Wider Strategy

    3. Set ICT4D
    Objectives and
    Principles

    正在载⼊…
    4a. Determine 4b. Determine
    ICT4D Technical ICT4D Social
    Architecture Architecture

    5. Disseminate and
    Plan ICT4D Actions

    6. Manage, Evolve
    and Review ICT4D
    Centre for Digital
    Development Strategy
    ITPOSMO Checklist and Design-
    Reality Gaps
    Technical Information Information
    Architecture
    Technology Technology

    Processes Processes

    Social Objectives and Objectives and


    Architecture values values

    Staffing and Staffing and


    skills skills

    Management Management
    systems and systems and
    structures structures
    Other Other
    resources resources

    Design Reality

    Centre for Digital


    Development Gap
    ICT4D Technical Architecture
    Telecommun-
    ications
    Data
    Data ICT Hardware
    management

    Software

    Data ICT4D
    flow Technical
    Architecture

    Development
    processes

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    ICT4D Project Evaluation
    “World Bank ICT projects with the “we follow the prospects of 36
    objective to directly promote private telecenters which were
    target access for the underserved opened at various times between
    and the poor had limited success; November 2001 and February
    only 30 percent have achieved 2004. By May 2005, 32 of these
    their objectives” (IEG 2011:xiv) 36 telecenters had closed.” (Best
    & Kumar 2008:31)

    “Of the papers examined, 70% (28 “The [digital] development community has
    of the 40) referred to or reflected seen some great successes … But it also
    on some level of failure or has seen its share of failure, often times
    unintended negative outcomes for predictable and preventable reasons.
    related to the use, uptake, or This failure has resulted in hundreds, if
    adoption of ICTs in developing not thousands, of projects that were
    communities” (Dodson et al unable to move beyond pilot stage.”
    2013:23) (Waugaman 2016:6)

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    Principles for Digital Development

    EXERCISE: Select one principle that you feel is most


    important. Why is that the most important?
    Centre for Digital
    Development
    ICT4D Project Design-Reality Gap
    Actions

    - Evaluate Size of Design-Reality Gaps

    - Identify Problematically-Large Gaps

    - Take Action to Close Those Gaps

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    The ICT4D “Prime Question”

    “What’s
    In It For
    Me?”
    正在载⼊…

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    Diffusion of Innovations Curves

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    Diffusion of Innovations Attributes

    Relative Compatibility
    Advantage

    Complexity
    Trialability

    Observability
    Centre for Digital
    Development
    ICT4D Evaluation Overview

    For When?
    Whom?

    Why? What? How? How? Pilot &


    (1) (2) Action

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    ICT4D Evaluation Activity
    Donor: UK Dept
    for International
    Development

    Mobile Money
    Project

    Safaricom Ordinary Users

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    ICT4D Evaluation Method
    ICT4D Project
    Evaluation

    Multi- Identify the


    stakeholders stakeholders

    Triangulation Multi-goals Identify each


    stakeholder
    group's goals for
    the ICT4D project

    Multi-methods Measure Identify other


    achievement of impacts
    each goal

    Classify the
    ICT4D project
    outcome

    Centre for Digital


    Development
    ICT4D Evaluation Issues
    - Perception vs. Reality

    - Whose Evaluation?

    - Unintended Outcomes

    - Negative Outcomes

    - Attribution
    Centre for Digital
    Development
    Perspectives on ICT4D Impacts and
    Causes
    Optimism
    (“It will be
    good”)
    Impacts
    Associated
    With ICT4D
    Mixed (“It
    will be
    good and
    bad”)

    Pessimism
    (“It will be
    bad”)
    Technological Socio- Social
    determinism technical determinism
    (ICTs cause…) contingency (Society causes…)
    Causes Of Impacts Associated With ICT4D
    (It depends…)
    Centre for Digital
    Development

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