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    of 22

    ‫زبان شناسی کاربردی‬

    ‫زهره سادات ناصری‬


    ‫استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی‬
    ‫دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز‬
    • Neurolinguistics is the study of the
    relation between language and the
    brain.
    • According to experiments, 95% of right
    hands and 70% of left hands have
    dominant left hemisphere for language.
    • Central neuro system:
    • 1. brain
    • 2. spinal cord
    • 2 main views about the dominant
    hemisphere for language:
    • 1. localization view
    • 2. holistic view

    • INTEGRATED VIEW
    • In “tip of the tongue” or malapropisms
    • you feel that some words are eluding you that
    you know the word, but it won’t come to the
    surface. When we make mistakes in this
    retrieval process, there are strong phonological
    similarities between the target word and the
    mistake.
    • For example, speakers produced secant, sextet,
    and sexton, when asked to name a particular
    type of navigational instrument (sextant).
    • These mistakes are Malapropisms.
    • Slip of the tongue as speech error, results in
    tangled expressions such as “long shory stort”
    for make “a long story short”. This phenomenon
    also known as spoonerism.

    • Slip of the brain: black bloxes

    • Slip of the ear is error in hearing. For example


    instead of hearing great ape we hear grey
    tape.
    • The process of identifying the parts of the brain that are
    involved in language began in 1861, when Paul Broca, a French
    neurosurgeon, examined the brain of a recently deceased
    patient who had had an unusual disorder.
    • Expressive aphasia (non-fluent aphasia) is characterized by
    the loss of the ability to produce language (spoken or written).

    • Expressive aphasia contrasts with receptive aphasia, which is


    distinguished by a patient's inability to comprehend language.

    • Expressive aphasia is also known as Broca's aphasia in clinical


    neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive
    neuropsychology.
    • Sufferers of this form of aphasia exhibit the
    common problem of agrammatism. For
    them, speech is difficult to initiate, non-fluent
    and labored.
    • Writing is difficult, as well. Intonation and stress
    patterns are deficient.
    • Language is reduced to disjointed words, and
    sentence construction is poor, omitting function
    words and inflections (bound morphemes).
    • Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, discovered
    another part of the brain, this one involved in
    understanding language, in the posterior portion of
    the left temporal lobe.
    • Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernicke’s
    aphasia, fluent aphasia, or sensory aphasia
    • People with receptive aphasia are unable to understand
    language in its written or spoken form, and even though
    they can speak with normal grammar, syntax, rate, and
    intonation, they cannot express themselves meaningfully
    using language.
    • Speech is preserved, but language content is incorrect.
    Substitutions of one word for another (paraphasias, e.g.
    “telephone” for “television”) are common.
    Comprehension and repetition are poor.
    • Anomia
    • Conduction aphasia, also called associative aphasia,
    is a relatively rare form of aphasia, due specifically to
    damage to the arcuate fasciculus. An acquired
    language disorder, it is characterized by intact
    auditory comprehension, fluent (yet paraphasic)
    speech production, but poor speech repetition. They
    are fully capable of understanding what they are
    hearing but they will have difficulty repeating what
    was actually said. Patients will display frequent errors
    during spontaneous speech, substituting or transposing
    sounds. They will also be aware of their errors, and
    will show significant difficulty correcting them.
    • Anomia
    • Dyslexia, also known as reading disorder, is characterized by
    trouble with reading despite normal intelligence. Different
    people are affected to varying degrees.
    • Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading
    quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head,
    pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding
    what one reads.
    • Often these difficulties are first noticed at school.
    • When someone who previously could read loses their ability, it
    is known as "alexia".
    • Dysgraphia is a deficiency in the ability to write,
    primarily handwriting, but also coherence
    • A period when the human brain is ready to receive
    and learn a particular language is critical period.
    Genie grown up without hearing any sound was unable
    to use language when she was first brought into care.
    However, within a short time, she imitated sounds and
    to communicate. Her syntax remained very simple.
    • Genie was using the right hemisphere of her brain for
    language functions.

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